导图社区 高考英语语法
高考英语语法中关于语法项的详尽梳理,让高三备考的孩子们更清晰的了解高考英语语法项的知识脉络。
编辑于2021-02-22 23:55:12市场推广是指企业为扩大产品市场份额,提高产品销量和知名度,而将有关产品或服务的信息传递给目标消费者,激发和强化其购买动机,并促使这种购买动机转化为实际购买行为而采取的一系列措施。市场推广不是一个出名的名词概念,不是由哪个科学家提出的。
“教务老师负责学员及教学资料的收集、整理、分析、归档及相关教学服务工作;与学籍管理人员、考务管理人员密切配合,及时通过网络收集、上报、下载教务、考务管理的有关信息和资料;及时准确做好学生注册、课程注册、科目报考等工作。”
市场推广是指企业为扩大产品市场份额,提高产品销量和知名度,而将有关产品或服务的信息传递给目标消费者,激发和强化其购买动机,并促使这种购买动机转化为实际购买行为而采取的一系列措施。市场推广不是一个出名的名词概念,不是由哪个科学家提出的。
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市场推广是指企业为扩大产品市场份额,提高产品销量和知名度,而将有关产品或服务的信息传递给目标消费者,激发和强化其购买动机,并促使这种购买动机转化为实际购买行为而采取的一系列措施。市场推广不是一个出名的名词概念,不是由哪个科学家提出的。
“教务老师负责学员及教学资料的收集、整理、分析、归档及相关教学服务工作;与学籍管理人员、考务管理人员密切配合,及时通过网络收集、上报、下载教务、考务管理的有关信息和资料;及时准确做好学生注册、课程注册、科目报考等工作。”
市场推广是指企业为扩大产品市场份额,提高产品销量和知名度,而将有关产品或服务的信息传递给目标消费者,激发和强化其购买动机,并促使这种购买动机转化为实际购买行为而采取的一系列措施。市场推广不是一个出名的名词概念,不是由哪个科学家提出的。
高考英语语法
主谓一致
英语中谓语在人称、数及意义方面要与作主语的名词或代词一致。
原则
1.语法一致原则:主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。主语为单数,谓语用单数;主语为复数,谓语用复数。 I often help him and he often helps me.
2.意义一致原则:主语和谓语在意义上单复数一致。主语为单数,谓语用单数;主语为复数,谓语用复数。 The police are searching the woods for the murderer.
3.就近一直原则:当主语有两个或两个以上时,谓语动词由靠近它的主语确定
分类
并列主语的谓语一致
1.And
(1)两个单数名词用and连接,表示不同概念时,谓语用发复数。 Tom and Jack are close friends.
(2)两个单数名词用and连接,表示同一歌人、同一个物,同一个概念,或表示不可分割的整体时,谓语用单数。 The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
(3)被every,each,many a,no等限定的单数名词由and连接时,谓语仍用单数,其中,后一个限定词可以省略。 every ……and ……every;each……and……each;no……and……no; many a……and……many a。 Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.
(4)一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时,可以指一件事或几件事,这种名词作主语,要根据意义一致的原则决定单复数。 Simple and plain living is a fine quality.
(5)由and连接的两个what的从句作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定单复数 What he says and does do not agree.(言行不一致) What he says and does does not concern me.
2.由either or, neither nor, not but, not only but also,or, nor连接的并列主语,谓语动词常和邻近的主语一致。 Either Tom or I is going there.
3.“with/along with/together with/as well as/as much as/expect/besides/including/rather than/but/等+名词”结构时,谓语单复数不受这些词影响。 You father as well as you is very kind to me,
某些名词作主语时的主谓一致
1.集合名词
(1)表示整体概念,强调一致性,谓语动词用单数形式;强调每一个成员,谓语动词用复数。 如:family,company, committee, government, nation,Group,team, class, grade,Population, army, audience.
(2)有些有生命的集合名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。 如:people, police,cattle
2.表示成双成套的名词,如:trousers,shoes,glasses,socks stockings, scissor单独作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,但当它们和a pair of或pairs of 类的修饰词连用时,谓语和pair(修饰词)的数保持一致。 The pair of glasses fits you well.
不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
1.不定代词anyone, somebody, something,no one, nobody, nothing, each, the other等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 Nobody knows the answer.
