定语从句，形容词性从句

这是一篇关于定语从句，形容词性从句的思维导图，主要内容包括：并列定语从句，分裂结构，定语从句与同位语从句，非限制性定语从句，限制性定语从句，关系词，先行词，定义。

定语从句，形容词性从句

• 定义
  • 定语从句两个重要的概念
    • 先行词
    • 关系词
  • 定语：描述名词或者代词的修饰语
    • 前置定语
    • 后置定语
• 先行词
  • 定义：被定语从句修饰的对象称为先行词，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个短语，还可以是个分句。
  • 先行词是词：
    • There is this difference between happiness and wisdom；he who thinks himself the happiest man really is so；but he who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool.
  • 先行词是短语
    • In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together（宾语太长后置bring sth together） television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another=each other.（考研翻译）
  • 先行词是分句
    • The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connections with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
• 关系词
  • 关系词的三种作用
    • 代词的作用：指代先行词，避免重复。先行词=关系词
    • 定语从句中充当一定的成分：主语，宾语，表语，状语
    • 连接作用：连接主句和从句
    • 普通从句只有这两个作用
  • 定语从句的关系词，定语从句都缺少成分
  • 关系代词
    • that：（可代指人/物） （作主语/宾语/表语的成分）
      • 在名词性从句中双无，不作成分，没有语义，宾语从句可省略
      • He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.
      • All the apples that fall are eaten by wild animals.
      • 在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词常可以省略
        • There are lots of things (that) I need to buy.
    • which （物品/动物）（作主语/宾语/表语）
      • Don’t receive a task which is far beyond your ability.
      • These are the conditions （which可以省略） we have to accept.
      • 通常放在句末
    • who/whom（代人）（主语/宾语/表语）
      • A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.
      • The man （ whom 宾格可以删） you saw just now is our manager.
    • whose （人/物）（whose单个做定语，必须搭配名词使用）（翻译“谁的”n's+n）
      • ”whose+名词”在定语从句中做主语，宾语
      • I know a friend whose brother is a pop singer.
      • These children sit in a schoolroom whose（=schoolroom‘s） windows are all broken.
  • 关系代词as
    • 两个条件
      • as引导非限制性定语从句，必须放在句首，as指代后面整个主句
      • 放在句中是插入语
      • 有正如都意思
      • as在主句中做主语
    • There is，as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.
    • As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two -edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
    • ___as（缺主语，主语是一个句子）___is known to us all,（有逗号，前后是一个句子，所以只能是as。否则不能出现两个句子） the whale is not a fish but a mammal. ___it（形式主语）___is known to us all that the whale is not a fish but a mammal主语从句. （___what 充当主语有语义___is known to us all）主语从句 is （that the whale is not a fish but a mammal.）表语从句
  • 特殊情况
    • 先行词中同时出现人和物时候，用that
      • The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.
    • 先行词为指“物”的all，little，few，much，none和the first时候，用that
      • •All that glitters is not gold.
      • • The book contains little that is useful.
      • • There is not much that can be done.
    • 先行词被any/ only/ all/ every/ no/ some/ much/ few/ little/the only/the very，序数词,形容词的最高级等成分修饰时, 用that。
      • There is no difficulty that they can‘t overcome.
      • Tell us all things that you know.
      • The only thing that we should do is to find our way home.
    • 不能在that/who前面使用介词。
      • 介词要加一个宾语才行，that/who不能做宾语
      • 状语从句中的in that=because是固定搭配
      • I‘m talking about friends who/whom you can share almost everything with.（whom在定语从句中宾语）。
        • I'm talking about friends with whom you can share almost everything.（只能用whom宾格形式）
      • • The world in which we live is made up of matter.
  • 关系副词（难理解）
    • when
      • when在定语从句中作时间状语，修饰从句谓语动词。
      • 其前面的先行词必须是表示时间的名词。
        • The day when we stop learning is the day when we die.
          • （不能用that，只能用when，因为用that就是that=the day，换过来就是 we stop learning the day是错的。应该是we stop learning on the day,所以不能用that，只能用when做时间状语on the day修饰谓语动词，且on the day在从句中做了时间状语）when相当于关系副词=先行词加个介词，补充了一个介词。
          • when=on which
        • April Fool's Day is that special day of the year when（限定修饰） you should play a joke on someone.
      • 比较
        • i will never forget the day when（在从句中做状语on the day） we first met in the park
          • 要看定语从句中缺什么成分，缺状语on the day 就用when，不缺就不用when，缺了状语才用when（on the day）。 we first met on the day（在从句中做时间状语） in the park
            • when= on which
        • i will never forget the time which（在从句中做宾语，也可以省略） i spent on campus.
