英语语言学-心理语言学 -胡壮麟 Language and Congnition

英语语言学-心理语言学 -胡壮麟 Language and Congnition psycholinguistics，Congnition、Psycholinguistics、Congnitive Linguistics，认知（Cognition）指的是心理过程或认识能力，包括意识、感知、推理和判断等。在语言与认知的关系中，语言被视为人类认知能力的一种体现。

Language and Congnition

• Congnition
  • Definition
    • 静态：the mental process of an individual，with particular relation to a view that minds has internal mental states（beliefs desires intention
    • 动态：mental process or faculty of knowing（awareness perception reasoning judgment）
  • Three approaches to Language and Congnition
    • The formal approach
      • 侧重于form研究
    • The psychological
      • 与cognition有关
    • The conceptual
      • cognitive linguistics
• Psycholinguistics
  • Definition
    • a study of psychological aspects of language（是什么） always studys the psychological states ahd psychological activity（研究什么），that related to the use of language.It has six aspects 1Acquisition 2comprehension 3production 4disorders 5language and thought 6neurocognition （六个方面）
  • Language acquisition
    • Definition
      • Learning and development of a person’s language
        • First language acquisition——learning of a native or first language
        • Second language acquisition—-learning of a second or foreign language
    • Stages
      • Holophrastic stage
      • Two-Word stage
      • Stage of three words utterances
      • Fluent Grammatical Conversation Stage
  • Language Comprehension
    • Word Recognition
      • Cohort model:音位激活筛选词汇
      • Interactive model：自上而下，由词到音位，词汇量会限制对音位的辨析
      • Race model：是上两个的结合，看听话人对词还是因为更加熟悉，哪个更熟悉，哪条model就赢了
    • Comprehension of Sentence
      • Serial model 串行模型：理解句子先根据语法信息理解，再理解分析其他信息（lexical contextual knowledge of the writer …）
      • Parallel model 并行模型：没有先后。
      • 影响理解的因素：
        • Structural factors：
          • minimal attachments：
            • structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension
            • （倾向于将句子简化。读句子时从左向右，会先入为主，将某一成分理解为前句的宾语而非后句的主语。“The second wife will claim the inheritance belongs to her”）
            • 易产生误解“garden path”
        • Lexical factors：词汇量
    • Comprehension of Text
      • Text：
        • Text is the net of propositions that make up the semantic interpretations of individual sentences
      • When reading the readers
        • Constrained by
          • limitation of short memory
        • Aims to
          • abstract the main threads of a discourse
          • infer missing connections
          • Guided by
            • how arguments overlap across propositions
            • linguistic cues signaled by the text
      • Resonance model
        • 长时记忆也会参与到语篇理解
        • 在与长时记忆信息有关的材料出现时，长时记忆被激活
  • Language Production
    • Access to words
      • conceptualization
        • 思考想表达什么
      • select a word
        • 选词进行表达
      • morpho- phonological encoding
        • 对所选词进行编码（inflective affixs）
    • Generation of sentence
      • Conceptual preparation 决定说什么
      • Retrive words & syntactic knowledge to generate sentence
        • Functional planning processes
        • positional encoding
    • Written Language Production
      • orthographic form
• Congnitive Linguistics
  • Definition
    • based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world
  • Basic principle
    • language in symbolic rather than automatic, it’s shaped by the way it is used and the general cognitive abilities of human beings.
  • Construal and operation
    • Attention/salience
      • Which we pay attention to
        • Drive along road
        • Run across road
        • Dig through road
    • Judgment/comparison
      • 描述物体时用另一个物体作为参照物
        • 静态：物体：figure 参照物：ground
        • 动态：物体：trajector 参照物：landmark
    • Perspective/situatedness
      • 站在不同角度说不同的话
        • Deixis 指示词（这 那）
  • Categorization范畴化
    • Basic Level
    • Superordinate Level
    • Subordinate Level
  • Image Scheme
    • 在感知认识物体时，脑中出现的画面
  • Metaphor
    • Definition
      • The comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other
        • target domain：the experience being described by metaphor
        • Source domain:the means that we use in describe the experience
        • X is Y > X is target domain Y is the source domain
    • Classification
      • Structural
        • Argument is war
      • Orientational 方位
        • Sad is down
      • Ontological 实体
        • Inflation is entity
  • Metonymy
• Back of Chomsky’s UG