Cambridge IGCS Chemistry Coursebook 2023 Chapter 18 知识点整理

This is a mind map about organic chemistry，Main content: Structural formulae, homologous series and isomerism，Names and formulae of organic compounds。

organic chemistry

• Structural formulae, homologous series and isomerism
  • Structural formulae and homologous series
    • homologous series
      • • the same functional group
      • • the same general formula
      • • members that differ from one to the next by a CH2- unit
      • • a consistent trend in physical properties with increasing molecular size
      • • similar chemical properties.
    • structural formula: the structural formula of an organic molecule shows how all the groups of atoms are arranged in the structure
  • Structural isomerism of hydrocarbons and alcohols
    • intermolecular forces: the weak attractive forces that act between molecules
    • structural isomerism: a property of compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae; the individual compounds are known as structural isomers
  • Esters of carboxylic acids and isomerism
    • ethanoic acid + ethanol → ethyl ethanoate + water
    • esters: a family of organic compounds formed by esterification, characterised by strong and pleasant tastes and smells
• Names and formulae of organic compounds
  • Carbon's unique properties
    • carbon atoms can join to each other to form long chains: atoms of other elements can then attach to the chain
    • the carbon atoms in a chain can be linked by single, double or triple covalent bonds
    • carbon atoms can also arrange themselves in rings.
  • Hydrocarbons
    • Alkanes
      • saturated hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons molecules in which al the carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds
      • alkanes: a series of hydrocarbons; they are saturated compounds as they have only single bonds between carbon atoms in their structure
      • molecular formula: a formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound
      • displayed formula: a representation of the structure of a compound that shows all the atoms and bonds in the molecule
    • Alkenes
      • alkenes: a series of hydrocarbons; they are unsaturated molecules as they have a C=C double bond somewhere in the chain
    • Chemical test for unsaturation
      • unsaturated hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons whose molecules contain at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond
      • addition reaction: a reaction in which a simple molecule adds across the carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene
    • hydrocarbons: organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only; the alkanes and alkenes are two series of hydrocarbons
  • Homologous series of organic compounds
    • homologous series: a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group
    • functional group: the atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
    • Alcohols
      • Alcohols: A homologous series of compounds with the -OH functional group. The simplest member of the series is methanol.
    • Carboxylic acid
      • Carboxylic acid: A homologous series of compounds with the -COOH functional group. The simplest member of the series is methanoic acid.
  • Naming organic compounds
    • naming the addition product
      • • The product has two carbon atoms joined by a single bond. So, it is named after ethane.
      • • The molecule contains two bromine atoms. It is called dibromoethane.
      • • The bromine atoms are not both attached to the same carbon atom. One bromine atom is bonded to each carbon atom. The carbon atoms are numbered 1 and 2. The full name of the compound is 1,2-dibromoethane.
  • organic chemistry: studies on the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds that contain carbon in covalent bonding