2.不定代词none和neither既可以表示单数,也可以表示复数。其单复数形式由说话者的意思决定。 None of them have/has a computer.
3.none作主语指不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数。 None of the money in the drawer is mine.
4.all(not all)修饰不可数名词表示单数概念时,谓语动词用单数;如果修饰的是复数名词,谓语动词则用复数。 All of the water is polluted.
数词作主语时的主谓一致
1.表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等的复数名词作主语时,通常当作整体来看待,谓语动词用单数形式。 Twenty years is a long time.
2.分数、百分数或“half of/part of/the rest of+名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词由后面的名词或代词决定。 Three quarters of the surface of earth is sea.
3.“one of+名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
4.“kind/form/type/sort/species/portion/serious of”修饰主语,其谓语形式取决于这些词的单复数。 This new type of buses is now on show.
5.a number of(许多),a variety of(各种各样的)和a group of(一组,一群)修饰的名词作主语时,谓语用复数形式。the number of(……的数量),the variety of(……的种类)修饰的名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式。
6.many a和more than one后加单数名词表示复数意义,但谓语仍用单数。
7.其他
Many / Many a / A great many / A larger number of / Quite a few (a good few) / Much+可数名词
A great deal of / A larger amount of(large amounts of)/ Quite a little+不可数名词
A lot of(lots of) / A large quantity of(large quantities of ) / Plenty of +可数名词复数或不可数名词
A larger amount of +不可数名词后面跟单数谓语动词 large amounts of+不可数名词后面跟复数谓语动词 也就是说,由amount的数来决定谓语的单复数。有类似用法的还有: A mass of/masses of A quantity of/quantities of A variety of/varieties of
There be句型的主谓一致
当主语是两个或两个或两个以上的名词或短语并列时,be的形式通常和与之靠近的一个名词或短语保持一致。 There is a desk and four chairs in the room.
含有修饰词的名词做主语
含有量词的名词作主语
表示成双成套的名词,如:trousers,shoes,glasses,socks stockings, scissor单独作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,但当它们和a pair of或pairs of 类的修饰词连用时,谓语和pair(修饰词)的数保持一致。 The pair of glasses fits you well.
有pile,mountains,raw,mass,cup,basket,box,packed,parcel等词修饰的短语作主语,谓语动词跟修饰词的数保持一致。 A row of willows(柳树)is lined on one side of the river.

“many a+单数名词”和“more than one+单数名词”(不止一个)虽在语意上为复数,但作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 Many a passenger was killed in the accident.(许多)
a number of和the number of: (1)“a number of+复数名词”含义为“大量的”,用作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。 A number of students are from the south. (2)“the number of+复数名词”含义为“……的数量”,用作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。 The number of students from the south is small.
a variety of,varieties of和the variety of: (1)a variety of=varieties of (2)“a variety of+复数名词”含义为“各种各样的”,用作主语,谓语要用复数。 A variety of books have been published. (3)“the variety of+复数名词”含义为“……的种类”,用作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。 The variety of goods in this shop is rich.


a quantity of后既可接复数可数名词,亦可接不可数名词。在它们分别和其后的名词构成短语作主语时,其谓语动词通常看of后名词的具体情况而采用单数或复数形式。如果是接不可数名词,则谓语用单数形式,如果是接复数可数名词,则谓语通常要采用复数形式(※偶而接单数式谓语,属非规范用法,宜慎用。
quantities of后既可接复数可数名词,亦可接不可数名词,后面的谓语都用复数形式。
a number of(许多),a variety of(各种各样的)和a group of(一组,一群)修饰的名词作主语时,谓语用复数形式。the number of(……的数量),the variety of(……的种类)修饰的名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式。
a number of和the number of (1)“a number of+复数名词”含义为“大量的”,用作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。 A number of students are from the south. (2)“the number of+复数名词”含义为“……的数量”,用作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。 The number of students from the south is small.
a variety of,varieties of和the variety of (1)a variety of=varieties of (2)“a variety of+复数名词”含义为“各种各样的”,用作主语,谓语要用复数。 A variety of books have been published. (3)“the variety of+复数名词”含义为“……的种类”,用作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。 The variety of goods in this shop is rich.
