英语语法-宾语从句

这是一篇关于宾语从句的思维导图，主要内容包括：宾语从句的否定转移，宾语从句定义，宾从中引导词that不可以省略的情况，宾语从句的时态，宾语从句的类型，宾语从句的连接词，宾语的种类。

宾语从句

• 宾语的种类
  • 主语宾语
  • 非谓语宾语doing sth/ to do sth
    • I love 【（playing非谓语动词） （basketball是动名词的逻辑宾语.）】宾语
    • I love 【（to play不做谓语但是保留动词含义） basketball做非谓语的宾语】
  • 介词宾语
    • “介词+宾语”构成介词短语。
    • 介词不能单独作成分，必须构成介词短语
    • 后带有宾语时才能作句子的成分。
    • 介词后的宾语可以是 名词 、 代词 、 -ing 形式 、 疑问词+不定式、从句等。
  • • 1. I know what they are doing.
    • 2. I want 【（to know非谓语做了want的宾语） （what they are doing从句做了不定式know的宾语）】整体宾语
    • 3. The president urges job seekers to open their minds 主谓宾宾补 to other possibilities beyond（ what they are doing.）介词beyond的宾语
• 宾语从句定义
  • 在主句中充当宾语
  • 位于
    • 动词/动词短语后
    • 介词之后
    • 系表结构（不是所有主系表结构，而是系动词+感受类的形容词）之后
• 宾语从句的连接词
  • that
    • that无词义，不做任何成分，可以省略
    • I think (that) you should turn to the teacher for help.
  • if/weather
    • if/weather在从句中不做成分，含义：是否，不能省略
      • He hasn't decided if/whether he'll go abroad for further study．
      • Nobody knows if / whether he likes Mary or not.有or not只能用whether
    • if/wether 引导宾语从句一般可以互换。有特殊情况
      • 介词后不能用if引导宾语从句
        • I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
      • whether与if引导名词性从句都有“是否”的意思，这些情况不能用if
        • 1. 主语从句
          • if开头是状语从句，如果
        • 2. 表语从句
          • 和主从一样都不行
        • 3. 宾语从句作介词宾语宾语时
          • I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
        • 4. 与or not连用
          • or not出现也不能用if
        • 不定式前不能用if
          • I am just wondering whether to help him or let him do it by himself.
      • • I am wondering if/whether you could lend your computer to me.
  • wh-类引导的宾语从句
    • • who（做主语），whom（做宾语），whoever，
        • Do you know who has won the champion in the marathon this year?
      • what
        • 在名词性从句中做主语或者宾语
      • whichever（定语）
      • which（定语）
        • which：哪个，在名词性从句中which要加一个名词。在定语从句中可以代替先行词
      • whose谁的定语
      • when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，however 都做状语
        • He didn't tell me when he would come back .
        • The police asked me间接宾语（ how方式状语 the accident happened主语是过去式宾语从句也必须是过去式的某一种）直接宾语
        • 没人知道在哪能买到这些新产品。 • No one knows where these new products can be bought.被动语态
        • 他问我明天篮球比赛什么时候开始。 • He asked me when the basketball match would begin the next day.
        • . 您能给我展示一下如何使用这个新设备吗? • Could you please show me how you use the new equipment?
        • The government has promised to do谓语动词和非谓语后面要加宾语 ______c____ lies谓语 in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood- stricken area. A. however C. whatever B. whichever 要加名词D. wherever
        • I will give this dictionary to ___c__ wants to have it. A whomever B. Someone C. Whoever D. Anyone
      • 有语义；做成分；不能省略
      • 公式：wh-类连接词+陈述语序
• 宾语从句的类型
  • 动词后的宾语从句
    • 及物动词可以带宾语从句
      • He told me that he would go to the college next year.
      • Like状语，像 most people, I've long副词做状语 understood 【（that I will be judged by my occupation）宾语从句】, 【that my profession is a gauge 【定语从句省略了that）people use to see （how smart or talented I am）宾语从句.】定语从句】宾语从句
    • 动词短语可以带宾语从句
      • Scientists point out副词 that the globe is getting warmer and warmer.
      • Can you figure out动词短语 what the poet really means in this poem?
    • it形式宾语，因为有补语和独特动词
      • 动词后有宾语补足语时 ， 则需要用 it 作形式宾语 ， 而将 that宾语从句后置。（宾语和宾补之间存在主谓关系）it代从句自己
        • I think it necessary that we take regular exercise every day.宾语从句
        • I've made it a rule that I keep diaries every day宾语后置.
        • 主谓宾宾补，因为谓语动词是宾补动词，宾语由于是一个句子，长度长，而补语较短，不符合审美，所以宾语从句要放在宾补之后
      • hate, like, take, owe, take for granted, see to等词或短语, 需要用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。
