非谓语

这是一篇关于非谓语的思维导图，主要内容包括：独立主格结构，分词（主动/被动用法），动名词（功能用法），不定式，定义：在句中不作谓语的动词。

非谓语

• 定义：在句中不作谓语的动词
  • 不定式 todo
  • 动名词：doing， 名词性质
  • 现在分词 doing
  • 过去分词 done
• 不定式
  • 主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语都可以做
  • 不定式做表语
  • 不定式做主语
    • to do放在主语位置
      • To err is human； to forgive, （逗号省略了is）divine.人都会犯错，原谅很高尚。
    • to do放在句末，用形式主语it放句首
      • It’s better （to love someone you can‘t have） than to have someone you can’t love.
      • To get rid of alcohol from the body主语 is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up 主语
  • 不定式做宾语
    • 结构一: 动词+to do
      • This company refused to cooperate with us.
      • i want to see you。
        • 谓语 want
        • 宾语：to see you
        • you是see 的逻辑宾语
      • 英语中常需要接不定式作宾语的动词有
        • afford买得起, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, bother, care, choose, consent, dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, seem, swear, trouble, try, want, wish
    • 结构二:动词+疑问词+to do，语法把特殊疑问词+to do当成名词形式
      • I don't know whether to answer his letter.
      • Show us（ what to do.）视为一个名词
    • 结构三：动词+it+宾语补足语+to do
      • He feels it challenging to be a marketing supervisor.（真正宾语放在宾补后面）
        • it是形式宾语
      • The development of steel nibs makes it possible to develop pens.（to do不定式做宾语结构）
      • The development of steel nibs makes possible （the development of pens）宾语过长是四个单词放后面.（分裂结构，sth放在后面）
      • The development of steel nibs makes it possible宾语补足语 that people can develop pens.宾语从句
      • Many people consider impossible what really is possible.宾从。what引导的不用加it。
  • 不定式做宾补
    • 谓语动词+宾语+to do
      • We advise谓语 parents宾语 to get to stores宾补 to buy toys目的状语.
      • 此类动词有：attempt, trouble，wish，urge等
      • 在 （let, make, have）使役动词, （see，hear，feel,）感官动词都省略to /watch, notice, listen to等动词后面的不定式作宾语的句子中to省略。
        • I watched them climb the tower.
        • The store manager let the line move faster.
        • let me do it
      • 实义动词感官动词的宾补，写被动语态要还原to进去，
        • I watched them climb the tower.
          • they were watched to climb the tower。
  • 不定式做定语
    • 不定式做定语均后置
      • i need a pen to write 加上with才是对的，i need to write with a pen
      • i have a letter to write 这个是对的。to write a letter
    • 逻辑关系
      • 主语关系
        • The man to help you主语关系 is Mr. Johnson.
        • Have you got a key to unlock this door?
        • The next train to arrive is from New York.
      • 宾语关系
        • In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
          • 尝试新想法，接受新挑战
        • I have no place to live in.（place和to live in是宾语关系）
      • 同位语关系
        • Her reluctance to accept his invitation upset him.
        • The need to love and to be loved seems universal.（需求的内容是）
          • 需求是抽象的
        • 名词必须是抽象可以解释的
      • 状语关系
        • In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
          • 用这种方法去体验世界
    • 形容词+to do，此句型不用被动
      • Relativity theory isn't easy to understand.
      • Football is very interesting to watch.
      • 都表示被动
      • 此类形容词有:afraid, angry, anxious, ashamed, curious, determined, desperate.eager, frightened, furious, glad, happy, impatient, indignant,keen, 等;
      • 过去分词有: annoyed, astonished, bored, concerned, delighted, depressed., disappointed, disgusted, dissatisfied. embarrassed, fascinated, frightened, interested, overjoyed, overwhelmed, perturbed, prepared, puzzled, relieved, reluctant, surprised, willing, unwilling, worried 等。
  • 不定式做状语
    • 不定式作状语主要是目的状语
      • I went to the post office in order to mail a letter.
        • 把in order删了也是目的状语
      • I’d climb the highest mountain just to see your smile. I'd swim the ocean just to hold your hand. I'd run a million mile just to be with you forever.
    • 作目的状语的不定式,其逻辑主语往往需要与句子的主语一致。
      • To study English well, you need a lot of practices.
  • 不定式作结果状语
    • 用于某些特定的句型结构中。
    • We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left.
      • 意外的结果
    • What have I done to offend you?
    • John left his hometown ten years ago, never to return.
  • 不定式引导独立的句子
    • 表达愿望、担心、惊讶等强烈的情感。
      • 常见的结构: to think, to imagine “你想想……竟有这样的事”。
    • To think she wanted to walk all the way to the park .
    • To imagine even for a minute that I would do a thing like that on purpose. I would never do that intentionally.
      • 写作文不用，不正规
  • 不定式的逻辑主语
    • 1. for+名词或代词
      • He was anxious for his sister to meet you.
        • 想改变逻辑主语用for
        • for sb to do sth
    • 2.of+名词或代词
      • 用来说明人的性格特征或行为表现的形容词与不定式连用
      • 此类形容词主要有: brave, careful, careless, clever, cruel, foolish， nervous， kind, modest, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful.
