导图社区 CFA二级权益思维导图
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编辑于2021-05-31 16:39:18equity
概念
liquidation value<intrinsic value=fair market value<investment value(=IV+synergy)
sum of the parts valuation(breakup value,private market value)
conglomerate discount explanation
inefficiency of interal capital markets;endogenous factors
valuation process
understanding the business
industry(porter s five forces)
company(cost leadership;differentiation;focus)
forecasting company performance
select model
converting forecasts to a valuation
situational adjustments(control premium;lack of marketability analysis)
make the investment decision
return
HPR(holding period return)
=(p1-p0+D)/p0
realized return
backward-looking,based on historical data
realized alpha(ex post alpha)
expected return
forward-looking
expected alpha(ex ante alpha)
需年化,计算同HPR(Div/p➕delt p/p)
Alpha(abnormal return)
momentum valuation indicators
趋势投资
unexpected earning=EPS-E(EPS)
Standardized unexpected earning=EPS-E(EPS)/标准差of{EPS-E(EPS)},标准差是past unexpected earnings
relative strength(RSTR)indicators
Cannibalizatiin
A new product that threatens to cannibalize demand for an existing product
B/S.I/S forcaste
return on invested capital(ROIC)
Not affect by leverage
return on captal employed
before tax,不同tax structure可比较
I/S:R(3个),COGS(历史平均毛利率),SGA(历史费用率),Net int exp(负债水平*市场利率)tax rate (用有效税率
B/S:Working capital item(turnover),长期资产负债(根据计划或预算)
短期时用单独预测利润表,资产负债表预测下一年形式。长期用模型g
概要
折现率r
不同口径
required rate of return
cost of capital/equity
opp cost
IRR(efficient market)
ERP(equity risk premium)
=Rm-Rf 大盘指数的风险溢价
计算
historical estimate
样本选择
index should be relatively stationary
time period(more longer,more precise)
矛盾,solution: period-,frequency+
不同方法的影响
1
arithmetic mean
大,ERP+,Re+,value-
geometric mean
小,ERP-,Re-,value+
Rf无风险收益率
long term:Rf+,short term:Rf-;Re not certain
survivorship bias只有基于历史数据才会出现的偏差
(results over-estimate return on index)Rm+,ERP+,Re+
forward-looking(ex-ante)estimate
GGM
Rm=D1/P0 + g(整个市场的数据), ERP=rm-rf
Rm整个市场的回报率
D/P是div yield
macroeconomic model (supply-side estimate)
ERP={(1+i)(1+EPS%)(1+P/E%)-1}+div yield-Rf
i(expected/estimatte inf)上市公司增长率EPS%优先于GDP%(可替代不等于);注意名义还是real增长率
survery estimate
计算
CAPM
public beta注意点
样本选择时间范围:common(5y monthly data,60 observation);fast growing market(2y weekly observations)
blume adjust
=2/3unadjusted beta +1/3
non public beta (pure play method)
eg加杠杆Basset=1/(1+D/E) *Bequity
去杠杆用的上市公司的D/E,加杠杆用的非上市公司的D/E
multifactor model
变量之间需满足zero sensitivity,没有多重共线性
require return=Rf+Bmkt(Rmkt-RF)+Bsize(Rsmall-Rbig)+Bvalue(Rvalue-Rgrowth)+Bliq(Rll-Rhl)
Fama-French model(3个风险因子)&Pastor-Stambaugh model(4个风险因子)
根据B描绘特征:B大于0满足括号内前面的属性,反之后面
build-up method
1
B=1,适用于非上市公司
R=rf+equity risk premium+size premium+specific-company premium
2
bond yield plus risk premium method
cost of equity=YTM on the company long term debt+risk premium
了解涉及海外投资时,风险考量模型
Country spread model
Equity risk premium=Equity risk premium for a developed market +country premium
Country risk premium model
每个发达国家RP因素调整
discounted div valuation
少数股东
概念
Gordon growth(maturity);two stage(growth transition company);three stage(initial growth)
