非谓语的时态语态

这是一篇关于非谓语的时态语态的思维导图，主要内容包括：从句的简化，从句可以简化为非谓语，分词，形容词性质，动名词，不定式。

非谓语的时态语态

• • 不管什么时态，非谓语只要是完成时都体现在谓语动作之前发生
• 不定式
  • • 总结
      • 都与谓语动词做时间先后的比较
        • 同时进行
          • to be doing
        • 动作在谓语动词前完成
          • to have done
        • 谓语动词先出现，不定式后出现
          • to do
        • 在谓语动词前完成，还在继续
          • to have been doing
  • 不定式的一般式
    • 主动形式：句中有不定式动作的执行者
      • I have a lot of clothes to wash.
        • 一定是我洗
      • He wants someone to take some photographs.
    • 被动形式：没有执行者, 或不定式所修饰的成分是不定式动作的承受者。
      • I have a lot of clothes to be washed.
        • 不一定是我洗
      • He wants some photographs to be taken.
      • She doesn't like to be treated as a distinguished guest.
      • She asked to be given an easy assignment.
    • to let(出租)和 to blame(责备)这两个短语是固定用法,主动形式表示被动意思。
      • You should be to blame for it.
      • The house is to let.
    • He was afraid to be fooled
      • be afraid to do sth
    • 形容词+to 此句型不用被动
      • Relativity theory isn't easy to understand.
        • 主语是这件事的性质
      • The instructions were hard to follow.
      • He is easy to fool.
        • 形容词+to do 固定句型，修饰整个事情，此句型不用被动，形容词修饰to do，不修饰主语
        • easy表示这个人的属性，后面加上动作不用被动。
      • This car isn't safe to drive.
      • Football is very interesting to watch.
  • 不定式的完成时
    • 使用场合
      • to have done
      • 表达一个发生在谓语动作前的动作。
      • 用在某些特定的动词后面,可以表达一个将来的动作。
      • 表达过去虚拟。
    • 表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作
      • I am sorry to have bothered you with so many questions on such an occasion.
    • 三类
      • 态度情感类谓语
        • 表示个人情感态度的形容词。 此时谓语通常用一般现在时态来表示说话人此刻的状态, 而不定式用完成式来表示过去发生的动作。
        • I am sorry not to have come on Thursday.
        • ✓ I am sorry to keep you waiting.（还没有等） ✓ I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.（已经等了）
        • We are happy to have visited so many historic places in Beijing.（参观回来了）
        • We are happy to visit so many historic places in Beijing.（还没有参观）
      • 观点类谓语
        • 观点类谓语最常有say, believe和 think 一般都用于被动语态,即 is said, is believed和 is thought。
        • Taking afternoon tea is a unique custom which is said to have started in the early 19th century.
        • Humans are believed to have evolved from primate species.
          • 强调前后关系用have done
        • An Indonesian fisherman has caught a coelacanth, an ancient fish （once thought to have become extinct at the time of the dinosaurs）thought做后置定语, a fishery expert said on Monday.
      • 推断类
    • 表示过去的虚拟
      • 不定式的完成式也可用在表示 打算 、 需要或计划等动词的过去时后面：
      • 意为：“过去本打算做但事实上没有实现的动作” 这些动词有 :mean, intend, think ， plan, hope, wish 和 propose等。
      • I intended to have visited you yesterday evening, but I was too busy.（当时是这么计划的，但是一定没做成）
    • 表示将来完成
      • 不定式的完成式还可以表示一个将来的活动,相当于一个将来完成时态。
      • She hopes to have finished the work by the time he comes.
      • She hopes that she will have finished the work by the time he comes back.
    • • 如何区分过去虚拟和将来完成
        • 如果动词是过去式则往往是没做成的
        • 如果动词不是过去式则表达希望能完成什么事情
  • 不定式的进行时
    • to be doing
      • 不定式的进行式用于描写与谓语的动作同时发生的动作。
    • He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came by.
    • The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can't have them.
  • 不定式的完成进行时
    • to have been doing
      • 表示在谓语动作之前已经开始并且一直在持续进行的动作, 其含义类似于一个完成进行时态。
    • They are said to have been collecting folk songs in China.
    • I seem to have been learning English for over ten years.
      • 例：我已经学英语十年了并且还会继续进行下去
• 动名词
  • 动名词的被动语态
    • being done
    • 当动名词所修饰的名词在意义上是充当动名词动作的承受者, 动名词要用被动形式。
      • I have not the least objection to the child宾格形式 being punished. the child是being pubished 的逻辑主语，之间是被动关系
        • to do 加逻辑主语放介词。
        • doing加逻辑主语用宾格或者所有格
      • He narrowly escaped being run over.
        • 动词短语决定doing还是to do
      • There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.
    • demand deserve, need ,require，want等动词后面,动名词的主动形式就表示被动的意思 ,而不需用动名词的被动形式。
      • He deserved praising.
        • 他值得表扬
      • Your hair wants cutting.
      • The steak is raw. It needs cooking more before I can eat it.