        • It's generous of him to lend me his car.
        • It's wise of you not to argue with your boss.
• 动名词（功能用法）
  • 动名词可做主语，宾语，表语，定语
    • 名词也能修饰名词做定语
  • 核心是名词
  • 定义
    • 直接放在句首,谓语动词用单数。某些特定的句型动名词放在句末。
      • doing不管多长都不后置
    • Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength; while loving someone deeply gives you courage.
  • It is no good/no use doing sth 句型中用形式主语it放句首，动名词后置。
    • 固定句型，只有这个句型doing放在后面
    • It's no use crying over spilt milk .
  • 动名词做宾语
    • 用动名词作宾语的动词有:admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, encourage, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, give up副词, risk, can‘t stand, suggest, tolerate, understand，miss, overlook， permit, postpone, practice, prohibit, put off, resent, can, t help, imagine, involve, mention, mind等
      • I am looking forward to hearing from you.
      • The parents object to介词 increasing their tuition.
      • To get ahead in the world and lead a happy life means getting on well with others and being able to understand others.
        • 主语和宾语都是非谓语
  • 动名词的逻辑主语
    • 在句中作主语时，用所有格。 在句中作宾语时，用所有格/宾格均可。
      • He insisted on my/me reading the letter.
        • 改变逻辑主语，在doing前面加上人称代词（物主代词、宾格都可以）
      • （Tom’s refusing to accept the offer）主语 upset me.
      • He insisted on reading the letter.动名词的逻辑主语往往默认是主语的he
      • Do you mind （John/John’s /me/my smoking here？）作宾语，用所有格或者宾格均可以
    • 逻辑主语不是人名或人称，一般不用所有格
      • The young leading （the young ）直接原型is like the blind leading the blind.
        • the+adj=n
  • 动名词做表语
    • 在be动词后面,以补充说明句子主语的具体内容。
    • His hobby is collecting stamps.
  • 动名词做定语
    • 放在被修饰名词的前面，一般表示所修饰名词的用途
    • a sleeping car /a reading room /a swimming pool都是动名词
  • Knowing （that mental health is always available） and knowing to trust it主语 allow us宾语（ to slow down to the moment and （to省略）live life happily.）todo不定式做宾补
    • knowing是动名词
• 分词（主动/被动用法）
  • 分词做表语，定语，状语，补语
  • doing
    • 主动/进行/两者语义都兼有
    • a sinking ship /the rising sun /a barking dog
  • done
    • 被动，完成
    • a developed country/vanished civilization /rotten teeth/ the sunken ship /a respected writer/a well-trained man
    • Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements（现在分词作后置定语）.
    • Looking around分词做状语, scientists believe （宾语从句that省略）global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century.现在分词做problems的后置定语
    • （Police hunting the killer of a part-time police officer后置定语 stabbed outside her home in London）主语 are seeking a man （wearing a hooded top）（ seen running away from the scene.）
      • 主语是police名词，被现在分词修饰做后置定语。在现在分词里这个名词又被过去分词修饰做后置定语。
      • 警察在追一个凶手，杀了兼职警察的，兼职警察被捅死在伦敦家。
    • The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
  • 分词做状语
    • 单独的分词(短语)作状语，就是分词前面没有带名词，而是直接把分词短语放在句首，句中或者句末。 分词短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。
    • Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.（错误，主句应该是人）
    • After doing my homework, the dog was fed.（主句是人不是狗）
    • 让步状语
      • Having lived in Canada for three years, he still can't speak English well.
    • 原因状语
      • Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.
    • 方式/条件状语
      • Seen under a microscope, the bacteria is clear.
    • 伴随状语
      • Smiling, he answered.
    • 结果状语
      • 表示结果只放在句末,否则句子的意义会不同。
        • Finding the door locked, I went home. ，因为这个门锁了，所以我回家了
        • I went home, finding the door locked.我回家了，发现门锁了
      • His wife died three years ago, leaving him with five children.
    • 分词短语作状语时可以保留相应的连词:
      • Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.
      • Although exhausted by the walk , he continued his journey.
      • After talking to you, I felt better.
  • 独立分词结构：名词+分词（见笔记）
  • 分词做宾补
    • 这样动词有: find, hear, smell, observe，watch，notice 等。
      • 感觉动词后作宾补，一般仅限于用在感觉动词后。
        • I hear the sound of flowers blooming.
        • We saw the sun rising from behind the trees.
        • I heard him criticized many times.
    • 感官动词，see sb
      • doing，正在的过程……
      • done，正在被……
      • todo不定式但是to必须省略
        • 表示全过程
      • sth
• 独立主格结构
  • 公式
    • 又想用逗号，前面不是完整的句子，又想有不作主句中主语的逻辑主语，
    • • 比如你在吃着，我在玩着，不想用and的时候
        • 前面的句子去掉be动词就可
      • 主1+六个，主2+do（谓语）
  • 例句
    • Weather permitting, we'll be going fishing tomorrow.
    • Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
    • （The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters）主句, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity.
    • With the floor wet, I had to stay outside。
    • With the boy to lead the way, we will find the cave easily tomorrow.
    • With her boyfriend a playboy, she has to break up with him.