导图社区 教师招聘英语学科知识第一章语法梳理之词法
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编辑于2023-12-24 16:51:00教师招聘 英语学科知识
第一章 语法梳理
第一节 词法
一 名词
要点: 1-常用的修饰名词的限定词,表示名词数量的词组辨析 2-一些常见名词的不规则单复数变化 3-名词的所有格{‘s/of)及双重所有格(of+'s) 4-名词的单复数与谓语的关系 5-名词修饰名词
(一)可数与不可数`
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
表示单个人或物的名词。如: cat,brother, teacher
集体名词
表示若于个人或物的名词。如: family, class, people
不可数名词
物质名词
表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词。如: air, water 。
抽象名词
表示性质、 状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词。如: love, success, fun。
专有名词
表示洲、国、地、人名等; 表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊等名称。
( 二 )修饰名词的限定词
修饰可数名词单数 限定词+n[c](单数)+V(单)
谓语动词用单数
a (n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a,such a
修饰可数名词复数 限定词+n[c](复数)+V(单/复)
动词用复数V(复)
a number of(大量的), a few, few, a great many, a majority of, a total of, many, too many, scores of, dozens of
动词用单数V(单)
the number of(数量是), the average of, the total of, a pair of
修饰不可数名词 限定词+n[n]+V(单/复)
动词用单数V(单)
a little, little, a great deal of, much , a large sum of, a large amount of, too much
动词用复数V(复)
large amounts of
large quantities of
修饰可数和不可数名词 限定词+n[n/c]+V(单/复)
动词用单数/复数(取决于修饰的名词)V(单/复)
some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of a large quantity of
动词用复数V(复)
large quantities of
[注意]抽象名词的具体化 a/an+抽象名词
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用。多见动作行为类或者情绪情感类词汇
success 成功 a success 一件成功的事情 failure 失败 a failure 一件失败的事情 surprise 惊讶 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事情 pleasure 乐忌立 a pleasure 一件乐事 honour 荣誉 an honour一件引起尊敬的事情
(三)不规则名词的复数形式
1.改变词中的元音字母或其他形式
例子:man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2.单复数同型
sheep, deer, series, means, works , fish, species
3.只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses
4.一些集休名词总是用作复数
people, police, cattle, staff
5.部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体) 也可以作复数(成员)
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6.复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关 ),force(s 军队 ),times( 时代), spirits(情绪),drinks( 饮料),sands(沙滩 ),papers(文件报纸 ), manners ( 礼貌),looks(外表 ),brains (头脑智力), greens(青莱 ),ruins(废墟 ),arms(武器),works( 工厂, 工事, 作品),woods(森林 )
7表某国人
加-s
Americans,Australians, Germans , Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
以-man 或-woman结尾的改为-men
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
中日瑞葡不变 英法变 其余S后面添
8合成名词变复数
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, hoy friends
无主体名词时将最后一 部分变复数
grown-ups, good-for- nothings(饭桶 ),go- betweens(中间人)
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
(四)名词的所有格
1.'s 所有格的构成
以s结尾的人名所有格加‘s或者’
Dickens'novels, Charles's job, the Smiths'house
表示各自的所有关系
Japan's and China's problems, Jane's and Mary's bikes
表示共有的多有关系
Japan and America's problems, Jane and Mary's father
表示‘某人家’‘店铺’, 所有格后名词省略
the doctor's, the barber's, the tailor's, my uncle's
2.of 所有格的用法
用于无生命的东西
the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时
the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词
the struggle of the oppressed
3.双重所有格的用法
形式
of + 名词所有格
a friend of my brother's
of + 名词性物主代词
a necklace of yours
特征
( 1) 双重所有格所修饰的名词通常和 不定冠词 a 及 any , some, no, few,several 等表示数量的词连用, 但不可以和定冠词the连用
This is a book of my father's. Have you read any books of Einstein's ? Some friends of my brother's have arrived.
(2)" of + 名词所有格” 中的名词一般表示人, 不能表示物,该名词必须是特指的,不能是泛指的,不能与不定冠词连用。
a friend of the doctor's some books of my brother's
(五)名词作修饰定语
1.直接作定语, 通常用单数形式
例如: traffic light phone number
2.man, woman 作定语。man , woman 作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式,但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
例如: He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day.
3.某些常用复数的名词用作定语 ,也须用复数形式。
例如: arms production, sales department,savings bank,clothes shop, goods train, foreign languages department
[知识拓展】
1.people
当people 表示“人们”“人”时,只用单数形式,但总是表示复数意义。
He doesn't care what people think of him. 他不在乎人们怎样看他。
表示“一个人”时,不能用one people , 可根据情况用one man, one woman, one person, one boy, one girl 等。
当people 表示“民族” 时是可数名词, 其前可用不定冠词,也可用复数形式。
the native peoples of China 中国本土民族 Ireland was inhabited by two peoples. 爱尔兰居住着两个民族。
2.police
police 表示“警察"的总称, 含有"警方” “警察当局” 之意,前面通常用 the(有时也可省略),形式上是单数,但含义上为复数;用作主语时,谓语要用复数。
Get out of the house or I'll call the police.滚出这所房子, 不然我就叫警察了。
注意: 当表示“一个警察” 时, 不能说 a/one police, 而应根据情况用 a policeman/a policewoman; 不过, 当表示多个警察时, 可用它。
Hundreds of police in riot gear struggled to control the violent 数以百计的警察身披防暴装备,奋力镇压暴乱。
3.hair 与 beard
hair 指的是“头发”“毛发”,它指的是某人的全部头发或某动物的全部毛发, 此时为集合名词(不可数 )。但是,若指具体的一根或几根头发或毛发, 则为个体名词, 它是可数的。
I'm having my hair cut this afte rnoon.我今天下午要去理发 。 There's a hair in my soup. 我的汤里有根毛 。 The rug was covered with cat hairs. 地毯上净是猫毛。
虽然beard 与 hair 一样, 都是长在人或动物身上的“毛", 但其用法却不同-- beard 用作可数名词时比较特殊, a beard 指的是一个人的所有胡须, 而不是指一根胡须; 同样,复 数beards 指的是多个人的胡须, 而不是指多根胡须。
He has/grows/wears a long beard 他留了长胡须。 Men and goats have beards. 人和山羊都有胡子。
4.head
head 表示“人头” 和“牛头” 时, 均为可数名词, 但是用法有所不同:
( 1 ) 表示“人头” 时, 其复数形式为heads。
She nodded her head in agreement. 她点头表示同意。 The plane flew over our heads. 飞机从我们头上飞过。
( 2 ) 表示“牛头” 或者“农场或牧群等的牲畜数目” 时, 其复数与单数形式相同。
200 head of sheep 200 头绵羊
注意: 当所表示的数量为十、百、千时, 可省略其中的 head of。 如:50 (head of) cattle 50 头牛
常考名词辨 award, reward, prize
1.award
( 1 ) 指正式地或官方地颁发、授予、给予。
award (give after careful consideration, esp. officially) 经仔细考虑
( 2 ) 也可以指法庭裁决给予。 (指一种官方的奖励行为,往往鼓励在工作中达到成就或所提出的要求而进行一种奖励。强调荣誉而不在乎奖品的大小或奖金的多少。award 的 ”奖品”
如: The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best student. 学校校长将历史奖授予最出色的学生。
( 3 ) 还可指 XX 奖。
比如“金球奖” 就是 “Golde n Globe Award" , 不能说 “Golden Globe Prize" 。
2.reward
表示“报答, 报偿, 奖赏",多 指对某人的工作或服务等的报答、回报。
The fireman received a reward for saving the child's 因救了小孩的命, 消防员得到一笔奖金。
3.prize
表示 ”奖赏, 奖金, 奖品”,多指在各类竞赛、竞争或抽彩中所赢得的奖。 (这种奖赏有的凭能力获得,有的凭运气获得) award (give after careful consideration, esp. officially) 经仔细考虑
Hundreds of prizes can be won in our newspaper competition. 参加我们报纸的竞赛可以赢得数以百计的奖品。 the Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖
补充:数词、量词
要点: ·准确把握基数词和序数词的用法区别 ·重点掌握dozen, score, hundred, · thousand , million 等表示确切数目时的用法
考点—:基数词
规则 1 : 数词 hundred , thousand, million, billion, dozen, score 表示确切数目时不加 s' 但若表示不确切数目时, 要用复数形式, 与 of 构成短语
如: 一万 ten thousand; 数以万计的tens of thousands of; 两打鸡蛋two dozen eggs。
规则 2 : 年代表达方式有两种写法,
如: 20 世纪 90 年代 in the 1990s 或 in the 1990's。
年龄的表达方式: i n one's forties 在某人四十多岁时。
考点二:序数词
规则 1 : 序数词前面一般加 the , 多数序数词由基数词加 -th 构成, 以 y结尾的基数词变化时 ,先 把y 改成 i' 再加-eth , 注意几个不规则的序数词的写法,
如: the fifteenth; 如: the twentieth。 如: first , second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 等。
规则 2 : 序数词常可缩写, 其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母,
如: 1st ,2nd, 3rd, 4th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th 。
规则 3: 表示在原有的基础上增加, 即“又一, 再一” 时,用 不定冠词。
Shall I ask her a third time? 我还要问她一次吗?