虚拟语气
条件句中的虚拟语气
条件句中虚拟语气的形式: 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件,主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果
将来
主句谓语形式
would / should / might / could + 动词原形
从句谓语形式
动词过去式(be用were) should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形
现在
主句谓语形式
would / should / might / could + 动词原形
从句谓语形式
动词过去式(be 用 were)
过去
主句谓语形式
would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词
从句谓语形式
had +动词过去分词
注意
1.当从句的主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词若是系动词be时,可用 was 代替 were。但在倒装虚拟结构及 if I were you, as it were 中,只能用 were。 如:Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad.
2.虚拟条件句中,主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时
从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如:If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.
从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 如:If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.
从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反,而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。 如:If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better.
3.当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were, should, had 时,if 可省略,而将 were, should, had等词置于句首。 如:Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.
4.有时,句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件,而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。 如:I would have come to see you, but I was too busy.
5.虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
省略从句:He would have finished it.
省略主句:If I were at home now.
其他状语从句的虚拟语气
目的状语从句
1.在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为: should + 动词原形。并且 should 不能省略 如:She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.
2.在 so that, in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 如:He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.
让步状语从句
1.在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。 如:Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do.
2.在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构
may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。 如:We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen.
may +完成式(指过去) ,主句结构不限。 如:You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made.
3.在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形,主句结构不限。 如:Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student.
方式状语从句
as if, as though 引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气时虚拟语气的结构
发生在主句动作之前:had + 过去分词
与主句动作同时发生:过去时(be 用were )
发生在主句动作之后:would / could / might / should+原形动词
原因状语从句
amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构
should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。 如:He was angry that you should call him by name.
hould + 完成式, 指过去。 如:I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam.
宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.英语中,如:advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气, 其虚拟语气的结构为:(should) + 原形动词。 如:The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 注意:当insist的意思为:坚决认为,坚持说;suggest的意思为:表明,暗含,暗示等时,宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。 如:Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch.
2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine 等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:should + 原形动词。 如:Can you believe that he should kill a tiger?
3. 英语中,wish 之后的宾语从句,表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气。
发生在主句动作之前: (1) had + 过去分词 (2) would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词
与主句动作同时发生:过去时(be 用were )
发生在主句动作之后:would / could / might / should + 原形动词
注意,从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关,而与 wish 的时态无关。 比较:I wish I were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了 I wished I were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。
4. 英语中,would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。
结构
过去:had + 过去分词
现在:过去时(be 用were )
将来:过去时(be 用were )
主语从句中的虚拟语气
在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气,其虚拟语其的结构为: should + 动词原形,主句中的谓语动词形式不限
结构
(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural...that...
(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder...that...
(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /... that...
(4) It worries me that...
表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气
英语中,表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时,表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。 其虚拟语气的结构为:(should) + 动词原形 例如:We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help.
定语从句中的虚拟语气
英语中,表示:“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。 如:It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
简单句中的虚拟语气
1. 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should + 原形动词。 如:Would you mind my shutting the door?
2. 表示“祝愿”时,常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。 如:May you have a good journey!
3. 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用动词原形。 如:Long live the Communist Party of China.
4. 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
(1) 提出请求或邀请。 如:Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。 如:I should glad to meet you.
(3) 提出劝告或建议。 如:You’d better ask your father first.
(4) 提出问题。 如:Do you think he could get here on time?
(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。 其虚拟语气的结构为:“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。 如:You should have got here earlier.
特殊句式
倒装句
部分倒装
1. 否定副词位于句首时的倒装
在正式文体中,never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首,则其后要用部分倒装: 例如:I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him.
注意
(1) 对于not…until句型,当not until…位于句首时,其后的主句要用倒装语序: 例如:He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.
(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语,由于含有否定词,若位于句首,其后要用部分倒装: 例如:On no accounts must this switch be touched.
2.“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装
当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时,其后用部分倒装语序: Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
3. 涉及so/such…that的部分倒装
在so... that…结构中,若将so+adj. / adv. 置于句首,则其后的主句要用部分倒装。 So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.
当such…that…结构的such…置于句首时,such后的句子也要使用部分倒装。如: Such a nice man did he seem that we all believe him.
4.“so+助动词+主语”倒装
当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者,通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构: You are young and so am I.
注意
(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况,要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况,则应将其中的so改为neither或nor: You aren’t young and neither am I.
(2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别: "It was cold yesterday." "So it was."
5. 由not only…but also引出的倒装
当not only…but also位于句首引出句子时,not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式: Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet.
