英语句子分类

下图整理了英语中所涵盖的大部分英语句子分类，包括简单句、复合句，疑问句，祈使句等，在分类的基础上又对每个子句进行了较为详细的归纳和整理，希望对大家有所帮助！

句子分类

• 句子分类
  • 按语气分
    • 陈述句
      • 定义
        • 陈述句主要用来说明事实，陈述看法，肯定什么或否定什么。
      • 分类
        • 肯定陈述句
          • 表示委婉
            • 常用词：I'm afraid, if I'm not mistaken, if you please, if you don't mind等
            • Eg
              • Teaching 15 hours a week, I'm afraid it is to much for me.
              • We have met before, if I'm not mistaken.
          • 加强肯定
            • 增加强调词
              • 常用词：indeed, really, definitely, centainly, for sure, without any question, without doubt, virtually, surely, actually等。
              • Eg
                • Many people will certainly lose their jobs.
                • Without any question, I'll come here tomorrow.
            • 强调附加结构
              • Eg
                • You've gone mad, you have.
                • That's a trap, that is.
            • 采用双重否定
              • Eg
                • She went to that place not infrequently.
                • This kind of result is not impossible.
              • 注：never...without...表示双重否定，意为“没有......决不；每一......必......”
                • Eg: The dog never crosses a street without stopping at the curb.
        • 否定陈述句
          • 类型
            • 部分否定
              • all/both/every/each + 谓语 +not，意为“有的是，有的不是”。
              • Eg: All of them are not students. （Some of them are students, and some are not.)
            • 全部否定
              • 用not, no, never, neither, none, nothing等否定词，表示“完全不是，完全不”的意思。
              • Eg: Nothing is wrong with me.
            • 双重否定
              • 如上
          • 衍生
            • 使用副词否定词not
              • 助动词作实义动词
                • have
                  • have not
                  • don't have
                • do
                  • don't/doesn't do
                • is
                  • is not
              • 注：情态助动词直接在其后加not，如can not, will not
              • 普通实义动词
                • 在其前面加don't/doesn't
            • 使用其它否定词
              • 副词never, seldom, hardly, little, neither等
                • Eg: She seldom comes to see me.
              • 形容词no, few, little等
                • Eg: He has few friends in Hong Kong.
              • 代词nothing, nobody, none等
                • Eg: I found nobody in that house.
              • 注：有些语法书认为使用”not + v.“为句子否定法；使用”no + n.“或nothing等为单词否定法，不宜称为否定句。
          • 扩展
            • 否定转移
              • 定义：当think, believe, suppose等谓语动词引导宾语从句，且主语是第一人称，主句谓语是一般现在时的时候，其否定句使用助动词do，否定词not通常转移到主句中，即否定主句。
              • Eg: I don't think he'll come. 我认为他不会来。
              • 否定不转移
                • 动词为非一般现在时或主语不是第一人称
                • 用于疑问句时
                • 用作插入语时
                • 动词前有其它副词修饰时
                • 当宾语从句中含not...at all, not a little, not a few, not enough, can't help等表示否定的固定搭配时
                • 当宾语从句中含no, nothing, nobody, bowhere, hardly, seldom, little, few等否定词或半否定词时
    • 疑问句
      • 一般疑问句
        • 定义
          • 一般疑问句通常用来询问一件事情或情况是否属实，其答句常用yes或no（或相当于yes/no的词）回答，一般疑问句也称作”是非问句“。
        • 构成
          • 肯定形式
            • Be + 主语 + 其它？
              • Eg: — Is there something wrong with this machine? —Yes, there is. —No, there isn’t.
            • 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它？
              • Eg:—Can you speak French? —Yes，I can. —No, I can’t.
            • Do/Does/Did+ 主语 + 动词原形/过去分词 + 其它？
              • Eg:—Do you exercise? —Yes，I do. —No, I don't.
            • Have/Has/Had+ 主语 + 动词原形/过去分词 + 其它？
              • Eg:—Have you got today's milk? —Yes，I have. —No, I haven't.
          • 否定形式
            • 表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等，只要将not置于主语之后或者将not放在主语之前与be, have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。
            • 否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同、如果回答是肯定的，就用“Yes + 肯定结构”；如果回答是否定的，就用“No + 否定结构”（情况与反意疑问句类似）
            • —Isn't your father a Party member? 你爸爸不是党员吗？ —Yes, he is. 不，他是的。 —No, he isn't. 是的，他不是。
            • —Can’t we go together?我们不能一起走吗？ —Yes, we can. 不，我们可以。 —No, we can’t. 是的，我们不可以。
            • —Don't you like this movie?你不喜欢这部电影吗？ —Yes, I do. 不，我喜欢。 —No, I don't.是的，我不喜欢。
            • —Haven’t you got today’s newspaper?你没有拿到今天的报纸吗？ —Yes, I have. 不，我拿到了。 —No, I haven’t. 对，我没拿到。
      • 特殊疑问句
        • 定义
          • 特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分进行提问的句子。
        • 构成
          • 疑问代词 + 一般疑问句 + ？
          • 除who以外的疑问代词短语 + 一般疑问句 + ？
          • 疑问副词 + 一般疑问句 + ？
        • 疑问词（组）
          • what
            • 含义及用法
              • 什么，询问物品、职业或身份
            • 答语
              • 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg: —What's your name? — My name is Zack.