规则 4 : 下列 3 种情况不用冠词。
*序数词前已有物主代词或名词所有格时, 不能再用冠词。如: This is Lucy's second visit to China 这是露西第二次访间中国。
*表示比赛或考试的名次时,通常省略定冠词。如: He was (the) second in the exam 在这次考试中他得了第二名。
*在某些习语中不用冠词。如: at first 起初; first of all 首先; a t first sight 乍一看
考点三:小数、分数、百分数
规则 1: 小数点用point 表示, 小数点后的数用个位基数词表示,
如: 0.567 zero point five six seven。
规则 2 : 分子用基数词,分母用序数词, 如果分母大于 1 , 分母须加 s 有时还可仅用“分子(用基数词)+ in/out of +分 母(用基数词)” 这样的形式,
如: 1/5 one fifth/one-fifth 3/4 three fourths/three- fourths。
如“三分之二” 可表示为 two in/out of three 。
规则 3 :百分号用per cent 或% 表示 一般不用复数,作代词时后面的谓语动词取决于所指代的名词。
如: 19.56% nineteen point five six per cent。
考点四: hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score
规则 1: 当这些词与具体数字连用时, 通常不加复数词尾-s' 后也不接介词of。
About three million workers were on strike.参加罢工的大约有 三百万工人。 two score workers 四十名工人
规则 2 : 当这些词不与具体数字连用 , 而是表示不确定的泛指数时, 则不仅要加复数词尾-S , 而且后面要接介词of, 然后才能接名词。
如:millions of people are homeless 千千万万的人无家可归。 dozens of people 许多人
二 主谓一致
要点 1-主谓一致的四大原则 2-主谓一致的特殊用法
( 一 )主谓 一致的四大原则
1.语法一致
主语和谓语动词之间的一致关系主要表现在“数”的形式上,即用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致。
Few students are really lazy.
2.意义一致(翻译法)
有时, 主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单、复数形式 , 而是取决于主语的单、复数意义: 比如有时主语在语法形式上并非复数,但有复数意义,随后的动词便用复数(形单意复); 反之,主语在语法形式上是复数,而在意义上可视为单数,随后的动词也用单数。
Five years is a long time. Five years have passed since they met last time.
3.就近原则
有时, 谓语动词的单、复数形式决定千最靠近它的词语(主要指名词 )的单、复数形式, 这种一致关系所依据的原则叫作 ” 就近原则”。 一个there be,两个选择(or),四个否定(not)
主要标志词有: or, nor, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but 等。
There is a teacher and three students in the classroom.
4.就远原则
当用作主语的成分后面跟有由以下词引出的短语时,谓语动词习惯上要与这些结构前面的主语保持一致, 即与比较远的那个主语保持一致,简 称 ”就远原则”。
but, except, besides, including,like, with, as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, in addition to, combine with, rather than,together with 等
(二)主谓一致的常见用法
1 集体名词做主语
如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式, 如果就其中单个成员而言, 谓语动词用复数形式。
如 audience, class, club, company, crew, enemy , crowd,government,group, party, public, team 等 。
His family is a happy one. The whole family are watching TV.
只当复数看待, 谓语动词必须用复数。
如 people, police, cattle 等。
The police are searching for the thief.
2 单复数同形的名词做主语
谓语动词应根据意义决 定单、复数。
如sheep , fish, deer, means, species 等 。
A sheep is over there . Some sheep are over there.
3 并列结构
由 and / both... and 连接的并列主语如果做主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物,而是表示单数意 义, 则动词用单数。
The secretary and treasurer is absent.(一人身兼两职)
主语后面跟有 以下词引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的单、复数由引导词前面的主语而定。(就远原则)
as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like , rather than , together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to 等
The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.
不定代词 each , every, no 所修饰的名词即使以 and 或逗号连接成多主语时, 谓语动词仍用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future.
4-More than one/Many a +n单+V单 more+n复+than one+V复
主语有 more than one 或 many a 构成, 尽管从意义上看是复数内容, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。
More than one student has read the book. Many a girl has been there .
more + 复数名词+ than one 结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。
More members than one are against your plan.
5-两部分构成的名词
一些有表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。
如glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes,compasses,chopsticks, scissors
主语用 以下词+名词谓语动词一般用单数形式。
a kind of, a pair of a series of ......
+n+v单
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
6-限定词+主语
名词前有 a , such a , this, that 修饰时, 谓语用单数。
如 means , works, species , Chinese, Japanese 。
名词词组中心词是 all , most, half, rest 等词语, 所指的复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之,用单数。
All of my classmates like music. All of the water is gone.
名词前 any/none/neither of, 若of 的宾语为复数名词或代词时, 动词可以是单数, 也可以是复数, 在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。 any/none/neither of+n复/代词+V可单可复
Do (es) any of you know his address? None of them has (have) seen the film.
7-分数、量词做主语
分数或百分数 + 名词 a lot of+ 名词 lots of + 名词 plenty of+ 名词 a large quantity of+ 名词 a heap of+ 名词 heaps of+ 名词 half of + 名词”。
+V(单复数取决于名词)
Lots of damage was caused by fire、 Half of his time is spent on study. Three-fifths of the workers here are women.
"a number of+ n复+V复。 (large) quantities of+n[c/n]可/不可+V复。
A number of kids have gone home. Quantities of food/nuts were on the table.
a great deal of, a large amount of+n[n]不可数 +V单
A great deal of damage was done in a very short time.
large amounts of +n[n]不可数+V复
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
8-the +adj/-ed+V复
主语由 “the + 形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数:
the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead,the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed 等
The blind study in special schools.
The poor live in a undeveloped country.
9-从句做主语
由what 引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数, 但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式
What we need is more time. What we need are doctors.
三 冠词
*要点: ·对于the 与 a, an 的理解(弄清“特指“与‘泛指’ ·牢记常见固定搭配(词组/短语)。 .牢记只能用thel或者只能用零冠词的集中情况
一 a/an不定冠词的用法
指一类人或事, 相当于a kind of。
A plane is a machine that can fly.
第一次提及某人某物, 非特指。
A boy is waiting for you
表示“每一” 相当于 every , one。
We study eight hours a day.
表示 ” 相同” 相当于 the same。
We are nearly of an age. = We are nearly of the same age.
用于人名前 , 表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事。
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out. That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
用于固定词组中。
a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk
用于quite,rather, many, half, what, such之后
This room is rather a big one.
用于so (as, too, how )+ 形容词之后。
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
二 the定冠词的用法
表示某一类人或物。
The horse is a useful animal.
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事。
Would you mind opening the door?
用于乐器前面。
play the violin, play the guitar
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人。
the living, the wounded
表示“一家人” 或“夫妇”。
the Greens , the Cangs
The Greens are happy.(每个独立成员)
The Green family is happy.(看成一个整体)
用于序数词、形容词和副词的比较级、最高级前。
He is the taller of the two children.
