英国国家历史起源The Founding of the Nation

关于英国国家历史起源的一小部分，英国的历史是一个多元且复杂的过程，由多个民族和文化在漫长的岁月中交融、冲突、合作而形成。

The Founding of the Nation

• Prehistoric times
  • Iberians
    • Neolithic Age 、Stonehenge(the most famous prehistoric monument)
  • Celts
    • Name:Britons、Tribal society/language:Irish、 Gaelic、Scottish、Gaelic、Welsh
      • Gaelic-Scotland
      • Britains-England
      • 小型部落-Wales
• Roman Invasion
  • 1、In August 55BC,Julius Caesar involved Britain
  • 2、Caesar‘s second raid in 54 BC
  • 3、In 43 AD,Emperor Claudius I,final and sucessful Roman invasion of Britain
  • In 410,Germannic barbarians attacked Rome and ending the Roman occupation of the Britain
    • Hadrian's Wall
• Anglo-Saxons Conguest
  • The Anglo-Saxons Conques(5th-8th Century)
    • Firstly the Jutes in the mid-5th century
    • Then the Saxons from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century
    • The Angles who came in the second half of the 6th century, and who were to give their name to the English people.
    • They drove the Britons to the mountains and those that did not flee remained as slaves to the new invaders
    • Seven Anglo-Saxons kingdom（Heptarchy）：Kent、Essex、Sussex、Wessex、East Annglia、Mercia、Northumbria
    • St.Augustine(圣奥古斯丁）：founded the Christian church in southern England
    • Pope Gregory I（格列高利一世）：converted many Anglo-Saxons to Roman Christianity
  • Danish Invasion(8th Century-1066)
    • The first king of All the English——Egbert,king of Wessex(king of England)
    • Alfred the Great——king of Wessex (Father of the Britain/Father of the Britain Navy)
    • the Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Denmark and Sweden)
    • From 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Danish kings
    • In 1042, the English throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons.
    • the power shifted between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes
  • The Noman Conquest(8th Century-1066)
    • · In 1066, when Edward the Confessor died, he chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place. King Harold marched north and won a victory over theVikings.
    • ·In October 1066. William of Normandy-Duke William, often referred to as"William the Conqueror", defeated Harold's army at Hastings.This was the defining moment of what is now known as the Norman Conquest· William was eventually crowned king on Christmas Day, 1066 and was styled William I in Westminster Abbey.
    • The Tower of London——the greast fortress
• Feudal Society
  • 1、House of Anjou（1154-1485）
    • House of Plantagenet(1154-1399)
      • Henry II
        • the founder of the Plantagenet
        • one of the ablest and most remarkable kings
        • reformed the courts and the laws，introduced the jury system and institutionalized common laws，improve the courts of justice
        • expanded the British empire
      • The Magna Carta/The Great Charter
        • contained 63 clauses
        • the foundation of the British constitutionalism
        • townspeople—freedom of trade and self-government、merchants and craftsmen—for the first time as a new political force、part of the British Constitution today
        • signed by king John（The Landlack King）
        • began to Decline of Feudalism
      • Birth of Parliament
        • Simon de Montfort——Provisions of Oxford
        • Privy Council——limit the king’s power，a 15-member
        • Henry III
        • Official formation of the two houses of parliament：house of Lords and house of Commons
        • “Model Parliament”of 1295 adopted by Edward I
      • Conquest of Wars
        • In 1282，king Edward I conquered the last Welsh principaities in north and west Wales
        • Edward II born in Wales——“Princess of Wales”
      • Black Death(1348-1349)
        • spread through Europe in the 14th century
        • swept through England in 1348 without any cure
        • killing half of the population and causing enormous economic losses.
      • Hundred Years‘War（1337-1453)
        • It began when Edward III (1327- 1377) invaded Flanders in 1337 in order to assert his claim to the French crown.
        • By 1422, the English and their Burgundian allies controlled Aquitaine and all France north of the Loire. including Paris.
        • A turning point came in 1429.when Joan of Arc raised the English siege ofOrléans.
        • TheFrench kingCharlesVIl conquered Normandy and thenretook Aquitaine in 1453, leaving the English in possession only of Calai
        • promoted the concept of English nationalism、promoted the development of the textile industry（纺织工业）、raised the social position of the bourgeois/bue3wa/class（资产阶级）
        • Deepen the Declination of Feudalism!
    • House of Lancasterr（1399-1464）
      • Younger branch of the House of Plantagenet （金雀花王朝） of England.
      • reigned over England from 1461-1485
      • The symbol of the House of York was a white rose because in Christian symbolism white is the symbol of light, typifying innocence and purity, joy and glory.
    • House of York（1461-1485）
      • a branch of the house of Plantagenet.
      • The badae of the House of Lancaster was a red rose. It represents the Virgin Mary who was often called the Mystical Rose of Heaven.
      • It won the Wars of the Roses.
    • The Wars of the Roses（1455-1485）
      • A war forthe throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster.
      • The House of Lancaster won and their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor （都铎王朝）（1485-1603）.
  • 2、House of Tudor(1485-1603)
    • Henry VIII
      • one of the most famous and controversial kings
    • Bloody Mary
    • Eliabeth I
    • English Renaissance
      • the Elizabeth Era,the cultural and artistic movement
        • Edmund Spenser
        • John Miltan
        • Christopher Marlowe
        • Willam shakespeare
    • • An English royal dynasty of Welsh origin, which ruled England from 1485 to 1603
      • Marked by Henry VIII's break with the papacy （教皇） in Rome (1534） and the beginning of the English Reformation
      • The period witnessed the high point of the English Renaissance.