导图社区 ACCA_AAA思维导图
这是一篇关于ACCA-AAA的思维导图。该思维导图比较系统全面,有望全科通过,2020年7月考季一次通过3门AAA SBR AFM。
编辑于2021-08-19 20:38:00AAA
Part A Audit of historical financial information 主要审计准则
1 audit revision
reasonable assurance
not 100% assurance, because of the inherent limitation, the opinion on evidence is persuasive rather than conclusive
因为可能会有一些故意隐瞒的舞弊,按照正规程序查不出来的,算固有风险
in all material respects
impact, nature, value
0.5%revenue, 1%total assets, 5%profit before tax
type of modified opinion
2 audit planning
不用给建议 需要解释清楚风险的缘由
2.1 accounting issue
答题格式
重点在于对IFRS的熟悉
Matter to consider
1. Materiality ($220m , 1.8% of asset, 3.6% of profit) 2. IAS (as brief as possible !!!) 3. RoMM (这里才是重点!!) 4. Impact overstate understate(具体到科目)
Evidence
能结合案例中的数据的也要结合!比如55 executives 1. ASP,action,source,purpose 2. 按照会计准则的顺序写,比较有逻辑,比如确认的话要满足条件,满足条件有没有对应的证据,比如IAS 36的计算顺序,一个个数据进行查证 3. Common sense,比较乱,可以用来补充,比如出车祸了,就要找保险报告
action 多用 inspect,少用review, discuss, enquire,因为这些口头证据比书面证据没用
记得purpose要写清楚,而且要够细 比如xxxx to confirm the accuracy of research cost of $1.2m
RoMM和audit risk的答题格式基本相同
audit risk = RoMM x detection risk detection risk 包括 新客人,DDL太紧 control risk 包括IT system,management override
2.2 analytical procedures
目的: 1. identify RoMM 2. developing audit strategy and plan
evaluation of financial information through analysis of plausible合理的 relationship between financial and non-financial data
答题模板: 1. 主要指标改变xx% 2. 相关指标对应改变xx% 3. 抄题,说明有没有one-off事项改变了指标(扣非) 4. 说明存在风险 有改变的原因就说原因,没有合理原因那就是有风险
operating margin, ROCE, interest cover, effective tax rate, current ratio, gearing ratio
积累
interest
finance cost中举债可能有限制性契约,债务的限制性契约要披露
gearing和finance cost有相关关系
tax
effective tax rate应该保持稳定
tax = current tax + deferred tax,如果DTL增加很多,profit减少一点,tax不变,就有错误
unused loss在未来3年中有profit的话可以抵消,有可能某一年没有利用起来,那就不行
2.3 business risk
定义: adversely affect an entity's ability to achieve its objectives 对企业实现目标的能力有不良的影响
目标包括:财报、经营、合规
不要提到会计准则,单纯就是从业务层面说
答题顺序:为什么是个风险? → 对business和audit的影响 → 对profit, cash flow, survival(related to F/S)这三个点的影响
revenue↓ cost↑ profit↓ reputation↓ cashflow↓ going concern×
积累
比率
不同的行业重视不同的比率
现金流
按照现金流量表从上到下的思路进行分析
overtrading
收入上升,但是利润率下降,流动性恶化 - going concern
融资分析
如果之后借不到钱会怎样
3 audit evidence - MJ's approach
答题思路
重大交易三兄弟
agreement/contract
authorised?——board minutes
cash book and bank statement
事件推动
联系case中的具体情况
accouting issue
disclose / confirm / 专业的话,按照IFRS中的计算顺序挨个数据查证, 比如IAS 36,就查carrying amount,recoverable amount,FV,PV
e.g. confirm research expense not be capitalised, confirm the probability of the provision
积累
impairment
p47
intangible asset
p53
IFRS 5 non-current asset held for sale and discontinued operations
p62
4 completing the audit
ISA 560: subsequent events
对应IAS 10: adjusting: existed at the end of the reporting period non-adjusting: after the end of the reporting period
auditor's responsibility: 12.31 ~ 4.28 ~ 4.30 FY sign issue 在FY~sign,审计师有主动发现的义务,要做充足恰当的审计程序should perform 在sign~issue,审计师没有责任主动发现,但如果知道了,要采取措施(被动责任)have no obligation
审计报告可以在财务报告发布之前先发布,但是不能在财务报告之后,因为向市场发布的应该是已通过审计的财务报告
ISA 570: going concern
活不过12个月,就没有长期和短期资产之分,也没有折旧的意义
恰当,但是有重大疑虑 appropriate, material uncertainty
material uncertainty is adequately disclosed
unqualified but add a material uncertainty related to going concern paragraph
material uncertainty is not adequately disclosed
qualified / adverse
不恰当 inappropriate
adverse, material and pervasive
审计范围受限 unable to assess
qualified / disclaimer, due to insufficient appropriate evidence
review of audit files
engagement partner / reviewer审核
知道就好,一般是题干内容