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海、山川群岛的名词前。
the United States, the Communist Party of China
用于表示发明物的单数名词前。
The ,compass was invented in China.
在逢十的复数数词之前, 指世纪的某个年代。
in the 1990's
用于表示单位的名词前。
I hired the car by the hour.
用于方位名词、身体部位名词及表示时间的词组前。
He patted me on the shoulder.
三 零冠词的用法
口诀:专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭,复数名词表泛指,两节(季节,节日)星期月份前,颜色语种和国名,称呼习语和头衔
专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名地名等名词前。
Peking University, Jack, China, love, air
名词前有 this , my , whose, some, no, each , every 等限制。
I want this book./ Whose purse is this?
季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前。
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前。
Lincoln was made Presid ent of America.
学科、语言、球类、棋类名词前。
He likes playing football/chess.
与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前。
by train, by air, by land
以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时。
husband and wife, knife and fork
表示泛指的复数名词前。
Horses are useful animals.
拓展补充
冠词与形容词+名词结构
1两个形容词都有冠词, 表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
2如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
四 代词
要点: 1-人称代词(主格/宾格),物主代词,反身代词 2-指示代词(it,that,this)的用法 it的用法:指代上文中的事或者物;用作表示年份、时间;用作形式主语或形式宾语 that 在同类事物的比较句中的用法 3-不定代词 another,other(s),the others, both,either,neither,all,none one,some,any,many,such,(a)few,(a)little each,every 4-复合不定代词(与形容词的位置有关) -thing,-one,-body
代词分类
人称代词
主格
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
物主代词
形容词性
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性
mine, yours, his, hers,\its, ours, theirs
反身代词
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
指示代词
this, that, these, those, such, some
疑问代词
who, whom, whose ,which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
关系代词
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
不定代词
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little /other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
复合不定代词
some, any, every, no 都能和one, body, thing 一起构成复合不定代词
不定代词用法
1-some和any
(1)some 多用于肯定句, any 多用于疑问句和否定句。
Do you have any bookmarks? No, I don't have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
(2)some 可用于疑问句中, 表示盼望得到肯定的答复, 或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some hauauas? Could you give me some money?
(3)some /any +n单数, some 表示某个 any 表示任何一个。 any +of +v单
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
(4)some +数词 表示“大约” , any +比较级 表示程度。
There are some 3, 000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
2-each和every 每一
each 强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上 each>=2 可做定语或者同位语
each+n+v单
Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us)has a dictionary.
each做同位语+v复
We each have a dictionary.
every 强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 every>=3
Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points.
3-no,no one,nobody,none
(1)no =not any , 作定语。
There is no water in the bottle.
(2)no one = nobody(只代指人)+V单 其后不接of
No one/Nobody likes it.
nobody of
(3)none(代指人或物), 作主语或宾语, 代替不可数名词, 谓语用单数, 代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。 其后通常接of 短语。
How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
none of
(4)none 有时暗示一种数量 , 即指数量上“一个也没有" , 而 no one / nobody 则往往表示一种全面否定, 即指“谁都没有", 所以在回答how many 或 how much 的提问时, 通常用none, 而在回答who 的提问时, 通常用 no one / nobody。
4-both,all,either,any,neither和none
注: all 表示不可数名词时, 其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定( 否定词不一定在前), 全部否定用neither 和 none。
All of the books are not written in English . = Not all of the books are written in English. 不是所有的书都是英文的。 Both of us are not teachers. = Not both of us are teachers. 我俩不都是老师。
5-another,other,the other,others,the others
another
(1)another 表示 ”又一个, 另一个", 无所指, 指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作代词或形容词。如:
I don't like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair/some others.
+n(单数)
+数词+n(复数)
泛指(单)
other
other 泛指“另外的, 别的",只作定语(相当于一个形容词), 常与复数名词或不可数名词连用 other+n复/n[n]不可数
the/this/ that,/some/ any/ each/every/ no/ one/ 及my/your/ his 等+other+n单。如:
any other plant, the other day(几天前,不久前), every other week(每隔), some other reason(某个其他原因), no other way
the other
(3)the other 表示“两者中的另一个", 常与one 连用, 构成one... the other…“ 一个 …..另一个……",作定语修饰复数名词时,表示“全部其余的"。如:
I spend half of my holiday practicing English and the other half learning drawing.
+n(单)
+n(复)
特指(单)
others
(4)others 泛指别的人或物,是 other 的复数形式, 泛指别的人或物( 但不是全部), 不可作定语。如:
Some like football, while others like basketball.
泛指(复)=other+n(复)
the others
(5)the others 特指其余的人或物, 是 the other 的复数形式。如:
Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home.
特指(复数)=the other +n(复)
it 的用法
代替上文提到的一件事物。
My book is missing. I can't find it anywhere.
代替指示代词 this, that。
—What's this? —It's a car.
指代时间、季节。
It often rains in spring here.
指代气候、天气、温度、自然环境等。
In Britain it is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer.
指代距离。
It's four kilometers from my home to the farm.
指代不明性别的婴儿。
—Who's the baby in the photo?—It's me.
指代远处的人或者敲门者等不能确定对方身 份的人。
Open the door, please. It may be the police.
作形式主语。
It's not easy to get him to change his mind.
作形式宾语。
She found it difficult to get along with him.
某些及物动词 (情感类 like, love, enjoy, prefer, hate,appreciate 等)之后若没有出现宾语,而直接跟 if/whether 引导的状语从句, 要在从句前使用代词it。
I'll appreciate it if you could drop in tonight.
it,that,one的用法比较
it 指代同名同物
it 指代上文所提事物的本身, 如果所代替的事物为复数,则应该用 they 或 them 表示。
The Parkers bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.
it 也 可以用来代替上文所提到的一件事。
Mary's mother always told her to work hard, but it didn't help.
see to it that = see that/make sure that/check that 意思是“确保” “务必" , 这里所提到的 that 从句中的将来时都要用一般现在时替代。 主将从现
You will see to it that your methods are ideal.
that指代同名异物
that 表替代时是特指, 可指上文谈到物或 情况 (均为单数,可代替可数名词和不可数名词, 有时 that 后面接of 短语。
-He was nearly drowned once. -When was that? —It was in 1998 that he was in middle school.
若 that 所代替的内容为前置用法, 即要代替的 内容将出现在下文中, 一般用 this, these 或 thefollowing 表示。
What I want to suggest is that:Everyone should have another try. We needn ' t only wait for help.
one集可代替事物,也可代替人
常用来代替与上文所提到人或物相类似的不确定的另一人或物( 而 that 代替上文谈到的物或情况), 且被替代者为可数 名词单数形式,相当于 “a+ 名词" (泛指),其复数形式为ones
Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,one I will always treasure
若下文替代者表示非特指含义,则用a/an +adj+one形式表示, 若下文替代者为另一特指含义,则用the one或者the+adj+one形式表示, 若下文代替时为复数含义,则用the+adj+ones或the ones 表示
I brought a necklace to you that day,but it was a different one.
one作替代词用,其前可加某些形容词或限定词,如the,this,that,which,each,every,any,但一般不能直接在前面加物主代词
I don't like this blue cat,I'd like the red one.
