《英语国家概况》Literature

《英语国家概况》第六章思维导图，这一章概述了英语文学的起源和发展，包括早期和中世纪的文学，以及文艺复兴、启蒙运动、浪漫主义和现代主义等不同时期的文学流派和特点。

Literature

• The Old English Period and Middle English Period (450-1500)
  • General Konwledge
    • In practice, works of literature fall into four categories or genres
      • narrative fiction
        • The two kinds of narrative fiction you will read most often are short stories and novels.
        • Myths（神话）, parables（寓言）, romances（传奇）, and epics（史诗） are also part of the genre.
      • drama
      • poetry
      • non-fiction prose
  • The Old English Period
    • the epic Beowulf
      • A folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continentral homes.
      • The most famous work in the Old English period
  • The Middle English Period
    • With the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain entered the Middle Ages(1066-1485)
    • Geoffrey Chaucer(c.1342-1400)（杰弗里·乔叟）
      • The most significant Middle English author
      • the first count poet to write in English
      • his masterpiece and one of the monumental works(greatest poetic works) in English literature
        • The Canterbury Tales(1387-1400)（坎特伯雷故事集）
      • The outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and "the first founder of our language".
      • He also contributed importantly in the second half of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier, diplomat, and civil servant.
• The Renaissance(1500-1660)
  • General Knowledge
    • Renaissance（文艺复兴）
      • It started in the 14th century and lasted in 16th century.
      • In England, the Elizabethan era marked the beginning of the English Renaissance.
      • It was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom.
      • Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.
      • Core philosophy: Humanism emphasizes the value and agency of human beings.
      • Artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raffaello（拉斐尔）
    • Sonnet（十四行诗）
      • Of Italian origin
      • Fixed verse form consisting of 14 lines that are typically five-foot iambics rhyming according to a specified scheme
      • Two principal sonnet forms: Petrarchan(or Italian) sonnet（4433）, the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet（4442）
      • One of the best-known sonnet writers is Wiliam Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them.
    • Drama
      • The highest glory of the English Renaissance is drama.
      • The drama types are tragedy, comedy and farce（滑稽剧）
      • Christopher Marlowe（马洛） and William Shakespeare（莎士比亚） are the most famous playwrights.
  • Willam Shakespeare（1564-1616）（莎士比亚）
    • born in the house on Henley Street in Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564
      • Today, Shakespeare's bithplace is a museum, furnished as it might have been in Shakespeare's time. It also houses an exhibit on Shakespeare's life.
    • The Globe Theatre
      • performed Shakespeare's plays 400 years ago
      • rebuilt near its original location on the south bank of the Thames River in London, England
    • is recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists
    • Shakespeare's plays
      • Comedy
        • A Midsummer Night's Dream(1600)（仲夏夜之梦）
        • The Merchant of Venice(1600)（威尼斯商人）
        • As You Like It(1623)（皆大欢喜）
        • Twelfth Night(1623)（第十二夜）
      • Tragedy
        • Hamlet(1603)（哈姆雷特）
          • is regarded as a milestone in Shakespeare's dramatic development
        • Othello(1622)（奥赛罗）
        • King Lear(1608)（李尔王）
        • Macbeth(1623)（麦克白）
        • Romeo and Juliet(1597)（罗密欧与朱丽叶）
      • Historical Play
        • Richard the third(1597)（查理三世）
        • Henry the fifth(1600)（亨利五世）
        • Antony and Cleopatra(1623)（安东尼和埃及艳后）
    • The reasons why Shakespeare is so famous
      • his great understanding of human nature
      • his ability to find universal human qualities and put them in dramatic situations
  • Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)（马洛）
    • the greatest pioneer of English drama, whose efforts in reforming it paves the way for Shakespeare
    • ended in a deliberately（有意的） planned political murder
    • Representative works
      • The Tragical History of Dr.Faustus(1604)（浮士德博士的悲剧）
        • his most important play
• The Neo-Classical Period (1660-1785)
  • Historical Background
    • The 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration
    • The 18th century is a comparatively peaceful development period. (The Industrial Revolution)
    • Classicism prevailed（流行） for the most part of the century with Alexander Pope（亚历山大·蒲柏） as its representative.
    • Satrie（讽刺文学）, making fun of people, came to full growth in this century.
