Chapter 2 History and Sources

英语专业词汇学第二单元知识总结。应用思维导图的教学目的：使用思维导图直观展示本文的主要内容，帮助学生整体把握篇章结构。

Chapter 2 History and Sources of English vocabulary

• The historical development of the English vocabulary
  • Language family
    • parent Language
    • Indo-Eurpen
    • Germanic
    • English
  • Divisions in the history of English
    • The old English period(450-1100) The Anglo-Saxon period
      • Dialects
        • West Saxon,Kentish,Mercion,Noryhumbrian
          • West Saxon is the main language.
      • Historical events
        • In the late 6thC:(公元597) The spread of Christianity from Rome:Latin around the turn of the 8thC(公元790)
        • The invasion of Vikings: Scandinavian
      • Features
        • 85% of words are no longer in use
        • Words are of Germanic nature.
        • Old English is full inflections.
        • There are 3% of borrowed words.
    • The middle English period(1100-1500)
      • Historical events
        • The Norman Conquest (1066): French
          • Duke of Normmandy win the war and become the England King.
      • Features
        • There is the change from the use of both French and English to English.
          • A biligual country
        • Language had been simplified in inflection.
        • Language is still Germanoic in nature.
        • There are 25% of borrowed words.
    • The modern English period(1500-now)
      • Two periods
        • The early modern English (1500-1800)
        • The late morden English (1800-now)
      • Historical events
        • Renaissance (14th-17thC):Latin and Greek Shakespeare's language Bible
        • Britain's control of the world economy, colony's independence war,world war, the rise of America... new words in technology,American English and New Englishes.
      • Features
        • There are a large amount of borrowed words.
        • There unprecedented in crease of new words in science and techonlogy.
        • New ways of word-formation are used to create new words
        • It has been a period of regularization and standardization.
• Sources of English vocabulary
  • Element
    • Native element(Anglo-Saxon words):25%-30%
      • Important facts
        • The native words were brought to Britain in the 5th century by the German tribes: The Angles, the Saxons and Jutes.
        • Before about 450 A.D. there was no English language in Britain.
        • Anglo-Saxon in also called Old English.
      • Feature of native words
        • They refer to fundamental things.
          • the numerals up to thousand
          • the most intimate family relations: father,mother,son,daughter,wife
          • most natural phenomena and planets:sun, moon, star, day, night, fire, water, snow, rain, wind, spring
          • many common animals :dog, cat, hores,cow,fox,wolf,deer,sheep,rabbit
          • common actions: do, make, go, come, here, eat
          • parts of body : arm, lag, nouse, tooth, mouth, head, hand
          • staple food : bread, wheat, oats
          • most of auxiliary and modal verbs : should, would, can, may
        • All-national character
        • Great stability
        • Mono-syllabity words
        • Great word-forming ability
        • Wide collocability
        • Plurality of meaning
        • High frequency avlue
        • Stylistically neutral
    • Foreign element(borrowed words):70%-75%
      • Words from Latin
        • Before 450C.D. the Angles and Saxons had borrowed at a lot of Latin words through contact with Roman civilization
          • daily living equiment : kettle, cup, pillow
          • animals : mule, ass
          • fruits and food : dish, pea, pear, plum, pepper, oil, vinegar
          • measuring unit : pound, ounce, mile
        • A lot of Latin words were borrowed after the introtuction of Roman Christanity in the 6th and 7th centuries.
          • religion or chruch servicrs : priest, pope, bishop, altar, hymn, candle
          • atristicles of foreign production : butter, chese, copper, pearl, spade
        • The Renaissance(14th-17th centuries) brought great changes to the English vocabulary
          • genius, formula, index, area, series, history, picture, jurist, am. pm. e.g.
      • Words from Greek
        • Words borrowed from Greek are mostly literary, tecnical, or scientific terms
          • literature : drama, comedy, tragedy, rhythm...
          • Philosophy and mathematics : basis, category, theory, thesis...
          • medicine : diagriosis, rheumatism...
          • modern inventions : bicycle, phonograph, photograph...
          • lexicology : lexicology, synonym, antonym...
          • affixes : bio-, -logy, geo-, hydro-...
          • botany and physics : organism, thermometer...
      • Words from French
        • A lot of French words were borrowed into English after the Norman Conquest in 1066
          • government : administer, crown, state, empire...
          • church : Bible, religion, theology, sermon, ceremony, deveotion...
          • law : accuse, sentence, court, jury, justice, judge...
          • war : arms, captain, soldier, spy..
          • trade and everyday affairs : barber, butcher, chair, dress, fashion, robe, beef...
          • colors : bule, brown, scarlet...
          • hunting : rabbit, chase...
      • Words from Sandinavian
        • Vikings' invasion of Britsin around the turn of the 8th century has brought some Scandinavian words into English
          • nouns : cake, calf, egg, fellow, gate, guest, knife, leg, sky, shirt, skill...
          • adjectives : awkward, flat, happy, ill, low, odd, ugly, loose, wrong...
          • verbs : call, die, guess, raise, lift...
          • pronouns : they, their,them...
      • Words from Italian
        • Because of the cultural and commercial connection between England and Italy in the Renaissance in the 16th century, many Italian words were brought into English.
          • architecture : balcony, design, piazza
          • food : macaroni
          • music : opera, duet, trio, solo, tempo, violin, piano, concert, tenor, bass
          • more : walitz, fatherland, plunder, kindergarden, lobby, homesickness, class, strugyle, word, market...
      • Words from German
        • metals and minerals : quartz, zinc...
        • science : teleology, tuberculin...
      • Words from Arabic
        • Arabic figures : 0,1,2,3,4...
        • More : akohol, alchemy, algebra, sugar, ayrup, zero, coffee, cotton, Koran, Moslem, magazine, sofa...
      • Words from Chinese
        • Trade between the two nations has resulted in the introduction of some Chinese words.
          • Place of production : China, shantung, nankeen...
          • Names of tea : bohea, cangou, oolong...
          • More : Taoism , Confuaianism, li, litchi, chowmein, silk, ginseng, mah-jong, yamen, kowtow, chopstick, kungfu, qigong, mao-tai, Peking duck, hutong, typhoon, four modernzations...
      • Words from Japanese
        • geisha, tsunami, kimono, Mikado...
  • Ways of borrowing
    • Borrowing can be done directly or indirectly. There are several types of processes with regant to borrowing.
      • Denizens
        • It is a proces in which words are borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Words of this group are early borrowing from Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian.
          • Scandinavian : call, die, husband, fellow, low, get,give, egg, take, sky, skirt, skill...
      • Loan words
        • It is aprocess in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation in sound.
          • encore from French
          • alfresco from Italion
          • tea from Chinese
          • sputnik from Russian
      • Loanblend
        • It a process in which part of from is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
          • coconut from Spanish
            • coco : borrowed
            • nut : native
          • Chinatown from Chinese
            • China : borrowed
            • town : native
      • Loanshift
        • It is a process in which the form is native but the meaning is borrowed.
          • bridge (from a building to a card game) form Italian
          • pioneer (from explorer to a member of the young pioneers organization) from Russian
          • dream(from joy to mental activity)from Seandinavian
      • Loan translation
        • It is a process in which each morpheme or word is translated in the equivalent one in another language.
          • Land-reform from Chinese ”土改“
          • almighty from Latin "omnipotents"全能的
          • found object from French”object trove“ 自然艺术品