常考固定结构
1.nothing less than ”不亚于' “完全”。如:
It was nothing less than a miracle. 那完全是个奇迹。
His negligence was nothing less than criminal 他的粗心大意无异于犯罪。
2.nothing more than ”仅仅” “不过是"。如:
It was nothing more than a shower 只不过下了场阵雨。
It is nothing more than a made-up story 它只不过是杜撰的故事而巳。
3.anything but 为习语, 意为“根本不是“ ”一点不是"。 如:
The party was anything but a success. 晚会根本不成功。
注竟: anything but 不仅可用于事物, 也可用于人; anything but 有时可单独使用。 如:I don't mean he's lazy一anything but! 我不是说他懒 , 他根本不懒。
4.nothing but 也是习语, 意为"仅仅” “只"。 如:
There is nothing but some waste paper in the desk. 课桌里只有些废纸。
五 介词
*要点: ·牢记固定的介词词组。 ·准确把握重要介词的用法。 ·辨析意义相近的介词。
1-介词的分类
简单介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
合成介词
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
短语介词
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
双重介词
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
分词转化介词
considering ( 就……而论),i ncluding
形容词转化介词
like, unlike, near, next, opposite
2-常用介词的区别
表示时间的
in on at
at 表示片刻的时间
at+时刻
日出,日落等时刻
表示某人的 具体 岁数时 如 at the age of 10
某些特定节假日 如 at Christmas
in 表示一段的时间
in +时间段
世纪,年,月,季节,一天的早中晚,具体时间段
表示: 在...之后,在...之内
表示某人 大约 的岁数时 in his fifties
on 总是与日子有关。
on+具体日期
具体到天,如 on Christmas Day,on Christmas Eve
早中晚+修饰成分,例如 on a cold night
since,from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间, 和完成时连用
from 指从时间的某一点开始
+to +时间点
+时间点
in,after
in指某段时间之后 , 将来时态和过去时态均可使用
He said he would be back in 3 days.
after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。
表示地理位置的 in on to off near
in 表示在某范围内
to 指在某环境范围之外
on 指与什么毗邻
off 离....有段距离
off the road
near 表示距离(远一点)
by 表示距离(近一点)
表示 在....上 的on in
on 只表示在某物的表面上, in 表示占去某物一部分
表示 穿过 through,across
through 表示从内部 通过, 与in有关;
across 表示在表面上通过,与on 有关。
across the shoulder
表示 关于 about,on
about 涉及到(粗)
on 专门论述(细)
between和among的区别
between表示在两者之间
among用于三者或三者以上的中间
besides和except的区别
besides 指“除了……还有再加上”,
except 指“除了,减去什么”, 不放在句首。
表示’用‘的in,with
with 表示具体的工具
I write with a pen.
in 表示材料, 方式, 方法, 度量, 单位,语言,声音
Can you explain it in English.
as与like的区别
as 意为 ”作为, 以……地位或身份”
He talks to me as my father. 他作为我爸爸和我说话(是我爸爸)
like 为"像……一样”, 指情形相似
He talks me like my father. 他像爸爸一样跟我说话(不是我爸爸)
in与into的区别
in 通常表示位置(静态),
into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置
3-常见介词搭配
account for 是……的原因 agree to 同意建议/计 划 agree with 同意观点 answer for 对……负责 blame for 因……而责备 break into 闯入 burst into 突然……起来 call at 参观某地 change into 变成 charge for 对....索价 consist of 由组成 date from 追溯到 deal with 处理 get ove r 恢复, 克服 get through 通过, 做完 go over 复习, 查 看 look mto 调查 look over 检查 look through 浏览 relate to 与……有关 result in 产生, 导致 stare at 盯着 stick to 坚持 turn down 拒绝 used to 过去常常 owing to 因为 on behalf of 代表 access to 进入……的方法 advantage to 对·…·有 利 cause of-· …·的起因 faith in 对……的信仰,信 奉 key to······ 的答案;..的钥匙 objection to 对...的发对 thanks to 幸亏 on account of 因为 instead of 取代 angry at 生某事的气 angry with伴 某人的气 conscious of 知道, 明白
contrary to 与……相反 different from 和……不同 fit for 适合 popular with 受……欢迎 present at 出席 regardless of 不管 rude to 对... 无 札 sensitive to 对...敏 感 short of 缺乏 similar to 和.....相 似 strict with 对……要求严格 tired of 厌烦 worthy of 值得 in the event of 假如 ,万 一 in terms of 关 千,涉 及 accordi ng to 根据 along with 连同 apart from 除……之外 as a result of 因为 as far as 就……而言 because of 因为 due to 因为 for the purpose of 为了 for the sake of 为了.. … 缘 故 in addition to 除……之外 in case of 以防 in front of 在 ……前面 in honor of 为纪念, 为庆祝 in memory of 为纪念 in need of 需 要 in place of 代替 in possession of 占 有 in praise of 表扬 in return for 报答 in spite of 尽管
4-except, except for, except-clause, besides 的区别
except
except 表示“除……外,不再有",常用于同类事物排除,且不用于句首
Every one of us, except Jim, went to watch the basketball match. 除吉姆外 (没去), 我们都去观看了 篮球比赛。
except for
except for 表示部分与整体的关 系,“如无……就" 、“只是 …... " ,用 于非同类事物排除,可用于句首
Except for one old lady, the bus was empty.公共汽车上 只坐了一位老太太。
except+从句
except 后可接从句的用法。except 后可接 that, what , when 等引导的从句。
He has not changed at all except that he is no longer so talkative. 他一点也没变 ,只是不像以前那样爱说话了。 He's good-looking except when he smiles. 他长得不错,可一笑就不行了
besides
.besides 表示一种累加关系,意 指 “除 了 什 么 之外 , 还 有 …... " ; 而e xcept 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有 ……"。
Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him 除他妻子外, 他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。 Nobody went to see him except his wife. 除他妻子外, 没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
5-over, above, under, below(了解)
over-under above-below
1.over 和 above 都有“在……之上"的意思, over 往往表示“在……的正上方”,其 反义词为under , above 往往表示“在……的斜上方,其反义词为below。 over 还可表示"(部分或全部覆盖)在 ….. 上面” 的意思。如:
You can't wear a blue jacket over that shirt. It'll look terrible. 你不能把一件蓝夹克穿在那件衬衫外面,那将会很难看。
2.over 和above 都可以表示在数量上“多于"的意思, 但 above 一般用于表示与“最低限度”或“标准” 有关的事物, 而over 则表示“多于"(泛), 相当于more than , 其反义词是under (=less than ) 。
two degrees above zero 零上2 度 He's over fifty. 他已年过半百。 It's under a mile from here to the post offi ce. 此处距邮局不足一英里。
3.above 表示 ”级别、地位、重要性等高于……" , over 则强调“控制、掌握、权威” 等。
He always puts his students above everything. 本身他总是把自己的学生置于一切事情之上。 He has little control over his emotions. 他控制不住自己的感情。
6-时间介词
1.in, after, on, at
in/after
in 表示在某段较长的时间内。
如: i n the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future
“in + 时间“常常表示一段时间之内, 也可以表示在 …之后, 但需要具备两个条件: A:所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来; B:后面必须是一段时间。 这两个条件缺一不可,否则用after 或 later。如:
My father will be back in three days.(我爸爸会在三天之后回来) My father will be back after three o'clock
in 加时间段,句子一般用将来时态。
I will come here in five days.
after加时间段时,句子往往用一般过去时, after加时间点时,句子往往用将来时时。
He came here after five days.
He will come here after five o'clock.
on
on 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上 等,on+某个节日+day
如: on a rainy day, on Monday, on Christmas morning, on May Day, on a warm morning 等。
at
at 表示片刻的时间或者较为短暂的一段时间, 可指节日或者被认为是一年中标志大事的日子,
如 at 8 o' clock , 常用词组有: at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等 。
2.since, for, from
for +时间段 , 表示行为或状态持续了多久;
Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement. 布朗先生喜欢乡村生活, 退休后他在那里生活了差不多 15 年。
from+时间点,表 示行为或状态的起始点, 而不涉及其持续时间的长短;
My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. 我的妹妹从 5 岁开始学习舞蹈。
(完成时)since 后接时间点, 不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直待续到说话的时刻,因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用。
Tom has been doing his homework since seven o'clock. 汤姆从 7 点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。
3-before, until, till, by
(1)before 的用法
表示“早于; 在……之前"。如:
The new road will be completed before the end of the year. 这条新道路将在年底以前建成。
(2)by 的用法
表示“不迟于……, 在(某时)前"。如:
All of you are to arrive at school by seven o'clock. 你们所有人必须在 7 点钟前到校。
表示“在……期间,在……时间内"。如:
He worked by night and slept by day. 他晚上工作, 白天睡觉。
也经常和完成时连用
By the end of yesterday,I had finished my homework.
By now,I have finished my homework.
I will have finished my homework by next week.