      • Alexander Pope（亚历山大·蒲柏）
      • Jonathan Swift（乔纳森·斯威夫特）
      • Daniel Defoe（丹尼尔·笛福）
  • John Milton(1608-1674)（约翰·弥尔顿）
    • English poet, pamphleteer（小册子作者）and historian
    • is considered the most significant English author after William Shakespeare
    • Representative works
      • L'Allegro(1645) and Il Penseroso(1645)
        • twin poems
      • Areopagitica(1644)
        • his most famous pamphlets on religious and political subjects
      • Paradise Lost(1667)（失乐园）
        • his masterpiece
        • epic
      • Paradise Regained(1671)（复乐园）
        • sequel（续编）
      • Samson Agonistes(1671)（力士参孙）
        • poetic tragedy
  • Alexander Pope(1688-1744)（亚历山大·蒲柏）
    • is considered the greatest English poet of the classcial school in the first half of the 18th century
    • the first English poet who could lived off the sales of his works
    • Representative works
      • An Essay on Criticism(1711)（批评论）
        • his first major contribution to the literary world
      • The Rape of the Lock(1712,1714)（卷发遇劫记）
        • his most popular poem
      • translated Homer's Iliad and part of Odyssey（荷马史诗：伊利亚特和奥德赛）
  • Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)（乔纳森·斯威夫特）
    • is probably the foremost prose satirist（一流的散文讽刺小说家） in the English language
    • Representative works
      • Gulliver's Travels(1726)（格列夫游记）
        • his greatest work
        • Lilliput（小人国）
        • The land of giants（巨人国）
        • The Island of Sorcerers（巫师国）
        • Yahoo
          • a creature representing the human race, is inferior to and governed by a noble breed of reasoning and high-minded horses
        • an unparalleled（无比的） satirical（讽刺的） depiction（描绘） of vice（罪行）, folly（愚蠢）and mere weakness of mankind
  • Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)（丹尼尔·笛福）
    • a famous English pamphleteer, journalist and novelist
    • was viewed as one of the progenitors（创始人）of the English novel
    • Representative works
      • Robinson Crusoe(1719)（鲁滨逊漂流记）
        • won him great acclaim
        • the most famous tale of a shipwreck（船舶失事）and solitary（独自的） survival in literature
        • Robinson is representative of the English bourgeoisiein its earlier stage of development.
• The Romantic Period(1785-1830)
  • Pioneers of Romantic Poets
    • It is a revolt（厌恶）against the prescribed（规定的） rules of Classicism. Writers od Romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reason and intellect.
    • Pioneers（先驱者）
      • began the trend,bringing emotionalism（感情主义） and introspection（自省）to English literature with a new concentration on the individual and the common man
      • William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
        • Representative works
          • The Prelude(1850)
            • Long, autobiographical poem
          • “My Heart Leaps Up”
            • Short poem
          • "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"
            • Short poem
      • "Declaration of Independence" of romantic poetry（浪漫主义独立宣言）——Lyrical Ballads(1798)（抒情诗集）
        • a volume of poems written by Wordsworth and Coleridge
      • Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)
        • Representative works
          • "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"(1798)（古舟子咏）
            • Most famous poem
    • Lake Poets
      • Any of the English poets who lived in the English Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.
      • Lived in the Lake District to explore nature
      • Discount with the development of capitalism, they sought literary refuge （寻求文学避难）
      • Three main figures
        • William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
        • Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)
        • Robert Southey
      • Their works often eulogize（称赞）the beauty of the Lake District.
  • The Major "Second Generation" of Romantic Poets
    • They brought the Romantic Movement to its height. They scorned social convention and often used poetry as a political voice.
    • George Gordon Byron(1788-1824)（拜伦）
      • Lord Byron
        • Representative works
          • Child Harold's Pilgrimage(1812, 1816, 1818)
          • Don Juan(1819-1824)（唐璜）
            • his masterpiece
    • Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)（雪莱）
      • is justifiably regarded as a great poet of revolutionary Romanticism in England
      • Representative works
        • Long poem
          • "The Revolt of Islam"(1818)
        • Political lyric
          • "The Masque of Anarchy"(1832)
        • Essay
          • "A Defense of Poetry"(1840)
        • Lyrical drama
          • "Prometheus Unbound"(1820)
            • His masterpiece
            • Symbolizes the victory of man’s struggle against tyranny （暴政）and oppression（压迫）
        • Short poems
          • "Ode to the West Wind"(1819)（西风讼） and "Ode to a Skylark"(1820)（致云雀）
            • the lovely musical quality appears in his short poems on nature
    • John Keats(1785-1821)（济慈）
      • A famous English Romantic lyrical poet
      • Representative works
        • Lamia, the great odes( On Indolence, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche, To a Nightigale, On Melancholy, and To Autumn).