spreadsheet modeling
(excel)apply to any pattern of div growth.flexibility and computational
优先股的intrinsic value相当于永续年金,g=0(capitalization rate=r-g=r)
g(sustainable growth rate)
g=b*ROE=(1-pay out ratio)ROE
b=(NI-div)/NI=1-div/NI
r
由时间段对应折现率决定
GGM
Assumption:div will grow at a constant rate,g,forever;r>g
计算
V0=D1/(r-g)
当D1不等于D0(1+g),D1为准
注意terminal value所处的时间点
PVGO(present value of growth opportunities)
=D1/(r-g)-E1/r
if E0不等于E1,优先E1
模型股利增长从D1开始,并不要求从o时点开始增长
P/E
market P/E(P/E)
justified P/E(V/E)
Leading P/E=P0/E1=(1-b1)/(r-g)
trailing P/E=P0/E0=(1-b0)(1+g)/(r-g)
做题区别E1(expected,estimated).E0
multistage
two/three stage;H model
H model 注意年份
计算
Valuation
terminal value(计算通过1GGM2价格倍数EPS*PE
Free cash flow method
控股股东
计算item
NCC
WCinv
FCinv
NB
公式
FCFF
FCFE
考虑优先股
valuation
single stage
two-stage
three-stage
Residual income valuation
公式计算
股东的剩余收益
RI=NI-BO*Re=B0(ROE-r)
随着公司mature,ROE接近Re
注:题目可能已知EBIT推NI;
B0~B1
B0+NI-Div=B1
NI,DIV,NI形式可能是per share
equity value=RI PV0+B0
公司的剩余收益
EVA(Economic value added)=EBIT(1-T)-CAPITAL初*WACC
Firm value=EVA PV0+capital0
EVA PV0=MVA公司整体超额收益在当前现值
single-stage
V0=RI1/(r-g) + B0=BO(ROE-r)/(r-g) + B0
Justified P/B
=1+(ROE-r)/(r-g)
eg;P/B>1,ROE>r,RI>0,有超额收益
求implied g
multistage RI Model
stage1
BO(RI1)~B1(RI2)...
stage2
PVt=RIt+1 /(r-g)
g=0,永续年金
g=-1,RI is zero
g=w-1,RI decresed to zero
子主题
RI decresed to some level,RI PVt=Vt - Bt
BO以BV显示,如果BV不等于FV,B0则不准确。
persistence factor
0<w<1,越大衰减慢,小衰减快
高低影响因素
优缺点
RI<0也可,BO large part
假设前提clean surplus relation,影响equity变动的唯一因素R/E,eg:OCI变动很大,即模型不可用
market valuation price multiples
P/E
计算
leading(forward)P/E & Trailing P/E
Drawback
NI<=0,不可用;E里包含不可持续项目;EPS distort
EPS normalize(去除经济周期性影响)
historical ave EPS;同时忽略规模因素导致的eps上升
ave ROE;
PEG ratio
P/B
B:BVPS
B不包含优先股的,计算时用B/S上的equity减去prefered equity
优缺点
BV stable than EPS,always >0;适用于金融机构BV=MV
ignore size difference;influenced by accounting choices
justified P/B
=(ROE-g)/(r-g),与residual income model结合
P/S
优缺点
not volatile as P/E ratio
justified P/B
=(1-b)(1+g)/(r-g)
EV/EBITDA
enterprise value=MV common stock+MV preferred stock+MV of debt-cash-short term investment
EBITDA优点
适用于财务杠杆不同的,资本密集型的税率不同的;一般为正
越低越好
D/P
trailing div yield
leading div yield
justified div yield=(r-g)/(1+g)
越大越好
计算投资组合收益率
调和平均数,加权调和平均数(最准确) 两个都计算
private company valuation
financial statement adjustment
normailized earnings
剔除nonrecurring,unusual item,以及高估的exp,与公司日常经营无关的资产
synergy
对于战略投资者加上
estimate cash flow
FCFF,FCFE
Valuation
income approach
free cash flow method(2 stage)
capitalized cash flow method(CCM,single stage)
注:capitalization rate:r-g
excess earnings method(EEM,本质计算无形资产的价值)
5 step
market approach methods
guideline public company method(GPCM),可比公司法
guideline transactions method(GTM),可比交易法
prior transaction method(PTM)
Asset-based approach
appropriate for
金融资产,投行,房地产;small business or early stage company
Drawback:regardless 公司增长产生的价值。基于现状,算出的价值偏低。 不适用FV难以计量的
discount rate for private
先按上市公司的方法计算
CAPM;Expanded CAPM;build-up method
然后调整
4 factor
控股权折价溢价
discount for lack of control计算=1-1/(1+control premium)
discount for lack of marketability
total discount
=1-(1-DLOC)(1-DLOM)