          • who
            • 含义及用法
              • 谁，询问人物
            • 答语
              • 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg:—Who are you? —I’m Lilly.
          • which
            • 含义及用法
              • 哪一个，询问特定范围的人或物
            • 答语
              • 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg: —Which one is correct? —That one is correct.
          • whose
            • 含义及用法
              • 谁的，询问所属
            • 答语
              • 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg: —Whose glasses are broken? —Tom’s glasses are broken.
          • when
            • 含义及用法
              • 什么时候，询问时候
            • 答语
              • 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg: —When will you come back? —I'll come back on Saturday.
          • why
            • 含义及用法
              • 为什么，询问原因
            • 答语
              • 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg: —Why are you late? — Because my clock’s broken.
          • where
            • 含义及用法
              • 哪里，询问地点或位置
            • 答语
              • 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg: —Where do you live? —I live in Qujing.
          • how
            • 含义及用法
              • 如何，询问状态/方式
            • 答语
              • 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg: —How are you? —I’m fine.
          • how much
            • 含义及用法
              • 多少，询问不可数名词的量； 多少钱，询问价格
            • 答语
              • 代词/数词 + 单位名词 + of + 不可数名词 根据实际情况作答
            • Eg: —How much is it? —100 RMB.
          • how many
            • 含义及用法
              • 多少，询问可数名词的量
            • 答语
              • 数词（+ 单位名词 + of + 可数名词复数）
            • Eg: —How many people are there? —There are 10 people here.
          • how often
            • 含义及用法
              • 多久一次，询问频率
            • 答语
              • 次数 + a/an/one + 表示时间的名词
            • Eg: —How often do you exercise? — I exercise twice a week.
          • how long
            • 含义及用法
              • 多长，询问物体长度； 多长时间，询问时间长短
            • 答语
              • 数词 + 单位名词 + long For + 时间段
            • Eg:—How long does it take from Kunming to Qujing? —It takes about one hour.
          • how soon
            • 含义及用法
              • 多久以后，询问时间段
            • 答语
              • In + 时间段
            • Eg: —How soon will he be back —In two days.
          • 其它
            • 特殊疑问句有时也用否定句
              • Eg: Why don't you ask Tom for help? Why not ask Tom for help?
            • 特殊疑问句的疑问部分有时也可以有两个以上的疑问句
              • Eg: Where and when can I apply for taking the test?
            • 疑问词如果是介词的宾语，则该介词可以在句首，也可以在句尾
              • Eg: What do you want a basket for? For what do you want a basket?
      • 选择疑问句
        • 定义
          • 选择疑问句是指说话人对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案供对方选择的疑问句，最后一个选择用降调，其余都用升调。
        • 构成
          • 一般疑问句 + or + 选择部分
            • Eg： Shall we go by bus or by train?
          • 特殊疑问句 + 选项 + or + 选项
            • Eg: Would you like a piece of chocolate, a cake, or a biscuit?
      • 反意疑问句
        • 定义
          • 反意疑问句是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定，而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。其结构为前一部分是一个陈述句，而后一部分是一个简单的问句。
        • 特征
          • 前肯后否，前否后肯
          • 反意疑问句中，陈述部分读降调，后面的问句可读升调，也可读降调。读升调时，表示一种疑问；读降调时，表示强调、质问等。
        • 构成
          • 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用aren't I
            • Eg: I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I?
          • 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may + 主语
            • Eg: I wish to have a word with you, may I ?
          • 陈述部分有no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等表示否定含义的词时，疑问部分要用肯定含义
            • Eg: The man made no answer, did he?
          • 含有ought to的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't/oughtn't + 主语
            • Eg: He ought to know what to do, oughtn't/shouldn't he?
          • 陈述部分有have to/had to + v.,疑问部分常用don't/didn't + 主语
            • Eg: We have to get there on time, don't we?
          • 陈述部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分didn't/usedn't + 主语
            • Eg: He used to take pictures there, didn't/usedn't he?
          • 陈述部分有would rather + v.，疑问部分多用wouldn't + 主语
            • Eg: He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
          • 陈述部分有You'd like to + v.，疑问部分用wouldn't + 主语
            • Eg: You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
          • 陈述部分为省略句时，反义疑问句的主语通常应视省略的情况而定
            • Eg: A nice girl, isn't she?