• The Victorian Period(1832-1901)
  • The novel became the leading form of literature in the English language
  • Critical Realism
    • A trend, or method, in realistic literature and art in the 19th and 20th centuries.(The early 30s of the 19th to the beginning years of the 20th century)
    • The features: The critical realists described the cheif traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.
    • Representatives
      • Charles Dickens(1812-1870)（查尔斯·狄更斯）
      • Jane Austen(1775-1817)（简·奥斯汀）
      • Bronte Sisters（勃朗特姐妹）
    • The characteristic nof the Critical Realism novels
      • The critical realists described the cheif traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.
  • Representatives
    • Charles Dickens(1812-1870)（查尔斯·狄更斯）
      • The greatest English realist
      • a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification（分化）of Victorian England
      • his writing style
        • In his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly storytelling, humor, pathos（伤感）, and irony with sharp social criticism and actue observation of pepole and places, both real and imagined. His works had great social relevance, psychological insight, and narrative and symbolic complexity.
      • Representative works
        • The Pickwick Papers(1836-1837)
          • His first novel
          • Showed a rare comic gift
          • Brought him immediate fame and this continued right through his career
        • Great Expectations(1860-1861)（远大前程）
          • his best-known works
        • Oliver Twist(1837-1839)（雾都孤儿）
        • A Tale of Two Cities(1859)（双城记）
        • David Copperfield(1849-1850)（大卫·科波菲尔）
          • Is argued by some to be his best and most autobiographical novel（自传体小说）
    • Jane Austen(1775-1817)（简·奥斯汀）
      • is noted particularly for her vivid description and lively interplay（相互作用）of her characters, superb sense of comic irony （反语；讽刺）and moral firmness
      • Her works focus on practical social issues, especially marriage and money, ridiculing the silly, the affected（做作的）and the stupid
      • She is regarded as one of the great masters of the English novel
      • Representative works
        • Sense and Sensibility(1811)（理智与情感）
        • Pride and Prejudice(1813)（傲慢与偏见）
        • Mansfield Park(1814)（曼斯菲尔德庄园）
        • Emma(1815)（爱玛）
    • Bronte Sisters（勃朗特姐妹）
      • All talented and all dying young
      • Charlotte(1816-1855)
        • Representative works
          • Jane Eyre(1847)（简爱）
      • Emily(1818-1848)
        • Representative works
          • Wuthering Heights(1847)（呼啸山庄）
      • Anne(1820-1849)
        • Representative works
          • Anne of Green Gable（绿山墙的安妮）
    • George Eliot(1819-1880)（乔治·艾略特）
      • is the pen name adopted by Mary Ann Evans, a gifted woman writer who adopted a masculine（男性化的；有男子气概的）name in order to survive in a male-dominated world which refused to take what a woman wrote seriously
      • philosophical writer
        • Her profound thinking and complex representation of life won her the name
      • Representative works
        • Adam Bede(1859)
        • The Mill on the Floss(1860)
        • Silas Marner(1861)
        • Middlemarch(1871-1872)
          • Is not only her masterpiece but also one of the greatest novels in the world literature
    • Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)（托马斯·哈代）
      • English novelist and poet
      • Is one of the representatives of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century
      • Representative works
        • The Return of the Native(1878)
        • The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)
        • Tess of the D'Urbervilles(1891)
          • His masterpiece
        • Jude the Obscure(1895)
          • His masterpiece
  • Neo-Romanticism
    • Emerged in late 19th century
    • It is considered in opposition to naturalism. The naturalist in art stresses external observation, whereas the neo-romantic adds feeling and internal observation.
    • These artists tend to draw their inspiration from artists of the age of high romanticism.
    • Representatives
      • Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)
        • Representative works
          • Treasure Island(1881)（金银岛）
          • Kidnapped(1886)
          • Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde(1886)
            • His most famous work
  • Aestheticism
    • late 19th-century European arts movement
    • "art for art's sake"（为了艺术而艺术）
      • strive for beauty
    • It centered on the docrine that art exists for the sake of its beauty alone, and that it need serve no political, didactic（道德说教的）, or other purpose.
    • Representatives
      • Oscar Wild（奥斯卡·王尔德）
        • Representative works
          • The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891)（道林·格雷的画像）
          • Salome(1893)（莎乐美）
      • Dante Gabriel Rossetti
      • Aubrey Vincent Beardsley
• The Modern Period(1914-1915)
  • The 20th century English literature can be roughly divided into two periods :Modernism and Postmodernism.
  • modernism prevailed before World War the second .