        • I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food.（it加在宾语从句前，没有宾补也这样加it，宾语从句是hate的宾语，没有宾补）
        • Please see to it that the door is safely locked before you go.
    • 双宾语（间接+直接）
      • 在双宾动词后作直接宾语
        • Assure you that I had no intention of offending you.宾语从句是直接宾语
        • Prof. Lee's book will show you【 how （what you have observed）主语从句 can be used in other contexts.】直接宾语从句
      • 在双宾动词后作间接宾语
        • They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet. 间接宾语作宾语从句
  • 介词后的宾语从句
    • wh-类引导的宾语从句
      • 介词后一般常用wh-类引导宾语从句
      • She is always 【thinking of介词】 how she can do more for her children.
    • that引导的从句作介词宾语
      • You may depend on it that we will overcome the difficulty.（其他引导词不用加it，只有宾从）
      • I find （宾语从句省略了that）【the best way to concentrate is to make notes on what the teachers are saying介词宾从.】
      • There is disagreement分歧是关于（ among economists状语不看） about关于 what money is and how money is measured.
    • 用 that 引导的从句作介词宾语时 ， 需要用形式宾语 it 替 代，然后将that从句放在最后。
      • You may depend on it that we will overcome the difficulty.介词后面的宾从
      • After介词，在……之后 +名词性质____c____ seemed an endless wait,（after引导的东西应该是名词性质的东西，就是一个名词性从句）逗号前后只能有一个句子，因为没有连词， it was his turn to enter the personnel manager’s office. A. that B. it C. what D. there
  • 形容词后的宾语从句
    • sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, sorry等表示“情感”等的 形容词后的从句常被视为宾语从句。
      • I'm extremely sorry that I have lost your English book .宾从
      • We're all pleased主系表结构 that we have won the game once again.宾语从句
    • 经常放在be动词后
    • 因为主系表结构=主谓结构。
      • i am afraid
      • i fear
• 宾语从句的时态
  • 主句是一般现在时，宾语从句的时态可以时任何适当的时态
    • She says (that) she will sell the old books back to the school bookstore.
  • 主句的时态时一般过去时，从句的时态要用适当的过去时态
    • I thought he would have gone to school.
    • He said he had seen Bob that morning.
    • 他认为他正在为老板工作。 . • He thought he was working for the boss.
    • 他不确定她是否会接受求婚。 • He wasn't sure if she would accept the proposal.
  • 当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，无论主句使用何种时态，从句谓语动词都用一般现在时
    • The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it.
    • He said that earth travels around the sun.
• 宾语从句的否定转移
  • 1.主句谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等；
  • 2. 主句的主语是第一人称
  • 3. 主句时一般现在时；
  • 4.从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来。
  • 同时满足，缺一不可
    • I don't think it is right to badmouth other people. (常用) =I think it is not right to badmouth other people. (不常用)
    • I don‘t suppose that代词 is his fault.
• 宾从中引导词that不可以省略的情况
  • 1. 介词except, but, besides, in 等后跟that 引导的宾语从句
    • I know nothing about my new manager except that he just returned from England.
  • 2. 主句谓语动词和that 引导的宾语从句之间有插入语
    • He said, in his opinion, that playing video game not only wasted much time, but is also harmful to health.
  • 3. 宾语从句为主从复合句且从句位于主句之前（状语可以在主语之前）
    • He said that不能删 if he came back early, he could come for the discussion.
  • 4.当it作形式宾语，后接that引导的宾语从句时
    • We have made it clear that our destination is to learn knowledge.
  • 5. that 引导的宾语从句后紧接着作主语的that(this)
    • Professor Wang told me that that was why he was not a little tired.
  • 6.当宾语从句不止一个时，后面的that不能省略
    • I think （that） it will clear up tomorrow and that不能删的 they will go out for a picnic.
  • 7.当when, who, what, where, why, how 等引导的从句与that 引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时
    • I know why Tom got the highest scores in the exam and that也不能删的his parents wanted to send him abroad for further study.
    • I'm sure where he lives and that he is living a happy life.