Atomic Composition:
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus, while electrons orbit around the nucleus.
Protons and Neutrons:
Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, both forming the atomic nucleus. Their quantity defines an element's chemical properties.
Electron Arrangement:
Electrons exist in energy levels (main and sub-levels) within various atomic orbitals. Their filling follows rules of energy levels and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
Atomic Number and Periodic Table:
Atomic number indicates the number of protons, and the periodic table arranges elements by atomic number, displaying periodic properties.
Isotopes and Mass Number:
Different isotopes of the same element possess the same atomic number but differ in mass number. The mass number equals the total of protons and neutrons.
Ionization and Ions:
Atoms form charged ions by losing or gaining electrons. Electron loss results in cations, electron gain forms anions.
Radiation and Atomic Stability:
Radioactive isotopes undergo decay processes to attain more stable states, including α, β, and γ decay.
Quantum Structure:
Quantum theory explains behaviors within atoms, such as electron wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, among others.