  • Fiction
    • Representatives
      • Joseph Conrad(1857-1924)（康纳德）
        • A Polish-born British novelist
        • is classified as a forerunner （先驱）of Modernism
        • Representative works
          • The Heart of Darkness(1902)
            • Most famous story
      • Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)（伍尔芙）
        • a central figure of the "Bloomsbury Group"（布鲁姆斯伯里派）
        • is one of the leading writers of Modernism
        • In her works she experiments with the stream of consciousness: the apparently unorganized flow of thought onto page
        • Woolf is an influential feminist（有影响力的女性主义者）
        • Representative works
          • Mrs. Dalloway(1925)
          • To The Lighthouse(1927)
          • Orlando(1928)
          • A Room of One's Own(1929)
            • Her best-known non-fiction work
      • James Joyce(1882-1941)（乔伊）
        • Irish novelist, is another well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.
        • Representative works
          • Utysses(1922)（尤利西斯）
          • Finnegans Wake(1939)
      • D.H.Lawrence(1885-1930)（弗伦斯）
        • He advocated（拥护；主张）the principle of saving the decaying（腐烂）civilization through a rearrangement （重新整理）of personal relationships, especially those between men and women.
        • Representative works
          • Sons and Lovers(1913)
            • Partly based on his own life
          • Rainbow(1915)
          • Lady Chatterley's Lover(1928)
            • The most controversial （引发争议的）of his works
    • Stream of Consciousness（意识流）
      • first appearance in the late 19th century
      • It is a kind of literary technique which depicts the characters' mentral and emotional reactions in an unpunctuated（未被打断的）or disjointed（杂乱无章的）form.
      • Writers who adopt this technique give precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reactions to external events ,rather than the events themselves.
  • Poetry
    • Representatives
      • William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)(叶芝)
        • The leading figure of the Modernist Movement in English poetry
        • An Irish poet, dramatist and prose writer
        • His fame rested chiefly（首先） on his poetry
        • The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 was awarded to William Butler Yeats "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".
        • Representative works
          • The Wild Swans at Coole
          • Michael Robartes and the Dancer
          • The Tower
      • Thomas Stearns Eliot(1888-1965)
        • The leading figure of the Modernist Movement in English poetry
        • an American-English poet,dramatist and literary critic（文学评论家）
        • The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 was awarded yo T.S.Eliot "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".
        • Representative works
          • The Waste Land(1922)（荒野）
            • Long poem
            • One of the principal example of the new trend in English poetry and represents （代表；象征）the disillusionment（幻灭；醒悟）of a generation of intellectuals （智力的）after the end of World War I
          • Four Quartets(1935-1942)
            • Consists of four long poems, “Burnt Norton”, “East Coker”, “The Dry Salvages” and “Little Gidding”
  • Drama
    • Representatives
      • George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)
        • An Irish dramatist, literary critic, socialist spokesmen
        • the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925
        • He established himself as a leading music and theater critic in the 1880s and the 1890s and became a prominent（杰出的；突出的）member of the Fabian Society （费边社）
        • Representative works
          • Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant(1898)
          • Widowers'Houses(1892)
          • Mrs. Warren's Profession(1902)
          • Arms and the Man(1898)
          • Pygmalion(1913)（皮格马利翁）
          • Saint Joan(1924)
            • regained his acceptance by the post-war public
• The Postmodern Period(1945-)
  • Fiction
    • Representatives
      • George Orwell(1903-1950)（乔治·奥威尔）
        • Representative works
          • Nineteen Eighty-Four(1949)（1984）
      • William Golding(1911-1993)
        • the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983
        • Representative works
          • Lord of the Flies(1954)
      • V.S.Naipaul(1932-)
        • the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001
        • Representative works
          • The Middle Passage(1962)
          • An Area of Darkness(1964)
          • India: A Wounded Civilization(1977)
          • India: A Million Mutinies Now(1990)
          • The Mystic Masseur(1957)
          • In a Free State(1971)
          • A Bend in the River(1979)
          • Half a Life(2001)
  • Drama
    • Representatives
      • Sammuel Beckett(1906-1989)
        • one of the great names in the “Theater of the Absurd ”（荒诞戏剧派）
        • the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969
        • Representative works
          • Waiting for Godot(1952)
      • Harold Pinter(1903-2008)
        • the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2005
        • since the1970s, Pinter had been active in human rights and politics
        • Representative works
          • The Birthday Party(1959)
          • The Caretaker(1960)
          • The Homecoming(1965)
          • Betrayal(1978)
          • Moonlight(1993)