          • 陈述部分是由neither...nor...; either...or...连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定
            • Eg: Neither you nor I am an engineer, are we?
          • 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词，如everything, nothing, that, this等时，疑问部分主语用it
            • Eg: Everything is ready, isn't it?
          • 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句时，疑问部分有三种情况：
          • • 并列复合句疑问部分的谓语动词根据临近从句的谓语而定
              • Eg:Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, and he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
            • 带有定语从句、宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分唯一与根据主句的谓语而定
              • Eg: He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
            • 陈述部分主句谓语是think, suppose, believe, expect, imagine, guess等，且主句主语为第一人称时，反义疑问句部分与从句的主语和谓语保持一致（注意否定转移）
              • Eg: I don't think he is wrong, is he?
          • 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等时，疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he.
            • Eg: Everybody knows the answer, don't they/doesn't he?
          • 带有情态动词dare或need的反义疑问句，疑问部分常用need/dare + 主语
            • Eg: We need not do it again, need we?
            • 当dare, need为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do/does + 主语
          • 省去主语的祈使句的反义疑问句，疑问部分用will you/won't you/would you
            • Eg: Don't do that again, will you?
    • 感叹句
      • 定义
        • 感叹句是表达喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊讶、惊奇等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由what或how引导。其中what作定语，修饰名词（名词前可有形容词和冠词）；how作状语，修饰形容词、副词或句子。
      • 类型
        • 由what引导
          • What + a(an) + (形容词) + 单数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！
            • Eg: What a beaufitul girl she is!
          • What + (形容词 ) + 可数名词复数或不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！
            • Eg
              • What beautiful flowers they are!
              • What fine wheather it is today!
        • 由how引导
          • How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语！
            • Eg: How beautiful she is!
          • How + 形容词 + a/an +可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语！
            • Eg: How handsome a boy he is!
          • How + 主语 + 谓语！
            • Eg: How time flies!
        • 其它形式
          • 以疑问词who开头，表示惊奇
            • Eg: Who else will read such a book!
          • 以情态动词may开头，表示愿望
            • Eg: May you both be happy!
          • 以副词here, there, in开头的感叹句
            • Eg: Here comes the bus！
          • 否定疑问句用作感叹句（其意义是肯定的）
            • Eg: Aren't they sweet!
          • 美式英语中肯定疑问句用作感叹句
            • Eg: Am I hungry!
          • 一些短语用作感叹句
            • Eg: Dear me! My goodness! None of your nonsense!
          • 一些作表语的成分用作感叹句
            • Eg: Sorry, my mistake!
    • 祈使句
      • 定义
        • 祈使句是表示请求、命令、劝告、祝愿或建议的句子。其谓语动词必须用动词原形，句子没有主语(有时可带上呼语)。
      • 类型
        • 肯定形式
          • 构成
            • v.
          • Eg
            • Everyone shut the mouth.
            • Come to my office immediately.
        • 否定形式
          • 构成
            • don't + v.
          • Eg
            • Don't walk on the grass.
            • Don't be late!
        • 人称
          • 第一人称
            • 肯定形式
              • let + me + v.
                • Eg: Let me try again.
              • let us(let's) + v.
                • Eg: Let us play the game, will you?
            • 否定形式
              • 正式
                • let me not + v.
                  • Eg: Let me not bother you too much.
                • let us not + v.
                  • Eg: Let's not argue this.
              • 非正式
                • don't let + me + v.
                  • Eg: Don't let me interrupt you.
                • don't let us(let's) + v.
                  • Eg: Don't let us do this.
          • 第二人称
            • 肯定形式
              • Eg
                • Come and have dinner with us.
                • Be careful! Danger!
            • 否定形式
              • Eg
                • Don't be late!
                • Don't feed the animals!
            • 委婉形式
              • Eg
                • Please sit down.
                • Don't be noisy, won't you?
            • 强调、强硬形式
              • 强调
                • 句首加上重读助动词do
                • Eg
                  • Do come, please.
                  • Do be careful!
              • 强硬
                • 加上第二人称呼语
                • Eg
                  • Don't you forget it!
                  • Don't you behave like that!
          • 第三人称
            • 形式同第一人称相同：let + 第三人称宾格/名词词组 + v.
            • Eg
              • Let bygones be bygones.
              • Let Tom go there himself.
              • Don't let them play with fire.
              • Don't let anyone shirk this responsibility.
  • 按结构分
    • 简单句
      • 定义
        • 只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语），即只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫做简单句。
      • 类型
        • 类型一
          • S + Vi（主语 + 不及物动词）
            • 不及物动词本身就可以表达完整的意思，不需要宾语及补语，但有时可有副词，介词短语等状语修饰语。
          • 子类型
            • S + Vi. + adv.（主语 + 不及物动词 + 状语）
              • Eg: The operation progressed smoothly.
