美国文学英文版

这是一篇关于美国文学的思维导图，介绍了第五章19世纪中后期的美国文学，美国现实主义文学(1865-1914)，伟大的现实主义者。

美国文学

• chapter 5 American literature of the Middle and Late 19th century
  • American realistic literature(1865-1914)
    • Time
    • factor
      • Industrialization
        • mass labor and mass consumption大规模劳动 大众消费
        • the glided age
          • an age of extremes: of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope, and the age Booming hope in which American business was gilded, or edged with gold. Obviously,industrialization created new themes for American writers—a kind of new life for them to depict and to explain
      • The Gold Rush淘金热
        • western expansion边疆开拓
        • In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was completed, linking the Atlantic and the Pacific. The coming of the railroads changed how Americans worked, where they lived, how they ate, and how they dressed. Since transportation was made better and easier, the nation's people became more and more mobile. In the last surge of westward expansion, Americans, lured by the promise of free and, settled the Great Plains and the mountain states. Vast western areas were no longer unexplored or unknown by 1890.
      • Darwinism; pragmatism达尔文主义；实用主义
        • the scientific progress gave multi-faceted influence upon American literary realism.
        • Up to now, the intelligentsia had accepted AiRs Darwin's doctrine of evolutionism. Darwin's The Origin of the Species(1859) was introduced and widely read in America. Darwin proposed that only the fittest of the species survive, thus Americans should be practical, pay attention to the amusing features of everyday existence and try to be the fittest.
        • This view of negating Super-nature promoted the development of realistic literature. As a result, from evolutionism and Darwinism was bom the philosophical ideology truly belonging to America itself-pragmatism.
        • The true meaning of pragmatism was that the aim of an ideology or knowledge laid in the direction of behavior and any "truth" should be tested by its practical effects. The frontiers opening up the west and experiencing difficulties and hardships had to be particular about practice, to test their own behavior from the practical results. What their work needed was the objective practice, not the exaggeration of feelings and outburst of passion.
      • Aqainst Genteelism雅语 mainly easter
        • American realistic literature was the product opposing genteelism," which was a general mood advocating eminent family and elegance. The post Civil War period was also called the "Genteel Age." 故作可敬 性情拘谨；附庸风雅装作有欧洲风度
        • Natural resources, and exploitation of labor woulf surely lead to the social imbalance and different kinds of social evils. Writers reflected all these in their works. commented, criticized the evils.
    • Representatives
  • Local colorism/regionalism
    • Motivations for vogue of local colorism
      • Socially, the different regions of the United States felt the need to assert their cultural identity, seeking understanding and recognition by showing their local character.
      • Culturally, the frontier tall-tale tradition paves the way for the flourish of local colorism.
    • The detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress, and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region.(定义)
    • General Features of Local colorism
      • A tendency to glorify and idealize and have a nostalgic feeling to the past
      • Minutely accurate descriptions of the life of the regions and truthful depiction of the common people.
      • Romantic plots
      • Horror, cruelty
    • Some representative local colorists
      • Bret Harte (1836--1902), the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity.
        • "The Luck of Roaring Camp",
        • "Tennessee's Partner"
      • Harriet Beecher Stowe,
        • Oldtown Folks,
        • Uncle Tom's Cabin
      • Hamlin Garland,
        • Main-Traveled Roads
      • Sarah Orne Jewett,
        • Deephaven
      • Kate Chopin,
        • The Awakening
      • Mark Twain
  • 3 great realists
    • Mark Twain(real name:Sammel langhorne clemens)
      • His pen name（Pen name, 2 marks/ fathoms (12 feet), a depth OK for navigating）（ It was a nautical term used by sailors导航员 to report soundings to the ship's officers.声呐探测深度）
      • Two major novels (about two bad boys)
        • Motif: (theme)
          • Bad boys in American literature
          • Outsider (Insider) of the society Anti-hero (Hero) (Protagonist)社会的局外人/局内人 反英雄/主角
        • Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆：索亚历险记》
        • The Adventuresof Huckleberry Finn (1884). 《哈克贝利 费恩历险记》
          • Theme
            • Racism and slavery种族主义和农奴制
              • By exposing the hypocrisy of slavery, Twain demonstrates how racism distorts the oppressors as much as it does those who are oppressed.
              • The result is a world of moral confusion, in which seemingly "good" white people such as Miss Watson and Sally Phelps express no concern about the injustice of slavery or the cruelty of separating Jim from his family.