(3)until 和 till 的用法
until 是比较正式的用法。 在肯定句中和延续性动词连用, 表示动作一直持续到 until 后面的时间为止; 在否定句中和非延续性动词连用, 表示该动作直到until 后面的时间才开始。
I shall wait until ten o'clock. 我将等到 10 点钟。 I didn't go to sleep until midnigh t. 直到半夜我才睡觉。
until 意义与till 相同。如:
He works from morning till night, day after day.
7-表示原因的介词
1.with 多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后, 表示某种心理或心理状态的原因。如:
Her face went red with anger.
2.for 多与表示感情的抽象 名词或动名词及reason, famous 等词连用。如:
The West Lake is famous for its scenery.
3.from 常接抽象名词, 表示自然或间接原因。
die from snake bites
4.of 用于某些形容词之后 ,后接与感情相关的人或事。
die of cancer
5.over 常用于带有感情色彩的动词, 如: cry, quarrel, laugh 等词之后, 叙述所发生的事情的原因。
The little girl is crying over her baby bear.
六 形容词和副词
*要点: ·形容词在句中的位置(前置定语/后置定语/表语)。 ·多个形容词的排序。 ·形容词与副词的转换。 ·常用程度副词的辨析: very, much, ·形容词与副词的比较级与最高级。 倍数表达法
形容词
形容词的位置
形容词作定语通常前置,但下列情况后置
修饰 some , any , every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时。
nobody absent, everything possible
以-able , 一ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only 修饰的名词之后。
the best book available the only solution possible
alive, alike, awake , aware, asleep 等可以后置
the only person awake
和空间、时间、单位连用时。
a bridge 50 meters long
成对的形容词可以后置。
a huge room simple and beautiful
形容词短语一般后置。
a man difficult to get on with
多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序
口诀: " 县(限定词)官(冠词)叔(序数词)叔(基数词)美(性质状态)小(大小长短)圆(形状), 旧(新旧程度)黄(颜色)法国(国家)木(质地)书房(名词)'
一个黄色的新的小圆球 a small round new yellow ball
复合形容词的构成
-ed和-ing形容词的用法
-ed 形容词指那些-ed 分词转化来的形容词。这类形容词主要用来说明主观感受 ,多用于人,也可用于物,含有“感到…·之意”。如:
I felt afraid and had a frightened(主观感受) look on my face. 我感到害怕, 脸上带着惊恐的表情。
-ing 形容词指那些-ing 分词转化来的形容词。这类形容词主要用来说明客观感受,多用于物,也可用于人,含有“令人.”之意。如:
The story which has a exciting character had a satisfying ending. 有一个令人兴奋的角色的这个故事有一个令人满意的结局。
副词
副词的分类
时间副词
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
地点副词
here,nearly,outside,upwards,above
频度副词
always, often, frequently, seldom, never, sometimes
疑问副词
how, where, when, why
方式副词
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
程度副词
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
连接副词
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
关系副词
when, where, why
两种形式的副词
close closely
接近(多用千描述两物体之间距离上的变化)。 仔细地, 密切地(比喻义)。
deep deeply
深深地(主要表示具体可感的深度 , 一般不放在实义动词前)。 深刻地,深入地(常用千表示抽象的概念,用 千引申义)。
hard hardly
努力地。 几乎不。刚刚 hardly......when
wide widely
广大地、广阔地、全部地(主要指具体范围,只 能放在所修饰的动词的后面)。 广泛地(比喻义)。
high highly
高(用来表示具体高度、上升的幅度)。 高度地(比喻义)。
late lately
晚、迟。
近来(相当于 recently ) 。
most mostly
极、非常(修饰动词时, 不能置于动词和宾语之间)。 主要地。
near nearly
在附近、邻近(仅置千动词后)。 几乎。
sometimes与sometime, some time和some times的区别
口诀:分开是一段,相连是某时 分开s是倍次,相连s是有时
sometime
用作副词。表示某个不确切或不具体的时间 , 表示“某个时候", 它后面应该接一个过去或将来的时间。
It was introduced sometime during the Qing Dynasty. 它是在清朝某个时候被引进
The new figure will be released untill sometime next month.新的数据会在下个月某个时候公开
sometimes
用作副词表 示“有的时候",与from time to time 意思相同,可以把它放在句首、 句尾或句中。sometimes 是频率副词,它暗指某动作(在过去、现在或将来) 有时候重复。
Life seems so unfair sometimes.
some time
表示“一些时间” 或“一段时间”,可以用作名词或副词短语。
I need some time to refresh myself.我需要时间回恢复
some times
是名词词组, 意为“几次,几 倍" 。
Our room is some times larger than yours.
形容词和副词比较级
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加 -er 和-est , 多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most ; 形容词的最高级前面要加定冠词the。
1-同级比较时常常用as… as..(一般成对出现) 以及 not so ( as ) … as.. 和 the same as。如:
I am not so good a player as you are.
2.可以修饰比较级的词有: much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit,a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more...the more..."句型。如:
The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思
( 1 ) 直接使用比较级
How beautiful she sings! I've never heard a better voice. = She has the best voice I've ever heard.
( 2 )比较级+than+
any other +n(单)任何其他
He works harder than any other student.
the other+n(复)其余全部的
She goes to school earlier than the other girls.
any of the other+n(复)剩下全部的任一
China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia
( 3 ) 比较级+ than + anything/ anyone else
Tom cared more for money than for anything else.
( 4 ) 在比较句型中使用 “no , nobody, nothing" + 比较级等词
I have never spent a more worrying day. Nobody can do the work better than he did.
( 5 )表示“最高程度” 的形容词没有最高 级和比较级 不可分级形容词。如: favourite , excellent, extreme, perfect 。
固定结构用法归纳
more than
more than+数词“多于“ (其通常后接数词,也可接其他词)。
I've known him for more than twenty years. 我巳认识他 20 多年了。
more than+n/v/从句 不只是,不仅仅是" (通常后接名词、动词、从句等)。 more than +adj/adv 极其,非常"(通常后接形容词、副词或分词等)。
He is more than a father to her.他待她胜过父亲。 He was more than upset by the accident. 这个意外事故使他非常心烦意乱。
more than......can “难以,完全不能”( 其后通常连用情态动词can ) 。
That is more than I can tell (=I can't tell that). 那事我实在不明白。
与动词 like, love 等连用, 表示”更、更加"。
I Iike tennis more than I Iike football 与足球相比, 我更喜欢网球
more...than …
表示“比……更多” ( 此时 more 为 many 或 much 的比较级, 表示数量, 后接名词)。
Last year there were more births than deaths. 去年的出生人数多于死亡人数。
表示“比……更" (此时 more 后 接多音节形容词或副词,构成比较级, 表示对两者进行比较)。
Travelling by train is more relaxing than driving. 乘火车旅行比开汽车轻松得多。
表示”与其说.不如说'(此时不是对两个对象进行比较,而是对同一个人或物在两个不同方面进行比较或取舍)。
He is more lucky than clever. 与其说他聪明, 不如说他幸运。
倍数表达法
1.A+ be + 倍数+ 形容词( 或副词 )的比较级+ than + B
This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。 (是我们教室的六倍)
2.A+ be + 倍数+ as + 形容词( 或 much ) 或副词+ as + B
This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.
这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。 (这块石头比那块重二倍)
We've produced twice as much cotton this year as (we did) ten years ago.
今年我们生产的棉花比十年前多了一倍。
3.A+ be + 倍数+ the + size (length, height...) + of + B
This hill is four times the height of that small one.