            • There/Here + Vi + S（There/Here + 不及物动词 + 主语）
              • Eg: There stands a tree.
            • S + Vi. + 动词不定式
              • Eg: We stopped to watch TV.
        • 类型二
          • S + Vi. + S.C（主语 + 不及物动词 + 主语补足语）
        • 类型三
          • S + Vt + O （主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语）
            • 这类句型中的动词是指及物动词或是可以后接宾语的动词短语。为了使句子表达更加准确，句子中有时可以带与宾语相关的状语。
            • Eg: We plant a lot of tree.
        • 类型四
          • S + Vt. + I.O + D.O（主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
            • 有些及物动词需要跟双宾语才能表达一个完整意思，这样的及物动词我们称为授予动词，其特色为接两个宾语（也就是间接宾语和直接宾语）
          • 子类型
            • 及物动词之后跟双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果间接宾语是人称代词，则必须把直接宾语放在间接宾语之前。
              • Eg: Please pass me a cup of tea. I will pass it to you.
            • 如果把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需要加介词to或for，这主要取决于谓语动词。
              • • 间接宾语前加介词to的词：give, tell, sell, lend, show, teach, send, write, hand, bring, return, pass, leave, offer
                • 间接宾语前加介词for的词：get, choose, make, buy, order, do, sing, play
          • 注： 直接宾语和宾语补足语的区别：宾语补足语和宾语之间在逻辑上存在主谓关系
        • 类型五
          • S + Vt. + O + O.C（主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
            • 此句型中的及物动词亦称为“不完全及物动词”，因为此类动词后面只跟一个宾语不能把句意表达清楚，后面必须接补语意思才会完整。
    • 并列句
      • 定义
        • 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫做并列句。
      • 表示并列关系
        • 常见连词
          • and, neither...nor, not only...but (also),both...and...等
        • Eg: Thay sat down and talked about something.
      • 表示转折或对比关系
        • 常见连词
          • but, yet, while, still, whereas, neverthless等
        • Eg: He worked hard, but he failed to pass the test.
      • 表示选择关系
        • 常见连词
          • or, otherwise, either...or...
        • Eg: Would you like a cup of coffee or tea?
      • 表示因果关系
        • 常见连词
          • so, far, thus
        • Eg: He had his leg broken, so he couldn't go out to play.
    • 复合句
      • 定义
        • 并列复合句是指并列句中的两个分句中又含从句
        • 从属复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主语是句子的主体，可以独立存在；从句可以充当某种句子成分，不能独立存在。从句由从属连词引导。
      • 分类
        • 并列复合句
        • 从属复合句
          • 定语从句
          • 状语从句
          • 名词性从句
            • 主语从句
            • 宾语从句
            • 表语从句
            • 同位语从句
      • 详讲
        • 定语从句
          • 定义
            • 在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词、代词或修饰整个主语的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句通常跟在先行词之后，由“关系词”引出。
          • 关系词
            • 定义
              • 关系词是在英语中引导定语从句的词。
            • 分类
              • 关系代词
                • which, that, who, whom, whose等
              • 关系副词
                • when, where, why等
            • 功能
              • 引导定语从句
              • 代替先行词
              • 在定语从句中充当某一成分，如主语，宾语，定语和状语等
          • 关系代词引导的定语从句
            • 定义
              • 关系代词所代替的先行词是指人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要保持一致。
            • 分类
              • who, whom, that
                • who作主语指人
                  • Eg: The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
                • whom作宾语指人
                  • Eg: She is the girl whom/that I saw yesterday.
                • that作主语或宾语（作宾语可省略），可以指认或物
                  • Eg: The number of the people that/who came to China each year rises one million.(作主语)
                • 注：这些词代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词
              • whose
                • 用来指人，可以与of whom替换
                  • Eg: I have a classmate whose father is a doctor.
                • 用来指物，可以与of which替换
                  • Eg: Please give me the pencil whose (of which) color is green.
              • which, that
                • 用来指物
                  • Eg: Computer game is something that is liked by most boys.（作主语）
                • 用来指物
                  • Eg: Where is the book that I read this morning.
                • 注：这两个词所代替的先行词是指物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等（作宾语时可省略）（作宾语）
          • 关系副词引导的定语从句
            • 定语
              • 关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中做状语
            • 分类
              • when
                • 用来指时间，在句中作时间状语
                • Eg: The time when we got together finally came.
              • where
                • 用来指地点，在句中作地点状语
                • Eg: Beijing is the city where I was born.
              • why
                • 用来指原因，在句中作原因状语
                • Eg: Please tell me why you are late.
              • 注：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词 + 关系代词”引导的从句替换
                • why=for which where=in/at/on... which when=during/on/in... which
          • 注
            • 若介词放在关系代词前
              • 指人时，用whom，不可用who或that
                • Eg: The man with whom you talked is my friend.
