英语语言学导图笔记

新编简明英语语言学教程第二章讲述了语音的知识点，包括语音学和音系学，图中内容丰富全面且简单明了，赶快收藏下图学习吧！

Chapter 2 Phonology

• phonetics
  • articulatory phonetics发音语音学
    • study of the production of speech sounds
      • speech organs
        • The pharyngeal cavity咽腔
          • pharynx, larynx
          • lung, trachea
        • The oral cavity口腔
          • tongue, teeth, lips, uvula, the alveolus, soft/hard palate
        • The nasal cavity鼻腔
          • nose
        • addition
          • whether the vocal cords vibrate
            • yes
              • voiced sounds浊音
            • no
              • voiceless sounds清音
      • orthographic representation正字法表征
        • IPA
          • diacritics
            • yes
              • narrow transcription严式标音
            • no
              • broad transcription宽式标音
      • classification
        • English consonants辅音
          • manner of articulation
            • Stops(plosive)塞音 爆破音：[p] [b] [d] [t] [k] [g]
            • nasals: [m] [n] [ŋ]
            • fricatives: [f] [v] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [θ] [ð] [h]
            • affricates: [tʃ] [dʒ]
            • liquids: [l] [r]
            • glides: [w] [j] [ʊ] [ɪ]
          • place of articulation
            • bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]
            • labidental: [f] [v]
            • dental: [θ] [ð]
            • alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r]
            • palatal: [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j]
            • velar: [k] [g] [ŋ]
            • glottal: [h]
        • English vowels元音
          • part of the tongue
            • front vowels
            • central vowels
            • back vowels
          • openess of the mouth
            • close vowels
            • semi-close vowels
            • semi-open vowels
            • open vowels
  • acoustic phonetics声觉语音学
    • study of physical properties of speech sounds
  • auditory phonetics听觉语音学
    • concerned with the perception of speech sounds
• Phonology
  • definition
    • system of sounds of a particular language
    • key words
      • patterns
      • meaning
  • phone, phoneme, allophone
    • phone
      • a phonetic unit or segment
      • doesn't necessarily distinguish meaning
    • phoneme
      • a phonological unit
      • the smallest unit of sounds
    • allophone
      • represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments
  • phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair
    • phonemic contrast
      • key words
        • phonetically similar sounds
        • related in two ways
        • two distinctive phonemes
      • eg
        • /p/ and/b/ /pɪt/and /bɪt/
    • complementary distribution
      • allophones of the same phoneme
      • occur in different phonetic environment
    • minimal pair
      • eg
        • pill and bill
  • some rules
    • sequential rules
    • assimilation rule
    • deletion rule
  • suprasegmental features
    • strss
    • tone
    • intonation