这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。 (比那座小山高三倍)
4.The + size (length, height … ) of + A+ be + 倍数+ that + of+ B
The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.
fairly<quite<rather<pretty<very<badly 很,非常
只有rather与to连用
修饰不可分级形容词通常只用quite
七 动词
*要点: ·动词的十种时态。 ·动词的被动语态。 .情态动词的用法 : can , may, must, need, dare, shall, should, ought to。 ·情态动词+have done 的用法。
功能分类:实义动词( Notio nal Verb ) 、系动词( Link Verb ) 、助动词 ( Auxilia ry Verb ) 、情态动词 ( Modal Verb ) 。
(一)实义动词
1.动词的基本形式
动词原型
( 1 ) 第三人称单数形式的构成
一般情况下直接加s
work-works
以s,x,sh,ch结尾的动词后加es
guess-guesses mix-mixes finish-finishes
以辅音字母y结尾的词,改y为ies
study-studies
不规则变化
have-has be-is go-goes do-does
( 2 ) 现在分词的构成
一般情况下直接加ing
work-working
以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词, 去e 加 ing
write-writing
以一个元音加一个辅音 结尾的重读动词,双写末尾辅音字母再加 ing
get-getting begin-beginning
以ie结尾的名词一般将ie 改为 y,再加ing
lie-lying die-dying tie-tying
( 3 ) 过去式和过去分词的构成
一般情况下直接加ed
work-worked
以不发音的字母e 结尾,只 加d
love-loved
以辅音字母加y结尾的词,改y为 ied
try-tried study-studied
以一个元音字母加一个辅音结尾的重读动词,双写末尾一个字母后加ed
stop-stopped permit-permitted
2.及物动词和不及物动词
(1)及物动词
后面必须跟宾语,可以用于 “主+谓+宾”; “主+谓+双宾”; “主+谓+宾+宾补”结构。
buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget , receive, regard, see , say, seat, supply, select, suppose,show,make,take,tell
Please hand me the book over there.
(2)不及物动词
后面不跟宾语,只能用于 ”主+谓“ 结构,一般要加介词后再接宾语。
agree, go, wor,k, listen,look, come,die,beiong, fall,exist, rise, arrive, sit,sail,hurry,fail,succeed
This is the room where I once lived
(3)即可及物又可不及物(意义不变)
begin, start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve…
(1)Everybody, our game begins. (2)Let us begin our game.
(4)即可及物又可不及物(意义不同)
lift vi. 消散; vt. 升高 speak vi.讲话 ; vt. 说(语言) beat vi. 跳 动 ; vt. 敲 打 grow vi. 生长; vt. 种植 play vi. 玩耍;vt. 打(牌、球), 演奏 smell vi. 发 出 ; vt. 嗅 ring vi.( 电话、铃)响;vt.打电话 hang vi.悬挂; vt 绞死 operate vi. 动手术; vt.操作
(1)We saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.( 消散) (2)He lifted hisglass and drank(. 升高;举起)
补充
分清表动作与表结果的动词
强调动作的发生。
tear at, look for, try to do sth., prepare for, advise...
I advised him.
强调动词的结果
tear, find, manage to do sth., be prepared for, persuade ...
I couldn't persuade him
区分持续性动词与瞬间性动词
表示一个动词可以持续一段时间或更长时间。
study, play, read, learn, drive,write, clean, sleep, speak, talk,wait, fly, stay, lie, keep…
He has studied English for three years.
表示一个动词在瞬间就可以完成,不能延续下去
arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall,finish, join, kill,hit, leave, lend, die,marry,open, return, start, stop, recognize, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off...
He has joined the Party.
3.动词的时态和用法(以do为例)
一般现在时
构成
do/does (连系动 词 is/am/are )
用法
1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、 科学事实、格言, 目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2. 主句是一般将来时, 时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来(主将从现) 3 在以 here, there 开头的句子里, go, come 等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。 4-一般现在表将来(时刻表)
I'll go there after I finish my work . If it rains tomorrow, I won't go there. There goes the bell. 铃响了。 There comes the bus. 汽车来了。 Here she comes. 她来了。(不是倒装句,主语是代词是不到装) My plane takes off at 8 tomorrow。
一般过去时
构成
did (联系动词was/were)
用法
表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或者存在的状况或, 过去某一时间内经常或反复发生的动作或行为
现在进行时
构成
is/am/are doing
用法
1.表示正在进行的动作
2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作 。现在进行时表将来
My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
She is leaving for Beijing. 她要去北京。
3.代替一般现在时, 描绘更加生动。
The Yangtze River is flowing into the east.长江江水滚滚向东流。 The sun is rising in the east 太阳从东方冉冉升起。
4.与频度副词 always , constantly, continually 等连用, 表示夸奖、埋怨等感情色彩 ,并 不强调动作正在进行。
She is always coming late. 她总是很晚才回家。 (带埋怨情绪,指责某人的一贯行径)
过去进行时
构成
was/were doing
用法
1.表示过去某一时刻或某 一段时间内正在进行的动作。 (这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday .
2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行 。
They were still working when I left.
3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 。
I was writing while he was watching TV
4.表示过去将来动作。(多见于间接引语)
He said she was arriving the next day.他说他第二天会到
现在完成时
构成
has/have done
用法
1 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,说话时巳完成的动作。
I have finished the report. She has cleaned the room.
2.表示从过去开始 , 持续到现在的动作或状态, 往往和"for...","since …” 表述的一段时间状语连用。
He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college.
3 表示“曾 经到过某地( 人已回来)“用 “have /has been to" , 表示 ”到某地去了(还未回来)“用 “have/ has gone to" 。
( 1 ) —Where is Li Hua? —He has gone to Beijing for a competition. ( 2 ) —She knows a lot about Shanghai. —Yes. She has been there.
4.短暂动词(即瞬间动词),例 如: join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die , marry, finish, complete , begin, start, break out 等, 在完成时态中, 其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
不能说: He has joined the army for three years.
要翻译“他已参军巳经三年了”可采用: ’ago 法 ” He joined the army three years ago. “延续法” He has been in the army for three years. "since 法 ” It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
过去完成时
构成
had done
用法
1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning.
hardly had sb done sth when sb did sth
Hardly had I returned home when it began to rain. 我一回家就下雨了
2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至还要继续下去
At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.
He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
3.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose 等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
现在完成进行时
构成
has/have been doing
用法
用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去的工作
He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
过去完成进行时
构成
had been doing
用法
表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,还将继续下去。
He said he had been learning English for 3 years.
一般将来时
构成
will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are(about)to do
用法
一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。 (详见下面:一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较)
过去将来时
构成
would/should do was/were going to do was/were(about)to do
用法
1.相对于过去某一 时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态。
He told me he would go to Beijing. 他告诉我他将去北京。
2.would do(表示过去的习惯 ) 总是, 总会, 常常。
At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接 连好几个小时默默地坐着。
( 1 ) 一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较
1-be going to +动词原形
含有“打算,计划,即将“做某事, 或表示很有可能要发生某事
It's going to clear up.天要放晴了(根据想象判断) We're going to have a party tonight .
2-be+doing进行时表将来
go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作
He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe?
3-be about to+动词原形
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作, 后面一般不跟时间状语。
I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.
4-be to+动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。
We're to meet at school at noon.
5-一般现在时表将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情, 可用一般现在时表示将来。
The meeting starts at five o'clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening.
6-will do
无计划,临时起义
( 2 ) 容易混淆的时态比较
一般过去式与现在完成时的比较
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果
We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.What do you suppose has happened to her?
一般过去时只表达过去的工作或者状态
I read the novel last month.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
着重表示动作的结果时,用现在完成时,如
I have read that book.
着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则用现在完成进行时
I am tired.I have been painting the living room all day.
( 3 ) 动词被动语态
一般式
现在时
am/is/are done
过去时
was/were done
将来时
will/shall be done
过去将来时
would/should be done
进行式
现在时
am/is/are being done
过去时
was/were being done
完成式
现在时
has/have been done
过去时
had been done
将来时
will/shall have been done
过去将来时
would/should have been done
主动形式常表示被动意义
*某些系动词 (一be 四变 五感官 外加似乎三保持,两终止)【be,become,turn,get,grow,keep,stay, turn out】,如 feel, look, seem, appear, taste, sound, smell , prove, remain 等用主动形式表示被动意义; 主语通常是事物, 且表示该事物本身具有某一固有特征。如:
The dish tastes delicious. Water feels very cold.
*表示主语由内在品质或性能,使得主语得以实现或不能实现,用主动表示被动,常见的这类动词有: write, read, clean, sell, wash , cook, open, close, lock 等。如:
The clothes wash well. The book sells well.