              • 指物时，用which，不能用that
                • Eg: The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfrotable.
              • 关系代词是所有格时，用whose
                • Eg: This is Mr. Smith, in whose factory we work.
            • 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如look for, look after, take care of等
              • Eg: This is the book that/which I am looking for.
            • “介词 + 关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或数词
              • Eg: He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.
          • 判断关系代词和关系副词
            • 方法一
              • 谓语动词
                • 及物动词后无宾语，就必须要用关系代词
                • 不及物动词必须用关系副词
            • 方法二
              • 句子成分
                • 主语
                • 宾语
                • 定语
                • 关系代词
                • 状语
                  • 关系副词
          • 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
            • 限制性定语从句
              • 起限定，特指的作用，即某个集合里面特定的人/物/事（暗含还有除此之外的其它人/物/事）
            • 非限制性定语从句
              • 起补充说明的作用，即只有唯一的对象（暗号其唯一性与特定性）。因只有“一”个，故不需要再额外限定
            • Eg: My sister who is a teacher always encourages me to study hard. （限制性定语从句，暗指我还有其他姐姐） My sister, who is a teacher always encourages me to study hard.（非限制性定语从句，暗指我只有一个姐姐）
            • 限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
              • • 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing(something除外)、few、all、none、little、some等代词，或由every、any、 all、 some、no、 little、much、each等修饰时
                  • Eg: Have you write down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?
                • 当先行词前面有who, which等代词时
                  • Eg: Who is the man that is standing here?
                • 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
                  • Eg: This is the best movie that I have seen.
                • 当被形容词the very, the only, the same, the last等修饰时
                  • Eg: This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.
                • 当形容词被序数词（包括last, next等）修饰时
                  • Eg: The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
                • 当先行词或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时
                  • Eg: The village is no longer the one that is used to be 10 years ago.
                • 当先行词既有人又有物时
                  • Eg: The writer and his works that you told me about are admired my us all.
            • 限制性定语从句不能用that的几种情况
              • • 介词前置时
                • 引导非限制性定语从句时
                • 先行词本身是that时
            • 注：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句
            • as和which引导的非限制性定语从句
              • • as和which都可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语，代表前面的整个句子
                  • Eg: He married her, as/which was natural.
                • 当先行词被such, the same修饰时，常用as
                  • Eg: I have never heard such a story as he tells.
                • 当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也会用that来引导定语从句（同as引导的从句意义不同）
                  • Eg: I wore the same dress that I wore at Tom’s wedding. 我穿着在汤姆婚礼上穿过的那条裙子。 I wore the same dress as my young sister wore. 我穿着和我妹妹一样的裙子。
                • 位置区别
                  • as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句。as有“正如......；正像......”的意思
                    • Eg: As is known to all, China is a developing country.
                  • which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后
                    • Eg: Tom was always late, which made his teacher angry.
                • 注：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which
        • 状语从句
          • 定义
            • 状语从句是指在复合句中作状语的从句。状语从句由从属连词或起连接作用的词语引出。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、动词不定式、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句位于句首或句中时，通常用逗号与主句隔开；谓语句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
          • 分类
            • 时间状语从句
              • when & while
                • when
                  • 用法
                    • 延续性动词
                    • 瞬间动词
                  • 可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生的情况
                  • 注：when有时可用于引导并列句，意为“正在这（那）时”，相当于and at that time。
                    • 常用于
                      • be doing sth.
                      • be about to do sth.
                      • be on the point of doing sth.
                      • + when
                  • Eg
                    • When the film ended, the people went back.
                    • We were about to leave when he came in.
                • while
                  • 用法
                    • 用于延续性动词，强调主句和从句动作同时发生
                  • 注：while有时可用作并列连词，意为“而；却”，表示对比、转折
                  • Eg
                    • Please don't talk so loud while others are working.
                    • I like playing football while you like playing basketball.
              • as
                • 表示“随着；在......的同时；一边......一边......”
                • 用于延续性动词，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生的情况
                • 强调“一先一后”
                • Eg: We always sing as we talk.
              • before & after
                • before
                  • 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前
                  • Eg: See you before you leave.
                • after
                  • 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后
                  • Eg: I saw him after I arrived in Beijing.
              • before & ago
                • before
                  • 泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”，意思是 “距过去某时……以前“，常和完成时连用，尤其在间接引语中。
                  • Eg: My husband rarely comes to bed before 2 or 3am.
                • ago
                  • 表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”，意思是“距今……以前”，需和过去时或过去进行时连用。
                  • Eg: The last time I saw her was about sixteen years ago.
