Cambridge IGCS Chemistry Coursebook 2023 Chapter 19 知识点整理

This is a mind map about Reactions of organic compounds，Main content: Carboxylic acids and esters，Chemistry of ethanol，Characteristic reactions of different homologous series。

Reactions of organic compounds

• Characteristic reactions of different homologous series
  • Chemistry of the alkanes
    • Alkanes as fuels
    • Combustion of the alkanes
    • Substitution reactions with chlorine
      • substitution reaction: a reaction in which an atom (or atoms) of a molecule is (are) replaced by different atom(s), without changing the molecule's general structure
      • photochemical reaction: a chemical reaction where the activation energy required to start the reaction is provided by light, usually of particular wavelength, falling on the reactants
      • isomers: compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of the atoms - they have different structural formulae
  • Chemistry of alkenes
    • catalytic cracking: the decomposition of long-chain alkanes into alkenes and alkanes of lower relative molecular mass; involves passing the larger alkane molecules over a catalyst heated to 500°C
      • All cracking reactions give
        • • an alkane with a shorter chain than the original and a short-chain alkene
        • • or two or more alkenes and hydrogen.
    • fractional distillation: a method of distillation using atractionating column, used to separate liquids with different boiling points
    • Combustion of alkenes
    • Bromination
    • Hydrogenation
      • hydrogenation: an addition reaction in which hydrogen is added across the double bond in an alkene
    • Catalytic addition of steam
      • Hydration: the addition of the elements of water across a carbon-carbon double bond; H- adds to one carbon, and -OH to the other
• Chemistry of ethanol
  • Fermentation
    • alcohols: a series of organic compounds containing the functional group -OH
    • fermentation: a reaction carried out using a living organism, usually a yeast or bacteria, to produce a useful chemical compound; most usually refers to the production of ethanol
  • Hydration of ethene
  • Comparing the methods of ethanol production
    • Uses of ethanol
• Carboxylic acids and esters
  • carboxylic acids: a homologous series of organic compounds containing the functional group -COOH
  • Formation of ethanoic acid by oxidation of ethanol
    • refluxing: a practical technique using a (reflux) condenser fitted vertically to condense vapours from an experiment back into a flask
  • Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acid
    • • Ethanoic acid solution will react with reactive metals such as magnesium to give a salt and hydrogen gas:
    • • It will react with bases to form salts:
    • • Vinegar can be used as a 'descaler' in hard water areas. The ethanoic acid in vinegar reacts with limescale (calcium carbonate), producing carbon dioxide and dissolving the scale:
  • Esterification
    • esterification: the chemical reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid that produces an ester; the other product is water