      • The garden needs watering.缺东西 The garden needs being watered.（错误） The garden needs to be watered.
      • ✓ He deserves shooting first.值得被第一个枪毙 ✓ He deserves to shoot first. 他值得第一个开枪 ✓ He deserves to be shot first.对
  • 动名词的完成时
    • having done
    • 表明动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前,尤其是当动名词 的动作是在谓语之前的一段较长时间内持续。
    • I have always regretted not having studied harder at school.
      • 先学习后后悔
    • He denied having been there.
      • 先去过再否认
      • 他否认去过那
  • 动名词的完成被动时
    • having been done
    • Our modern civilization must not be thought of as _having been created___ (create) in a short period of time.
      • 介词：doing
      • 被动：being created
      • 被动完成时态 having been created
    • Mark often attempts to escape___being fined__ (fine) whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
      • escape doing sth
      • being fined 没有先后关系，被罚款
    • I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
      • 先被给后感激
  • there be 的不定式
    • there be的不定式形式 there to be,用在接不定式作宾语的动词后面 或介词for后面。
    • there be的动名词形式there being,多用于介词后面。（除了for）
    • He spoke of there being danger.
    • I don't mean there to be any unpleasantness.
      • 做宾语的动词，且动词是mean to do
    • It was too late for there to be any buses.
    • ________ no cause for alarm ， the old man went back to his room. A. There B. Since C. Being D. There being
      • 逗号前是非完整句子
      • D
      • 独立主格
        • with+n+doing
• 分词，形容词性质
  • 分词的完成时
    • 主动完成式( having done)
    • 被动完成式( having been done)
      • 一般不能用在名词后面作后置定语。
    • 当分词动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生；或在它之后发生, 用分词的一般式。
      • Singing a song, he sat down.唱歌和坐下同时发生
    • 当分词动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生, 用分词的完成式。
      • Having sung a song，he sat down. 唱歌发生在坐下之前
      • ✓ Having read the newspaper, I walked over to the windows and saw it's raining.（读完报纸再去窗边） ✓ Reading the newspaper, I walked over to the windows and saw it's raining.（间隔很短）
    • 如果分词的动作与谓语动作之间的时间间隔很短, 最好用分词的一般式。
      • Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.
• 从句的简化，从句可以简化为非谓语
  • 非谓语水平高，简短的更好
  • 名词性从句的简化
    • 名词性从句能被简化成两种形式：动名词和不定式。
    • It surprised us that John won the marathon.
      • That John won the marathon surprised us.
        • John's winning the marathon surprised us.
    • I consider that I will emigrate to America in the future.宾语从句
      • consider doing sth
      • I consider emigrating to America in the future.
    • I hope that I can drive to work in my own car.
      • I hope to drive to work in my own car.
    • There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive.同位语从句
      • There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive.主系表+同位语从句用of结构
  • 定语从句的简化
    • 不是所有的定语从句都可以简化， 只有当关系词在定语从句中作主语时,才能把定语从句简化。
      • 定语从句的主动式可以转换成现在分词； 定语从句的被动式可以转换成过去分词。
    • Books which are written in English are more expensive.
      • Books written in English are more expensive.
    • The people who were responsible for the incident were all punished.
      • The people responsible for the incident形容词短语做后置定语 were all punished.
      • The people being responsible for the incident were all punished.
    • They live in a room that faces the south.
      • they live in a room facing the south
    • English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
      • English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
    • The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher.
      • The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.
  • 状语从句的简化
    • 只有当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同才能简化。状语从句的主语不一致可以用独立主格形式
    • Since I came to Beijing, I have made many new friends.
      • Coming to Beijing,主动 I have made many new friends.
      • Since coming to Beijing非谓语带逻辑词, I have made many new friends.
    • After I finished my homework , I fed the dog.
      • After finishing my homework , I fed the dog.
      • After having finished my homework , I fed the dog.有前后关系用现在分词完成时
    • I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet.
      • I turned off the TV in order for my roommate to study in peace and quiet.目的状语