                • 注
                  • 如果不具体表明多少时间以前，只用before不用ago，意为“从前、以前”。
                  • before仍以副词的形式置于被修饰语后，常与完成时候过去时连用。
                  • 表示在某一点时间或事件以前时，只用before不用ago，这种用法是将before当作介词或连词使用。ago不具有这一功能。
              • till & until
                • 用于肯定句时，主句动词是延续性动词，表示”某动作或状态一直持续到某个时间才停止“
                  • Eg: We waited until he came.
                • 用于否定句时，主句动词是非延续性动词，从句为肯定句，表示”某动作直到某时间才开始“
                  • Eg: He won't go to bed till(until) she returns.
                • 注：放在句首时通常用until的形式，till在口语中更为常见
              • since
                • since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是瞬间动词。
                • 一般情况下， 从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。
                • 在It is + 时间 + since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时
                • Eg: SHe has been living a hard life since her husband died.
              • 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute等都表示”一......就......“
                • hardly(scarcely, rarely)...when/before, no sooner... than = as soon as
                • 注： 当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句首时，主句用倒装结构
              • by the time
                • 表示”到…的时候“
                • 一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词要用过去完成时
                  • Eg: By the time you came back, I had finished this program.
                • 如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词要用一般将来时
                  • Eg: By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this book.
              • each time, every time, whenever
                • each time
                  • Eg: Each time she moved her head she let out a moan.
                • every time
                  • Eg: I feel sick every time when I see such food.
                • whenever
                  • Eg: I'd like to see you whenever it's convenient.
              • as long as & so long as
                • 表示”有多久......就多久“，通常译为”只要“
                • Eg
                  • I don't mind as long as it doesn't rain.
                  • So long as I live, I must study.
            • 地点状语从句
              • 一般由where, wherever等引导
              • Eg: Make a mark where you have a question.
              • 注
                • where + 地点从句，+ （there） + 主句
                  • • 此句型通常译为”哪里......哪里就......“
                    • 主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用
                    • 主句在从句前时，一般都不用there
                  • Eg: Where there is life, there is hope.
                • anywhere/wherever + 地点从句， + 主句
                  • • anywhre本身是个副词，引导地点状语从句时相当于连词，意思近似于wherever
                    • anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后
                    • wherever本身就是个连词，表示”在何处；无论何处“
                  • Eg
                    • we'll go anywhere you like.
                    • Remember I am waiting for you wherever you go.
            • 原因状语从句
              • 由because, since, as, for, now that等引导
              • 注
                • because语气最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题
                  • Eg: He is absent because he is ill.
                • 当问题显而易见或为人们所知时，用as或since
                  • Eg: Since the weather is so bad, we have to stay for another day.
                • now that必须强调发生了不同于过去的新变化，必须引出一个新的情况
                  • Eg: Now that everyone is here let's start work.
                • 由because引导的从句如果当在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替
                  • Eg: He looked down, because/for he failed in the exam.
                • 如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，只能用for
                  • Eg: He must be in trouble, for he is absent today.
                • as & for
                  • as引导的从句在主句前
                    • Eg: As the weather is cold, I stay at home.
                  • for引导的从句在主句后
                    • Eg: I stay at home, for the weather is cold.
            • 目的状语从句
              • 由so that 以便；以致, in order that 以便, in case 免得；以防, for fear(that), lest 唯恐；以免；为使......不等引导
              • in order that & so that
                • in order that, so that引导的从句谓语常用can, could, may, might, shall, will, would等情态动词
                • in order that引导的从句可位于主句前面或后面
                  • Eg: In order to catch up the first bus, I got up at six this morning.
                • so that引导的从句只能位于主句之后
                  • Eg: I'll run slowly so that you can catch me up.
              • in case, for fear(that), lest
                • 谓语动词可用虚拟语气，should + v.(should不可省略)
                  • Eg: He wrote the name down for fear that/lest he should forget it.
                • 若不用虚拟语气，要用一般现在时或过去时
                  • Eg: Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
            • 结果状语从句
              • 由(so) that, so... that, such... that, so much/many... that引导
              • 如此......以至于
                • so... that
                  • Eg: Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead.
                • such... that
                  • Eg: He's such a good person that we mustn't blame him.
              • 注
                • so & such
                  • so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词，被修饰的形容词后可带名词
                    • 可以与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little等连用，形成固定搭配
                    • Eg: He runs so quickly that none of us can catch up with him.
                  • such是形容词，可以修饰名词或名词词组
                    • Eg: He is such a smart boy that we all like him.
            • 条件状语从句
              • if & unless
                • if 如果
                  • Eg: I will come to see you if I have time.
                • unless = if not... 除非，语气较强，一般不用于虚拟语气
                  • Eg: You can’t learn English well unless you work hard. = If you don’t work hard, you can’t learn English well.
              • on condition (that) 在......条件下；倘若......
                • Eg: You can use my bike on condition that you return it by Friday.
