曼昆 经济学原理 第一章

曼昆 经济学原理 第一章的思维导图，内容有basic idea of economics、How People Make Decisions、How People Interact、How the Economy as a Whole Works.

CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS

• basic idea of economics
  • Scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have
  • Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
• How People Make Decisions
  • Principle 1: People Face Trade-Offs
    • Efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources.
    • Equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society's members.
  • Principle 2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
    • The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to get that item.
  • Principle 3: Rational People Think at the Margin
    • Economists normally assume that people are rational. Rational people systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities.
    • Economists use the term marginal change to describe a small incremental adjustment to an existing plan of action.
  • Principle 4: People Respond to Incentives
    • An incentive is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or reward.
• How People Interact
  • Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
  • Principle 7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes
    • One reason we need government is that the invisible hand can work its magic only if the government enforces the rules and maintains the institutions that are key to a market economy. Most important, market economies need institutions to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources.
    • market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently
    • externality the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander
    • market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices
• How the Economy as a Whole Works
  • Principle 8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services
    • productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input
  • Principle 9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money
    • inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy
  • Principle 10: Society Faces a Short-Run Trade-Off between Inflation and Unemployment
    • Most economists describe the short-run effects of money growth as follows: • Increasing the amount of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending and thus the demand for goods and services. • Higher demand may over time cause firms to raise their prices, but in the meantime, it also encourages them to hire more workers and produce a larger quantity of goods and services. • More hiring means lower unemployment.
    • This simply means that, over a period of a year or two, many economic policies push inflation and unemployment in opposite directions.