6. 虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时,如将if省略,则要将had, were, should等移到主语前,构成倒装句: Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
注意
省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词: Had I money, I would buy it.
全部倒装
1. here 和there位于句首时的倒装
表示地点的here和 there位于句首时,其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词: Here’s Tom.
注意
(1) 以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态,即不能说 Here is coming the bus
(2) 若主语为代词,则不倒装: Here I am.
(3) 其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在): There stood a desk against the wall.
2. away和down等位于句首时的倒装
地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时,其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词: Away went the runners.
注意
若主语为人称代词,则不能用倒装: Away he went.
3. 状语或表语位于句首时的倒装
为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密,有时可将状语或表语置于句首,句中主语和谓语完全倒装: Among these people was his friend Jim.
注意
在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中,要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致,而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较: In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。 In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫
4. 分词和不定式置于句首的倒装
有时为了强调,可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装: Buried in the sands was an ancient village.
涉及only的倒装
按英语习惯同,当“only+状语”位于句首时,其后句子要用部分倒装。 如:Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
涉及副词so的两类常考倒装
1. 当副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时,其后要用部分倒装。 如:So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.
2. 当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者,通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构。 如:You are young and so am I.
注意
(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况,要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况,则应将其中的so改为neither或nor。 如:You aren’t young and neither am I.
(2) 注意“So+助动词+主语”与表示强调或同意的“So+主语+助动词”的区别。 如:“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”
副词后的倒装
here 和 there 之后以及诸如 back, down, off, up 等一类的副词小品词之后,名词主语一般置于谓语之后。这类副词常与诸如 come 和 go 等转移动词一起连用。如: Here comes a taxi! There goes the last train! 有辆出租车来了! 最后一班火车开走了! 注意这里不可用进行时
主语如是代词则不倒装。 如:Here it comes.
地点状语后的倒装
地点状语后面如有表示位置的动词 (如lie, live, sit, stand) 或转移的动词 (如come, go, rise),用作主语的名词可以放在动词之后。这种情形主要出现在描写文中。 如:At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel.
别的动词如属被动语态也可以倒装。 In the distance could be seen the purple mountains.
主语如是代词则不能倒装: At the top of the hill it stood out against the sky.
否定副词之后的倒装
否定或近似否定副词(往往是时间或频度副词,如never, rarely, seldom),或是具有否定作用的副词,如 little, on no account 等。 如:Never / Seldom has there been so much protest against the Bomb.
当这种副词不在句首时,用正常词序: There has never / seldom been so much protest against the Bomb.
有些含有否定意义的介词短语置于句首时,其后也要用倒装。 如:In no case should you give up.
涉及not only…but also…的部分倒装
not only…but also…前后连接两个句子时,not only后的句子要用部分倒装,但but also后的分句不用倒装。 如:Not only did he come, but he saw her.
类似So / Neither do I的部分倒装
so / neither / nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时,其句型是:so / neither / nor+特殊词+主语。
①内容是肯定时,用so,内容是否定时,用neither或nor; You are young and so am I. 你年轻,我也年轻。 You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年轻,我也不年轻。
②“特殊词”与前句中的情态动词、助动词或be相同,或根据前句的时态,用do, does, did;
③“特殊词”的人称和数与其后的主语一致;
④“特殊词”本身没有否定形式。
as引导让步状语从句时的倒装
as作“虽然”解,引导让步状语从句时,必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。
注意
1.若提前的表语是没有形容词修饰的单数可数名词,要省略不定冠词; Tired as I was, I tried to help them.
2.若提前的是动词原形(多为不及物动词),与之连用的通常是may, might, will, would等,且这些词都要保留在原来的位置上(主语后); Try as he would, he couldn’t open the door.
3.though有时也可像as这样使作倒装。 Hard as (though) they tried, they couldn’t make her change her mind.
非谓语动词置于句首的倒装
有时为了强调,可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装。 如:Buried in the sands was an ancient village.
强调句
基本结构
1.用助动词“do(does/did)+动词原形”来表示强调: He does know the place well.
2.用形容词very,only,single,such等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气: That’s the very textbook we used last term.
3.用ever,never,very,just等副词和badly,highly,really等带有-l y的副词来进行强调: Why ever did you do so?
4.用in the world,on earth,at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气(常用于疑问句): Where in the world could he be?
5.用感叹句来表示强烈的感情,突出说话人的情感: How interesting a story it is!