              • as/so long as 只要......就......
                • Eg: As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.
              • in case 以防万一；万一；如果
                • Eg: You'd better take an umbrella in case it rains.
              • suppose/supposing that 假如
                • Eg: Suppose the news is true, what then?
              • provided/providing (that) 假如
                • Eg: Provided we get good weather it will be a successful holiday.
              • only if & if only
                • only if 只要；只有......
                  • 引导真实条件状语从句，一般位于句首，主句采用主谓倒装
                  • Eg: Only if the right light comes on is there any danger to employees.
                • if only 但愿；要是......该多好
                  • 引导虚拟条件句或感叹句
                  • Eg: If only I knew her name.
            • 方式状语从句
              • as & (just) as... so...
                • 它们引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后
                • 当(just) as... so...结构位于句首时，as从句带有比喻的含义意思是“正如......；就像......”
                • Eg
                  • You are supposed to do the experiment as I do.
                  • As water is to fish, so you are to me.
              • as if & as though 仿佛......似的；好像......似的
                • 两者引导的状语从句多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反
                • 有时也用于陈述语气，表示所说的情况是事实或实现的可能性比较大
                • Eg
                  • They looked at me as if/as though I were mad.(虚拟语气)
                  • It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.(可能性比较大)
            • 比较状语从句
              • 主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中，并且常常会省略相同的句子成分
              • 原级
                • as... as ”和......一样“
                  • Eg: You know as much about that as I know.
                • not so/as... as ”和......不一样“
                  • Eg: She is not so/as outgoing as her sister.
              • 比较级：than ”比......更......“
                • Eg: They work harder than we do.
              • 最高级
                • tbe most... in/of
                  • Eg: Of the three questions, this is the most difficult.
                • the + 形容词最高级 + of/in
                  • Eg: This road is the buiest street in our city.
              • 注
                • no more than 只不过（嫌少的意思）
                  • Eg: He is no more than a worker.
                • not more than 不如......；至多（前者不如后者）
                  • Eg: He is not more hardworking than I.
                • one of the + 形容词最高级 + 名词（复数） ”......之一“
                  • Eg
                    • He is one of these men who are always on time.
                    • He is the only one of these men who is always on time.
                      • 从句前有the only,the very等修饰时，谓语动词用单数
            • 让步状语从句
              • 定义
                • 表示“虽然”，“即使”，“尽管”等概念的从句，通常由though, although引导。注：though, although作“虽然”讲，都不能和but连用，但可以同yet/still连用。
              • 分类
                • though
                  • 虽然；尽管 conj.
                    • Eg: Though she was poor, (yet) she wanted to buy that dress.
                  • 虽然；不过；然而 adv.
                    • Eg: He said he would come, he didn't, though.
                  • as though 好像；仿佛
                    • Eg: It was only three years ago, but it feels as though aeons have passed.
                • although
                  • 虽然；尽管；但是；然而 adv.
                    • Eg: Although it is not dangerous, the teacher didn't allow them to swim.
                • 注: though和although都可以在句中作连词，且意思相近。
                  • • though使用更普遍，多用于非正式语体。
                    • although多用于正式语体，常指实际发生的事，而非假象/设想。
                • even if/though 即使
                  • Eg: We' ll go to travel even if/though the weather is bad.
                • whether... or 不管......都
                  • Eg:
                • no matter + 疑问词/疑问词+ever
                • 注
                  • no matter who = whoever no matter what = whatever no matter where = wherever no matter when = whenever no matter how = however no matter which = whichever
                    • no matter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句
                  • Eg
                    • No matter what you do is impractical. (x)
                    • Whatever you do is impractical. (√)
        • 名词性从句
          • 主语从句
            • 定义
              • 在复合句中用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。主语从句通常由连词that、whther，连接代词或连接副词及关系代词what来引导。
            • 分类
              • that引导
                • Eg:That he is still alive is sheer luck.
              • whether引导
                • Eg: Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.
              • 关系代词what引导
                • Eg: What he wants to tell us is not clear.
              • 连接代词引导
                • Eg: Whatever I do is wrong.
              • 连接副词引导
                • Eg: How we find it is unknown.
            • 注：it形式主语
              • 为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语，将主语后置。
              • 分类
                • • 对于用连接词that引导的主语从句，通常可以用形式主语it代替主语从句。
                  • Eg: It is a pity that you lose it.
                • It's + adj./n. + (for sb/sth) + to do sth
                  • • 形容词：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等; 名词：pity, shame, pleasure, one's duty, one's job, fun, joy, good manners等
                    • Eg: It's interesting to play this game. It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old.
                • It's + adj. + of sb + to do sth
                  • • 形容词：nice, wise, silly, polite, friendly, foolish, clever.
                    • Eg:It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house.