* 某些日常用语, cook, bake, make, print, pack, build, work out 等动词用于进行时态时, 可用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
The plan is working out.计划正在制订。
* 在表示需要"的need, want, require 及be worth 后的动词-ing 形式,用 主动形式表示被动含义
The window wants/needs/requires repairing The book is worth reading twice.
*不定式在下列情况下用主动形式表示被动意义:
*在 “be + 形容词+ t o do" 句型中。如: English words are difficult to remember. 英语单词很难记。 注: 常用千此句型形容词有easy, hard,difficult, heavy, light, comfortable 等。
*在作补语的形容词后作状语的不定式。如: We found the book easy to understand. 我们觉得这本书的容易懂 。
*在 This /That /These /Those be 后的名词后的不定式。如: This is a difficult problem to solve. 这是一个很难解决的问题。
*在 “there be/have/with sth. to do ( 有……要……)“结构中。如: I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
*在“疑问代词+ 不定式”结构。如: The question is what to do next.问题是接下来做什么
*在 “be to blame / seek / let" 结构中。如: The house is to let. 此房出租。 He is to blame for this.他因此事应受到责备 。
不可变为被动语态的几种情况
*不及物动词没有被动语态。常见动词是 :cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash 等。 This knife cuts well. 这把刀好切。 These books sell well. 这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 The cloth washes well. 这种布好洗。 Meat won't keep long in such hot weat her. 肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
*感官动词: look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out 等。 The apples taste good. The news proved/turned out true. The flower smells wonderful. Cotton feels soft.
*希望类动词没有被动语态 : I wish you a good journey.
*状态类谓语动词没有被动语态 : This room can hold one hundred people.
*反身或相互代词: We should help each other.
*同源宾语没有被动语态: I dreamed a good drema last night.
*当宾语是主语身体一部分的时候, 没有被动: I cut my finger this morning.
在 make, let, have 等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel 等感官动词后的复合宾语中, 动词不定式不带to; 但此类句子变为被动句时, 不定式必须保留to。如: I often hear her sing in the next room. He is often heard to sing the song.
(二)系动词
分类
常考:一be,四变,五感官,外加似乎,三保持,两终止
状态系动词
be
we are anxious about his safety
持续系动词
keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,continue等
This matter rests a mystery.
表象系动词
seem,appear,look等
It appears a true story.
感官系动词
feel,smell,sound,taste等
The cloth feels soft.
变化系动词
become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run等
As he grows older,he grows wiser.
终止系动词
prove,turn out
The examination turned out quite easy.
用法要点
( 1 ) 关于系动词后接副词作表语
连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语,一般不接副词: 误: The soup tastes nicely (应将 nicely 改为 nice )
但是, 有时连系动词后也可接副词 作表语, 不过这主要限于 in , on, off, out, away, behind, up, down, over, through, around, round, below, inside, outside 等少数副词小品词 here , there, upstairs, downstairs 等少数表示地点或方位的副词。如:
Mother wasn't in last night. Mother is downstairs waiting for you.
( 2 ) 关于系动词后接不定式
*连系动词be 后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语。如:
My dream is to be a scientist.我的梦想是当一名科学家 To be a scientist is my dream.
*seem, appear, prove, turn out, get, grow, come 等系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be ) 作表语:
The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。
*sound, smell, feel, taste, become等连系动词后通常不能接不定式。
( 3 ) 英语中所有的系动词都是不及物的, 所以所有系动词都不能用于被动语态。
他的解释听起来很有道理。 误: His explanation is sounded reasonable. 正 : His explanation sounds reasonable.
(三)助动词
1-be(is,am,are,was,were,being,been)
(1)be+ 现在分词 , 构成进行时态。
They are having a meeting.
(2)be+ 过去分词 , 构成被动语态。
English is taught throughout the world.
(3)be+动词不定式可表示 *用现在时表示最近、未来的计划或安排(这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法) *表示命令 *表示征求意见 *表示相约,商定
He is to go to New York next week. You are to explain this. How am I to answer him? We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
2-have(has,had,having)
(1)have+ 过去分词,构成完成时态。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
(2)have+been+现在分词,构成完成进行时
I have been studying English for ten years.
(3)have+been+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态
English has been tought in China for many years.
3-do(does,did)
(1)构成一般疑问句
Do you want to pass the exam?
(2)do+not构成否定
In the past,many students did not know the importance of English.
(3)构成否定祈使句(构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does)
Don't be so absent-minded.
(4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气
Do come to my birthday party.一定来我的生日聚会
(5)用于倒装句(引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,little,so,well等)
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
(6)用作代动词
-Do you like Beijing? -Yes,I do.(do 用作代动词,代替like beijing
4-shall(should) will(would)
shall 和will 作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成将来时(shall 只用于第一人称,如用于第二,第三 人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,will通常情况下用于第二,三人称
1-I shall study harder at English. 2-He said he would come.
(四)情态动词
基本用法
can could
能力(体力,智力,技能)【有时态区别】 允许或者许可(口语中常用)【语气区别】 可能性(表猜测 主观推测)can>could
否定式
can not/cannot/can't couldn't
疑问式与回答
Can/Could....do..? Yes,...can. No,...can't.
may might
可以(问句中表示请求); 可能,或许(表猜测); 祝愿(用于倒装句)may sb be + do
否定式
may not do might not do
疑问式与回答
May...do...? Yes,....may/can. No,.....mustn't(禁止)/can't(百分之百否定)
must
必须,应该(表主观要求); 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)。 疑问句中还可表“非得, 非要” 之意。
否定式
must not/mustn't do
疑问式与回答
Must...do...? Yes,...must. No,...needn't/don't have to.
have to
只好,不得不(客观的必须, 有时态人称变化)
否定式
don't have to
疑问式与回答
Do....have to do? Yes,....do. No,...don't.
shall
将要,会(用于一三人称征求对方意见; 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等
疑问式与回答
Shall....do...? Yes,.....shall. No,.....needn't/may not/can't
ought to
应当(表示义务责任,多用于书面,口语中多用should ) 。
否定式
ought not to/oughtn't to do
疑问式与回答
Ought...to do...? Yes,...ought. No,...oughtn't
should
应当、应该(表义务责任); 本该(含有责备意味); 还可以表示竟然之意
否定式
should not/shouldn't do
疑问式与回答
Should...do...?
will
意愿,决心
否定式
will not/won't do
疑问式与回答
Will...do...? Yes,...will. No,...won't.
would
请求、建议,用在问句中would比较委婉
否定式
would not/wouldn't do
疑问式与回答
Will...do...? Yes,...will. No,...won't.
dare
敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
否定式
dare not/daren't do
疑问式与回答
Dare...do...? Yes,...dare. No,..daren't.
need
需要;必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
否定式
need not/needn't do.
疑问式与回答
Need...do....? Yes,...must. No,...needn't.
uesd to
过去常常(现在已经不再)
否定式
used not/usedn't/ usen't to do didn't use to do
疑问式与回答
Used..to do...? Yes,...used. No,...use(d)n't. Did...use to do...? Yes,...did.No,..didn't.
否定式
shall not/shan't do
*情态动词+ have done
(1)could have done 本能够…… I could have had my breakfast this morning, but a friend came.
(2)may/might (not) have done 可能(不可能)做过 He may have arrived in Shanghai. He might have known the news. 注:一般不用于疑问句中,否定形式为may/might not have done,过去可能没做某事
(3)must have done 一定巳经……(否定形式: can't have done 不可能巳经……) He must have finished his work.他一定完成作业了(不一定已经做完了,主观推测) 注:表示对过去情况的肯定猜测,否定句中用can't have done 不可能已经做了某事
(4)should (not) have done / ought (not) to have done / be (not) supposed to have done 本(不 )应该...... You shouldn't have told her the news.
(5)needn't have done 本不必…… You needn't have posted him the book. He is coming this afternoon.
(6)would have done 本来会去做…… I didn't have enough money, otherwise I would have bought that book.
(7)would like to have done = would have liked to do 本打算做…… I would like to have seen the film but an unexpected friend came last night.