6.用重复来表示强调: Why!why!The cage is empty!
7.用倒装句(也就是将要强调的句子或被强调的部分置于句首)来加强语气: On the table were some flowers.
8.用强调句型:“It is(was)+被强调的部分+that(who)+原句其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿: It was on Monday night that all this happened.
强调句型最重要的句型是: It is (was) + 被强调部分+ that/ who + 句子的其它成份 。英语中许多句子常常可以通过强调句型对句子的不同成份进行强调。 如:They will have a meeting tomorrow.
应注意的要点
1.强调句型可以用来强调主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)和状语。其中的it 本身没有词义。
2.强调句中的连接词一般只用who(指人)或that(可指物,也可指人),若被强调的是状语,也只能用that ,而不能用when 或者where。而且连接词都不能省略。 如: It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. (虽然强调的是地点,但不能用where。)
3.强调句子的主语时,that 或who 之后的谓语动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致。 如: It is Mary and Tom who often do good deeds.
4.强调句型的时态常见的有两种:一般现在时和一般过去时。即It is ... that/who...和It was ...that/who...。 如: It was the way he asked that really upset me.
5.判断一个句子是否是强调句的方法是:如果将句中的It is/was...that/who...去掉,经整理后还是一个完整的句子,本句就是强调句。否则,就不是。 如: It was in today's newspaper that we found the news. 去掉 It was ...that 之后,句子可以整理为:We found the news in today's newspaper. 这是一个完整的句子,故本句是强调句。
常见考法
1.用介词短语来作为被强调的部分。 如: It was for this reason that he left that school.
2.用时间状语从句、条件状语从句等作为被强调的部分。 如: It was only when I reread his poems that I began to appreciate their beauty.
3.用 not until 复杂结构作为被强调的部分。 如: It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a film star.
4.在被强调的部分后接定语从句,使句子结构更加复杂。 如: It was on July 7th 1975 when he was born that his father died.
5.通过句型转换来进行考查。如把肯定句改成一般疑问句或特殊疑问句,或把肯定句改成否定句或否定疑问句等。 如:Was it during the Second World War that he died?
6.通过改变系动词的形式来进行考查。强调句型的系动词除了用 is 或 was外 ,还可以在其前面加上 may / might /must 等表示推测的情态动词。 如:It might be him that you met yesterday.
省略句
种类
主语的省略
Beautiful day (= It is a beautiful day), isn’t it?
有时也可省略整个句子的主语和谓语,只保留次要成分。 She was poor but (she was) honest.
谓语的省略
Losing her new bicycle (made Mary so upset).
有时也可省略整个句子的主语和谓语,只保留次要成分。 Not until you told me. (= I didn’t know anything about it until you told me.)
状语从句的省略
Seen from the plane (when it is seen from the plane), the house looks like tiny toys.
注意状语从句中的主语同主句主语的一致性。
不定式的省略
I was going to (come yesterday), but I had an unexpected visitor.
若不定式后面是完成时,省略时应保留have;不定式后含有动词be的结构时,也要保留be动词。 --Did you tell him the news?
用法
状语从句中的省略用法
1,如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式(am/is/are/was/were),可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。
when,while引导的时间状语从句 例如:Do be careful when (you are) crossing the street.
if,unless,once引导的条件状语从句 例如:If (it is) properly treated, waste will do no harm to the environment.
though,although,whether,no matter whether/what/how/who等引导的让步状语从句 例如: He was happy, though/although (he was) poor. 注:从句的主语和主句的主语不一致时,只省略从句中的be动词形式
as if,as though引导的方式状语从句 例如:He stood up as if/though (he wanted) to leave.(as if/though + to do表示一个将来的动作)
2.than,as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法:当不同的主语进行比较时,一般省略从句中的谓语;当从句中的主语与谓语(be动词除外)和主句中的主语与谓语相同时,通常省略从句中的主语和谓语,只保留比较部分。 例如:He is taller than his brother (is).
3.以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法:通常省略了it is,that is,there is/are。 例如:If (it is) possible/necessary, this old temple will be rebuilt.
定语从句中的省略用法
关系词的省略:关系代词that,which,whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时,可以省略;in which或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句时可省略。 例如:The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa.
虚拟语气中if及should的省略
1.当条件状语从句中有were,had,should等时省略if,把它们提至句首,形成倒装句。 例如:If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
2,Suggest,insist,order,require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的从句中,谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。 例如:The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose weight.