                • It's adj./n. + doing sth
                  • • no/little use, no/much good, useless等
                    • Eg: It is no use crying over split milk.
                • It's + adj. + that...
                  • • 形容词：certain, possible, important, necessary, strange, natural, surprising, obvious, true, likely, unusual。除true, likely和obvious外，其它的词后面的that从句一般要用虚拟语气，（should + ）动词原型。
                    • Eg: It is strange that she should be so rude to you. It is obvious that they are winning.
                • It's + n. + that...
                  • • 名词：fact, honor, belief, good thing/news, (no) wonder, no doubt, pity, shame等。在使用pity和shame时，从句一般都用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形，should可以省略)，以表示出乎意料，如没有这层含义则无需使用虚拟语气。
                    • Eg: It is an honor that I am invited to speak here, at the conference. It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class.
                • It's + v-ed(过分) + that...
                  • • 不及物动词过去分词：said, told, known, reported, recorded, thought, belived, considered; 在使用suggested, ordered, required等表示请求、建议、命令的词时，that后面的从句需使用(should + 动词圆形)的虚拟语气，其中should可以省略。
                    • Eg: It is well known that Taiwan is part of China. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
                • It + v.(不及物) + that...
                  • • 不及物动词：seem, happen, appear, matter等
                    • Eg: It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow. It does'nt matter whether she will come with us or not.
                • It + v.(及物) + 宾语 + 主语从句
                  • • 及物动词：affect, disappoint, impress, interest, worry, (doesn't) make difference, (won't) change the situation等
                    • Eg: It disappointed us most that our son failed in the English test again. It makes no difference whether Peter go or not.
                • It takes sb + sometime to do sth
                  • Eg: It took us half an hour to ride to the town by bike.
                • It.s time(about time, hight time) + that...
                  • • 此句型中that后面的从句需用虚拟语气，常用过去时态表示虚拟；有时也用should + 动词原形表示虚拟，表示“正是......的时候”，其中should不可省略。
                    • Eg: It is time that children should go to bed. It is time that children went to bed.
          • 宾语从句
            • 在句子起宾语作用的从句教宾语从句，即在复合句中作主语的宾语。
            • 分类
              • 动词宾语从句
                • 及物动词
                  • Eg: I think that she loves me.
                • 及物动词+副词
                  • Eg: Can you find out how many problems we have?
                • 动词短语
                  • Eg: Make sure that you get there on time.
              • 介词宾语从句
                • wh-一类
                  • Eg: We are talking about who should go there. They are finding out where the problem lies.
                • that/if一类
                  • Eg: I don't know if you can help me. She said that he could swim very well
              • 形容词宾语从句
                • • 常见形容词有glad, sure, certain, happy, sorry, afraid等
                  • Eg: I am glad that you invite me to come here. It is certain that you will miss the train.
            • 注：it形式宾语
              • 为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。
              • 分类
                • 动词+宾语补足语：think, find, feel, consider, make sure, believe等
                  • Eg: He find it hard to learn English well. He makes it a rule never to borrow money.
                • 动词+宾语从句：take, hate, like, have, owe等
                  • Eg: I have got it that our task is very difficult. I don't like it that he's so lazy.
              • 注：若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it形式宾语
                • Eg: They all think what he did unwise.
          • 表语从句
            • 说明主语是什么或怎么样的句子叫做表语从句。表语从句由名词、形容词或相当于名词/形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语部分。
            • 分类
              • 连系动词引导：be, look, seem, sound, appear等
                • Eg: It seems we have made a progress. The problem is when we can get a pay rise. His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
              • as, as if, though等引导
                • Eg: It looks as if he were sleeping.
              • because, why引导
                • Eg: That is because I pricticed a lot. That is why he came.
            • 注：使用虚拟语气的表语从句
              • 在表示劝告、建议或命令等含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用should + 动词原形，常见词有：plan, advice, suggestion, order, proposal, idea等
              • Eg: My idea is that we should do it in this way. His proposal was that we should hold a meeting.
          • 同位语从句
            • 在复合句中充当同位语的从句叫做同位语从句，一般用that, whether, what, which, who, when, where, why,how等词引导。
            • 分类
              • 语义完整，使用that引导
                • Eg: We received the order that we should finish this task at once.
              • 表达“是否”，使用whether引导
                • Eg: We are talking about the peoblem whether we should buy a new car.
              • 表达“什么时候", "什么地点",“什么方式”使用when, where, which引导
                • Eg: I have no impression how we met each other at first. I have no idea when I can get my book.
            • 注
              • 当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。
                • Eg: The idea came to his mind that he had put his key in the drawer.
              • 在suggestion, advice, request, order等表示"建议，命令，要求"的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常"should + 动词原形"，其中should可以省略。
                • Eg: He gave me some suggestions how I (should) use the microscope. My teacher gabe us some advice that I (should) read English every day.