          • 定语从句中缺宾语 the time，所以选which充当宾语。不选when
    • where
      • where在定语从句中作地点状语，修饰从句谓语动词。
      • 其前面的先行词通常是表示地点的名词。
      • 比较
        • This is the town where I spent my childhood.
          • i spent my childhood in the town，相当于关系副词where代替了the town 再加个介词in
            • where=in which
        • This is the town which I told you about before.
          • i told you about the town before.（which代替了the town，不用加介词
      • 比较
        • The library where students often study was on fire last night.
          • in the library = where 相当于加了一个介词in。所以不能用关系代词，只能用where
            • where=in which
        • The library， which was built in the 1930's, needs to be renovated.
          • which=the library 做了从句的主语
      • Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more unnatural food.
        • where看成at the point。前面的to是主语里的
          • where=at which
      • You know that dream where you're walking down the street naked and everyone is looking at you?
        • where=in the dream
      • I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place_______.
        • A. I'd like to visit B. in which I'd like to visit（visit后面不加介词） C. I most want to visit（副词放在最后表示程度） D. that I want to visit it most（宾语重复）
      • Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.
        • the vital interests are high in this situations 在句子中做地点状语，所以只能用where不一定先行词是地点，也可以是其他的，看句子意思。前面的in是主句的
    • why
      • why在定语从句中作原因状语,修饰从句的谓语动词
      • 其先行词必须是表示原因的名词
      • This is the reason why I didn't t come here. （for the reason）在从句中做原因状语，所以用why。且相当于于填了一个for在the reason前面。加介词判断是填which还是why。或者for which也可以
        • 定语从句中的why是可以省略的
    • 但是有方式状语：The way+（that/in which/省略）+从句
      • 表达一种方式
      • 不能把in which替换成where
    • 没有how引导的定语从句
    • 关系副词没有how
• 限制性定语从句
  • 不用逗号隔开限制性定语从句，是用来对一个名词提供必要的信息。若去掉限制性定语从句主句部分的含义不明确。
    • I don' t like people who are never on time.去掉从句句子不完整
  • 介词+关系代词
    • 关系代词(which, whom和 whose)前面带有介词。
    • The girl with whom you work is his girlfriend.（work with）
      • 没有关系副词代替，先行词是人
    • He is the man on whom I think插入语 you can depend.（depend on）
      • 没有关系副词代替，先行词是人
    • I’ll never forget the days on which(when) we lived together. 先行词是时间
    • The year in which(when) the Tangshan earthquake happened。 先行词是时间
    • This is the town in which(where) Shakespeare was born. 先行词是地点
    • I’d like you to explain the reason for which(why) you were late again.
    • 有关系副词代替，先行词是地点或者时间和原因
• 非限制性定语从句
  • 例句
    • The little boy can speak four languages, which（限定的范围看语义） surprises all the people present.
      • 一般分开翻译。限制性不强。
      • 只有which能表示一整件事情，改成其他的就不行了
    • Miss Green, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
  • 比较
    • I like the book which I bought yesterday
      • 我喜欢我昨天买的这本书，有限制性
    • I like the book , which I bought yesterday.
      • 我喜欢这本书，这本书是我昨天买的，后面是补充信息
  • that/why不能引导非限制性定语从句。（that前面有介词也不行）
• 定语从句与同位语从句
  • 区分
    • 从结构上区分：that是否作成分
    • 定语从句：名词+that+不完整的句子
    • 同位语从句：名词十that+完整的句子
  • 例句
    • the fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.（同位语）
    • the fact that we talked about is very important.（缺宾语）
• 分裂结构
  • 先行词+其他定语+定语从句
    • There comes a time （in most couples 'lives ）定语when a break-up seems inevitable.
      • 定语和定语从句都在修饰先行词
    • For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.
    • The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.
  • 先行词+状语+定语从句
    • If there is anything in the world that a young man should be more grateful for than another, it is the poverty which necessitates starting life under very great disadvantage.
    • Never leave things until tomorrow which you can do today. 今日事今日做
  • 作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句
    • It can be predicted, however, （that from time to time questions will arise which（定语从句，questions做从句主语） will require specific scientific answers.）主语从句
    • 避免头重脚轻
• 并列定语从句
  • 指两个或两个以上的定语从句,通过 and, but, or等并列连 词连接共同修饰一个先行词。
  • The errors occurring in the exam often result from the things that you don’t know or that you think you know.
  • He found a dollar bill （that he had forgotten in a suit）（ that he was sending to the cleaner。）