*情态动词must,may,might,could,can表推测
以must为例, must+be是推测现在存在的一般状态; must+be doing推测现在正在进行的事情; must+have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情
(1)must,表示 肯定,一定,语气强,只用于肯定句中,如 He must be a man from China. He must be talking with his friend. He must have already arrived there.
(2) may 和 might , 表示 ”也 许" , 后者语气弱, 可用于肯定句和否定句。如: He may not be at home. They might have finished their task.
( 3 ) can 和 could, 表示“可能” , could 语气不及can 强, 可用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。如: The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there, it was so near. —Can he be in the office now? —No, he can't he there, for I saw him in the library just now.
[补充]高频动词及动词短语辨析
(1)used to do, be used to do 和 be used to doing 的区别
used to do 表示“过去常常做某事 ”。 I used to play football after school. 过去我常常在放学后踢球。
be used to do 表示被用做某事 This knife can be used to cut things. 这把刀能够被用于切东西。
be used to + doing表示“习惯于……", to 是介词, 后需加名词或动名词。如: He is used to living in the country now. 他现在习惯了住在农村。
(2) spend, take, pay, cost 的区别
spend 的主语通常是人, 往往用于句型 ” ( sb. ) spend some money/some time on sth./ (in) doing sth.。如: He spent three days on the work. = He spend three days(( i n ) doing the work
take 常用于“占用、花费”时间, 其主语逋常为形式主语“it" 或物。 句式是: It takes/ took sb. some time to do sth. = Sth. takes sb. some time. 如 : It took me three years to draw the beautiful horses. The work will take me two days.
pay 为"付款、赔偿”之 意, 主语通常是人, 往往是 sb. pays some money for sth. 或pay sb. (some money for sth. ) 。如: He has paid the doctor 50 pounds for the medicine. How much did you pay him?
cost 的主语必须是某物。句型是 sth. cost (sb.) some money。如: The dictionary cost me £20.
(3)rise, arise, raise, arouse 的区别`
首先, rise, arise 是不及物动词; raise, arouse 是及物动词。
rise (rose, risen), [vi.] 慈为“上升, 升起, 升高; 上涨",说明 主语自身移向较高位置, 常用于日、月、云、雾、烟、蒸汽、温度、物价等 , 无被动语态。如: The moon has risen above the hills. 月亮已经从山上升起。
arise (arose, arisen), [vi] 意为 "(间题、困难等)出现; 发生, 产生” , 主语一般为抽象名词, 如problem, trouble, quarrel, difficulty, misunderstanding, disagreement 。常用短语: arise from/out of sth . 由……引起;因 …..产生。如: They are talking about problems arising out of the lack of communication. 他们正在谈论由千缺乏交流而产生的问题。
raise, [vt] 意为 "招募; 养育, 栽培; 提高;举 起” ,说明 主语发出的动作是要作用于其他事物的, 往往有使物体达到其应有的高度的含义, 可用于被动语态。如: to raise an army 招募 to raise a family养育、栽培 raise one's hand 举起手 raise a question 提出问题 raise salaries/the rent 提高工资、租金 The boss promised to raise her salary 老板答应要给她加薪水。
arouse, [vt.]意为“激起, 唤醒;使……奋发” ,人可用于被动语态。如: He was aroused from his sleep by the doorbell.门铃声把他从睡眠中唤醒
八 连词 主要记忆 意思和搭配
(一)连词分类
并列连词
表并列关系: and, both...and, not only…but also, neither...nor, as well as, rather than 等。
表选择关系 or, either...or 等
表转折关系 but, yet, still, however, while (而 ),only ( 只不过)等。
表因果关系 for, so, then (那么)等
从属连词
引导时间状语从句 after, before, when, whenever, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as, the moment , the minute, the second, the instant, immediately , directly, instantly, once, no sooner… than, hardly...when, every time, each time, (the) next time, any time, (the) last time, the first time 等。
引导条件状语从句 if, unless, as / so long as, in case ( 万一)等。
引导原因状语从句 because, as, since, seeing (that), now ( that ) , considering (that), inthat 等
引导目的状语从句 in order that, so that, in case ( 免得),for fear that 等。
引导结果状语从句 so that, so...that, such… that 等。
引导让步状语从句 although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever 等 。
引导方式状语从句 as, like, as if, as though 等
引导地点状语从句 where, wherever 等。
引导比较状语从句 than, as… as 等
引导名词性从句 that,if,whether
(二)连词用法辨析
1.because, as, since, for 的用法区别
(1)because ”因为", 表示原因的语气最强, 可用来回答 why 提出的问题, 常表示必然的因果关系, 从句一般放在主句后面; 另外, 可以引导表语从句 , 可用于强调句等, 而其余三者则不行。如: He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.(他 今天没有上学因为他病得厉害。)
(2)as ”因为", 表示一般的因果关系,语气比because 弱,说 明比较明显的原因, 它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。如: As he wasn't ready in time, we went without him.( 因他未及时准备好, 我们没等他就走了 。)
(3)since ”既然” , 表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实,可用于句首。如: I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy(. 既然你很 忙我就叫 林涛和我一起去吧。)
(4)for ” 因为" ,是 并列连词(其余三者为从属连词), 语气较弱,用 来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如: It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.( 昨晚一定下过雨, 你看今天早上地面是湿的。)
2.when, while, as 的用法区别:从句谓语动词是否延续,动作先后。
(1)while 引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是可延续的 , 而 when 引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词是可延续的,也 可以是表短暂性动作的动词。如: When / While he was eating his breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring. When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. (不可以用 while )
( 2 ) 从句动作发生在主句动作之前时 ,只 能用when 引导这个从句, 不可用 as 或 while(这两个一般是同时发生的)。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
( 3 ) 表示“随着……(同时)" , 连词用 as , 不用when 或 while 。如: As the election approached, the violence got worse.
3.though(可倒装可不到装), although(不可倒装),as (必须倒装)的用法区别
( I ) 用作连 词, 表示“虽然” , 两者大致同义, 可换用,只是 although比 though 更为正式,此时不与 but 连用, 但可与yet, still 等副词连用 Though/Although they're expensive, people buy them.(虽然它们很昂贵 , 人们还是买。)
(2) though 可用作副词, 表示“然而““不过", 通常用于句末。如: She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. (她答应要打电话来 , 可我没听到回信儿。 )
( 3 ) 在 as though( 好像,仿 佛), even though (即使,纵然)等固定短语中,不能用although 代替 though。
( 4 ) 当 though 用于倒装形式, 它不能换成 although , 但可换成as。(as 作虽然,尽管意思,必须用在倒装) Try though / as I would(Though I would try) , I could not make her change her mind.(不管我多努力,也 不能让她改变主意。)
4.whether 和 if 的用法区别
引导主语从句
Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.
引导表语从句
The question is whether we really need their help.
引导同位语从句
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
引导宾语从句且放句首时
Whether they can finish the work on time is still a question.
引导从句作介词宾语
They are talking about whether they will attend the party.
引导不定式短语
Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.
引导让步状语从句
Hainan is the place to be, whether it's summer or winter.
与or not 连用时
I am not sure whether he will come to the party or not.
在if与whether含义混淆时,如果题中出现,一般选择whether
Please let me know whether you need my help.
( 三 ) rather than 用法归纳
rather than 与 would 连用表示心情,相当于情态动词”而不愿" 。·
would rather do sth than do sth. would do sth,rather than do sth prefer to do sth,rather than do sth 宁愿....而不愿......
She‘d rather die than lose the children,
rather than 意为"是……而不是······; 与其 .....倒不如说……"。 它是连词,它前后的成分在词性上应该一致, 它连接的并列成分可以是名词,代词,形容词,介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。
连接两个名词或代词(注意:rather than连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应该与rather than 前面的名词或者代词在人称和数量上保持一致)
He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员,不如说他是一个探险者。 You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。
连接两个形容词
The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。
连接两个介词(短语)或者动名词
We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会, 不是在大厅里。 She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌, 而不喜欢跳舞。
连接两个分句
We should help him rather than he should help us. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们
连接两个不定式
I decided to write rather than (to) telephon e. 我决定写信而不打电话 。