七大基础技能脑图

雅思写作的整体思路框架！以下内容包括如何描述数据、如何描述数据趋势、如何比较数据和作对比、如何陈述主题观点、如何扩展主题句、如何做让步和反驳观点、如何增强文章的连贯和衔接。

IELTS Writing 七大基础技能训练

• 1. 如何描述数据 describe data
  • 认识各种图表
    • graph图表
    • line graph线形图
    • chart图表
    • pie chart饼状图
    • bar chart柱状图
    • table表格
    • diagram示意图
    • flow chart//flow diagram流程图
    • map地图
    • data数据
  • 看懂图表，获取准确信息
    • 单位
      • billions/grams/percentage
      • 计量单位在纵轴，时间标记在横轴
      • 某数据没有准确落在坐标上，可使用about/around/approximately
    • 标题
    • 图例
  • 描述具体数据
    • 描述数值的常用词汇
      • 表示数量
        • the number of+可数名词复数
          • 例：The number of participants stood at 1000 last years.
        • the quantit of+不可数名词
        • the amount of+不可数名词
      • 表示比例
        • proportion
          • The proportion of online sales reached at a peak in 2015.
        • percentage
      • 数值
        • the figure for...
        • the data on...
      • 到达某个数值
        • reach
        • stand at+具体数值
      • 占比
        • account for
          • The sale of book online accounted for only 22% last decade.
        • make up
        • represent
        • constitute
      • 对将来的预测 (常用作被动语态)
        • expect
        • predict
          • Overall sales are predicted to be over 5000 in the next decade.
        • project
      • 最高低值
        • peak at
          • Overall sales peaked at 5000 last year.
        • reach at a peak at
        • reach lowest point at
      • 表示约数
        • roughly
        • nearly
        • approximately
        • around
        • about
      • 高于或低于
        • over
        • under
        • over和under前可接表程度的副词
          • well over/under远高于/低于
          • just over/under略高于/低于
      • 表示“分别地”
        • respectively
          • The figures fell to 35% and 7% respectively.
          • 常跟在两组或多组数据后面
    • 描述数值时 用数字还是文字？
      • 百分比、年份、数值较大较复杂时，用数字
      • 分数、10以内数字，用文字
    • 3方面
      • 1.主语的选择与变换
        • 电脑的销量
          • the sales of computer
            • computer sales
        • 移民的数量
          • the number of migrants
            • ~
        • 土地面积
          • the area of land
            • ~
        • 犯罪水平
          • the level of crime
            • ~
        • 能源消耗
          • the consumption of energy
            • ~
        • 保险的费用
          • the costs of insurance
            • ~
        • 犯罪率
          • the level of crime
            • ~
        • 女性薪资
          • the salaries of females
            • ~
      • 2.描述比例
        • 10% one in ten
          • a tiny/small minority
        • 24% roughly one in four
        • 25% a quarter
        • 31% just under a third
        • 48% nearly half
        • 75% three quarters
        • 90% nine out of ten
          • a vast/overwhelming majority
      • 3.使用准确的介词
        • there was an increase of 50,000 between 2007 and 2009
        • drop to about 10,000 over the next 2 years
• 2. 如何描述数据趋势 describing trend
  • 描述趋势的词
  • 描述趋势的句型
  • 时态的选用
  • 介词的选用
  • 使用非谓语形式增加句型多样性
• 3. 如何比较数据和作对比 making comparison and contrast
  • 比较数据时可用的表达
    • more/fewer/less 名词 than
    • 形容词比较级
    • the 形容词最高级
    • as 形容词 as
    • twice/three times as 形容词 as
    • 程度副词修饰比较级
      • many/much/far/significantly
      • slightly/nearly as... as...
  • 作对比时可用的词
    • while/whereas而（用于句内转折）
    • however但是（用于句间转折）
    • although尽管
    • unlike与...不同
    • similarly 相似地
    • equally一样地
    • both/neither（两者）都/都不
    • compared with 与...相比
    • in contrast with 与...相反
    • different from 与...不同
    • the same as 与...类似
• 4. 如何陈述主题观点【大作文】 writing topic sentence
  • 陈述个人观点
    • in my opinion/view
    • I think/believe that...
    • I tend to think that...
    • I agree/disagree that...
    • I would argue/say that...
    • As far as I am concerned...
    • Personally，I am certain...
  • 陈述他人观点
    • Some people argue/think/say/maintain that...
    • Many may claim...
    • It is argued by some people that...
    • Yet others believe that...
  • 陈述客观、大众的观点
    • It is understood that...
    • It is generally accepted that...
    • There is a tendency to believe that...
    • A general assertion is...
    • A common held belief is that...
    • It is claimed that...
    • It seems that...
    • One of the main argument in favour of.../against...
• 5. 如何扩展主题句 developing an argument
  • 解释延伸
    • By this I (do not) mean...
      • 我的意思(不)是...
    • In fact，...
      • 事实上，...
    • That's (not) to say that...
      • 那就/不是说...
    • In other words
      • 换句话说，...
    • To be more precise,...
      • 更确切地说，...
    • Here I am (not) referring to...
      • 我在这(不)是指
  • 举例论证
    • for example
    • for instance
    • such as...
      • 注意like为非正式用语，常用于口语，不建议用在写作
    • a case in point is
    • take...as an example
      • 可由个人经验得出，如 Take for example my cousin who learned English at an early age...
    • a good example
    • a good example of this is/would be
    • This is illustrated by...
  • 利用条件、对比、假设、因果、反证等进行论证 --逻辑引导词
    • 用条件句作论证
      • if条件句（可真实/可虚拟）
      • providing/provided 倘若/假若
      • as long as... 只要
      • suppose/supposing that.. 假如
      • unless 除非
    • 解释因果关系论证
      • because
      • since
      • as
• 6. 如何作让步和反驳观点 refuting an argument
  • 写作素材-作让步和对比
    • although/though
      • Though some people argue that...we should consider...
    • despite/in spite of
      • Despite the claim...，it is a fact that...
    • however/nevertheless
      • Critics may say...However,....
    • while/whereas
      • While it might be argued that..the truth is...
  • 写作素材-对某观点提出质疑和反驳
    • 说......是不(完全)对的
      • It's not（completely）true to say that...
    • 许多人不同意以下想法：......
      • Many people may disagree with the assertion/idea that...
    • 很难相信......
      • It is hard to believe that......
    • 有些人觉得很难接受......
      • Some people find it hard to accept that...
    • 我不相信......
      • I am unconvinced that...
    • 是否......仍有疑问。
      • It is doubtful whether...
    • 几乎没有证据支持......这一看法。
      • There is little evidence to support the view that...
    • 我不确定是否......
      • I am uncertain whether...
• 7. 如何增强文章的连贯和衔接 linking
  • 逻辑衔接词
    • 表次序
      • firstly next finally
    • 表补充
      • also furthermore in addition to moreover subsequently
    • 表对比
      • but on the other hand whereas while
    • 表让步
      • although despite nevertheless
    • 表原因
      • because as since due to
    • 表结果
      • so hence therefore
    • 表目的
      • in order to so as to to
    • 举例
      • for example for instance such as
  • 语法衔接词
    • 人称/指示代词
      • his/her/this
    • 其他指示代词
      • one/so/such/then/the former/the latter
• 8. 其他
  • 分别评分，互不影响
    • 1/3和2/3
    • 小作文：时态、客观、不需结论
    • 子主题