            • The hypocrisy of "civilized" society文明社会的虚伪
              • Throughout the novel, Twain depicts the society that surrounds Huck as little more than a collection of degraded rules and precepts that defy logic.
            • Intellectual and moral education智德教育
              • By focusing on Huck's education, this novel fits into the tradition of the bildungsroman: a novel depicting an individual's maturation and development.
              • By the novel's end, Huck has learned to "read" the world around him, to distinguish good, bad, right, wrong, menace威胁, friend, and so on.
          • Criticism：style
            • 1. Picaresque novel流浪汉小说 The road (river) that strings the episodes串联情节
            • 3. Simple language
          • Characterization
            • The duke and the dauphin are two frauds. They do many evil things to cheat people to gain money, they pretend to be of noble origins, and are jealous of superior status of others; the oppress the weak and make the weak to serve themselves.
            • The protagonist and narrator Huck
              • A "bad boy" (and always a bit of an outcast) who is fond of a venturing life on his own rather than a stable life under the custody of civilized adults Not superstitious, reasonable boy (text)
              • Huck is thoughtful, intelligent (though formally uneducated), and willing to come to his own conclusions about important matters, even if these conclusions contradict society's norms, He develops his own way of judging and disposing things. A typical American boy with "a sound heart (morality based on intuition and experience) and a deformed conscience" (He is the conflict between societal or received morality)
              • Frequently forced to survive on his own wits (He learns how things go on his own and quickly works out his own way to deal with the frauds.) (text)
            • Miss Waston and Widow Douglass Two wealthy sisters who live together in a large house in St. Petersburg and who adopt Huck. the most prominent representative of the hypocritical religious and ethical values Twain criticizes in the novel.
            • Jim
              • Jim is a black man and a runaway slave, he is at the mercy of almost all the other characters in the novel and is often forced into ridiculous and degrading（adj. 丢脸的;有辱人格的） situations. Jim is an African American slave owned by Miss Watson.
              • He is simple and trusting but is gullible（易受骗的）.
              • Jim is superstitious and occasionally sentimental (text), but he is also intelligent, practical, and ultimately more of an adult than anyone else in the novel.
              • Jim's frequent acts of selflessness, his longing for his family, and his friendship with both Huck and Tom demonstrate to Huck that humanity has nothing to do with race.
      • Other works
        • He wrote about "two America":
        • His early work of local colorism
          • "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" 《卡拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙》
            • Background: The story is set in the gold rush. In 1848, gold was discovered in California. People rushed there. The Esterners had a reputation of being civilized and cultured; whereas the Weserners were considered to be less-educated, less refined and easy to be deceived. At that time, California was a world of men, isolated, homesick and eager for entertainment, and gambling was one of the easiest and most popular ways to amuse themselves.
            • The Theme:
              • 2. Colloquial 口语English, dialect (vernacular language)方言 All modern Am. Lit...
              • The theme of this story centers on the contrast between the narrator and Simon Wheeler. Twain satirizes,not just old miners and western hicks, but the elite educated easterners who come out west and find their training useless. The contrast between the story's main characters shows that the educated narrator looks like more of a fool than even Jim Smiley and his weighted down frog. And from the Northeast that ends up talking to a slackjawed, western country guy and all the Northeastern guy can think about is how much he wants to get away from him. It's a clash of American political figures and the like to help tie in the theme of American.
          • The Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》
          • Roughing It《艰难岁月》
        • His later work of panorama America as an industrial giant
      • Twain's style: humor, colloquialism
    • William Dean Howells(1837-1920)
      • editor, power over others
    • Henry James
  • Tall-tale荒诞故事
    • Tall Tale or tall story, a humorously exaggerated story of impossible feats. Several tall stories attributed to the German Baron Munchhausen appeared in the 1780s, but the form flourished in the oral tradition of the American frontier in the 19th century, several tall tales being published by Mark Twain, George Washington Harris and others.