不定式符号to的省略
1.感官动词see,hear,feel,watch等和使役动词have,make,let等后接不定式作宾语时,不定式省略to。(一感feel,二听hear, listen to, 三让have, let, make,四看see, look at, observe, watch)
2.do nothing but,can’t help but等结构常接省略to的不定式。 例如:We didn’t do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday.
3.在特定语境中为了避免重复,当不定式再次出现时,在want,wish,hope,try,plan,like,love,hate后往往只保留to,而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be,have时,也保留be和have。 例如: My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didn’t want to.
So和not的替代性省略
用于避免重复前面所说过的内容,替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe,do,expect,fear,guess,hope,say,speak,suppose,think,I’m afraid等连用 例如: Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? – I suppose not.
日常交际中的省略
在情景会话中,答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部分,而只保留对方希望了解的内容。在复合句或并列句中,也有省略主、谓、宾的情况。 例如: How many copies do you want? -- (I want) Three copies, please.
独立主格
概念
“独立主格结构”(absolute construction)又叫“独立结构”,是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开。
结构形式
名词普通格/代词主格 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语
1.名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例 :So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. 注:“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去,这样就成了无 动词分句或过去分词分句。
2. 名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例 :The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 注:这两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been,being。如果加上这 两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。
3. 名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例:He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例: Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
5.名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,原因等。 例:The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上,就变成了现在分词分句。
6.名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。 例: The meeting over, we all went home.
7.名词/代词+介词短语 介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。 例:The teacher came in, a book under his arm.
with引导的复合结构
with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构 例 :A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.
注意的问题
1.独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致
含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主语是不一致的,这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。 例如:Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 这个句子中有两个主语,第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it,非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系,因此它是一个独立主格结构。
2.在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词还是过去分词
一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词。如:Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中,time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系--- “时间允许”,因此用现在分词。 如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词。如:“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中,time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思---“如果被给更多时间”,因此用过去分词。
3.独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句
独立主格结构不是一个句子,而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。 例如: Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句:When the work has been done, John went home.
4.完成时态的运用
在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时态having done, 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。 例如:The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
非谓语动词独立主格结构
1.不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 例如:His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。(= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.)
2. -ing形式“独立主格结构” 动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
(1)表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” 例如: Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
(2) 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” 例如:Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。(相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him)
(3)表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” 例如: Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
(4) 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” 例如:The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)
3.-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 例如:The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。 = As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read it.
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 例如: The manager looks worried,many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle) The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了, 经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
动词独立主格结构
概念
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
1.逻辑主语+名词 例如:Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。(the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being) 注意: 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。 例如: There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日,所有办公室都关门。
2.逻辑主语+形容词 例如:He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向 = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
3.逻辑主语+副词 例如:School over, we all went home. 放学了,我们都回家了。(school和over之间省去了being) = School was over, and we all went home.
4.逻辑主语+介词短语 例如:He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前,背对着我们。 = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
注意: 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,如果名词用单数,可以不用冠词,同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand. 音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。(= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.)
withwithout 引导的独立主格结构
概念
介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
1. with+名词代词+形容词 例如:He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中,衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意: 在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 例如:With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
2. with+名词代词+副词 例如:Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时,我们的学校看上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.
3. with+名词代词+介词短语 例如: He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
4. with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 例如: With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了,彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
5. with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式 例如:The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围,那男子感到很高兴。 = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
6. with+名词代词+动词不定式 例如:The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做,小男孩看上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
注意: 在withwithout 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。 例如:Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without不能省略)
独立主格结构的句法功能
概念
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外,还能作定语。在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
作状语
独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1.表示时间 例如: Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临,我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。 (= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.)
2.表示原因 例如:With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有许多难题要解决,新当选的总统日子不好过。 (= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.)
3.表示条件 例如:Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. 如果天气允许的话,我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。 (= If weather permits,we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.) 注意: 表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首,并且不能保留连词。 例如: 【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom. 【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了,学生都离开了教室。 【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way. 【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了,他们继续赶路。
4.表示伴随情况或补充说明 例如: The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand. 那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。 (= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.)
作定语
独立主格结构作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句。 例如:He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student) 他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。 = He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
注意: 不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。 例如:If you stand on the top of the mountain,the park looks more beautiful. 如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。(不要改为独立主格结构) If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.