Cambridge IGCS Chemistry Coursebook 2015 Chapter 1知识点梳理

地球上有丰富的生物多样性，包括数百万种动植物和微生物。地球的大气层主要由氮气、氧气和少量的其他气体组成，为生命提供了必要的呼吸环境。同时，地球还有磁场和电离层，对地球生物和人类的生存都有重要影响。

Planet Earth

• Seas and rivers
  • Water treatment
    • The availability of water on Earth.
    • desalination
    • Chemicals from seawater
    • Purifying water for the domestic and industrial supply.
  • Pollution of the water supply
    • sewage
• The Earth’s crust
  • rock cycle
    • core
  • The limestone cycle
    • Some of the uses of limestone (calcium carbonate).
    • The formation of quicklime and slaked lime in the laboratory.
    • The limestone cycle.
      • calcium carbonate
      • calcium oxide
      • calcium hydroxide
      • calcium hydroxide solution
  • The problem of fossil fuels
    • coal
    • petroleum (or crude oil)
    • natural gas.
  • Hydrogen as a fuel
    • Advantages
    • Disadvantages
  • Hydrogen fuel cells
    • 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
• Natural cycles and resources
  • The water cycle
  • The carbon cycle
    • Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
    • respiration
    • Maintaining the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air.
  • The nitrogen cycle
  • The Earth’s resources
    • renewable
    • potentially renewable
    • non-renewable resources
• The atmosphere
  • Uses of the gases in the air
    • The development of the Earth’s atmosphere.
    • Fractional distillation
  • Pollution of the air
    • Sulfur dioxide
      • Acid rain
      • S + O2 → SO2
    • Nitrogen dioxide
      • photochemical smog
      • N2 + 2O2 → 2NO2
    • Catalytic converters
      • A catalytic converter changes harmful exhaust gases into safer gases.
    • carbon monoxide
      • Fumes from a car exhaust.
    • Lead
  • Global warming and the ‘greenhouse effect’
• Glossary
  • Condensing 冷凝 Nitrogen 氮 Dissolve 溶解 Respiration 呼吸 Combustion 氧化 Ammonia 氨 Fertilizer 化肥 Argon 氩 Distillation 蒸馏 Fractional distillation 分馏 Diesel 柴油 Carbon monoxide Hemoglobin 血红蛋白 Methane 甲烷 Desalination 淡化 Ozone 臭氧 Neutralise 中和 Flannability 易燃性 Solvent 溶剂 Exothermic/endothermic 放热的/吸热的
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