ISA 450: evaluation of misstatement identified during the audit
definition
not be treated correctly in accordance with IFRS, 4 kinds of misstatement
amount
classfication
presentation
discontinued operations are not seperated
disclosure
contingent liability disclosure missing
specific requirement and application
the auditor shall accumulate misstatement identified during the audit, rather than those that are clearly trivial明显微小的不用积累,大于微小临界值的才要累计
错报类型
factual misstatement
no doubt, e.g. clear breach IFRS毋庸置疑做错的
judgement misstatement
accounting estimates inappropriate会计估计上不太恰当
projected misstatement
identified misstatement to the entire population from which the sample were drawn 通过测试样本估计出的总体错报 - 测试中已经识别的具体错报
如果推断错报很大,那就要进一步执行审计程序,可能调低重要性水平
要与TCWG沟通,如果不改,那就改审计报告,同时要获得不改的written representation,说不改的话,F.S. still free from material misstatement
ISA 520: overall review of the financial statements
审计始于AP,终于AP,之前做的是找风险点,最后做的是看趋势与想象理解中的符合否
ISA 720: the auditor's responsibilities relating to other information in documents
当IR中的经营分析等其他非财报的地方与财报不一致inconsistent的时候,可以在other information段落里面进行说明
ISA 580: written representations
两个基本声明
提供必要审计证据,但是不是充分的
准备报告FS preparing
已经对FS尽责了,会计估计有合理理由,关联方已经告知,期后事项有告知,没有改的都是小错误
提供信息information providing
为审计师提供证据、提供人员配合
特定认定assertion的WP
对于虚的管理层判断、意图、未来计划 → WP是必要的 对于有实在证据可查证的 → WP是形式上的
IFRS 5 held-for-sale有意图在未来时点出售资产,没有其他证据的时候可以让管理成写WP保证书
管理层不想改错报的时候,要让他们写WP说他们认为这些不改,也不会造成重大错报
5 reporting
basic elements: 1. title 2. addressee 3. opinion paragraph 4. basis for opinion paragraph 5. material uncertainty related to going concern paragraph* 6. emphasis of matter paragraph* 7. key audit matters paragraph 8. other matter paragraph* 9. responsibility of management and those charged with governance for the financial statements 10. auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements 11. report on other legal and regulatory requirements 12. name of audit engagement partner 13. signature of audit engagement partner and/or audit firm 14. auditor's address 15. date of the auditor's report
opinion & paragraphs
qualified 'except for' basis for xxx paragraph
Should include the material misstatement amount in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification要在basis段落中进行量化
Material uncertainty related to going concern paragraph
在有持续经营问题的时候才包括
Emphasis of matter paragraph
appropriately presented but it's fundamental to users' understanding to make economic decision正确披露,但是很重要有必要引起关注
opinion will not qualified in respect of this matter而且不会因为这一点而修改意见
cross references,引用到某一个note
Other matter paragraph
如果在非财报内容中有些与财报数据不一致,要说
KAM
definition: in the auditor's professional judgement, the most significant in the audit of the FS of the current period
在审计师的职业判断中,认为财务报告中最重大的事项
目的是为了提高信息使用者和审计师之间的沟通,告诉使用者,审计师关注了哪些点,为何关注,用了哪些审计程序,协助使用者了解。
上市公司才必须使用
3 types of KAM
重大风险、会计估计、重大交易
1 areas of higher assess RoMM or significant risk identified
重大风险高的领域识别出的特别风险
特别风险: 舞弊导致的 管理层凌驾于内控之上 超出正常经营范围的重大关联方交易
2 significant auditor judgement relating to areas in FS involve significant management judgement
重大管理层判断
3 effect on the audit of significant events or transaction
重大交易
措辞
这些事项是对本期财务报表审计最为重要的事项,但是我们以整体报表发表意见,而不对这些事项单独发表意见。
auditors' reports to those charged with governance
审计师应该与治理层讨论的事项:审计一开始的范围 时间安排、识别的特别风险、发现的重大问题、审计遇到的困难、管理层不想改、会修改审计报告的事项 沟通要及时timing
report的两种考法
matter to discuss with magt, impact on report
基本上就是会计准则的运用
改报告
一般有30%是heading之类的小问题,70%是语句错误和意见错误
Part B Other issue in audit 其他审计准则
1 group audits
subsidiary, joint venture, associate
未整合完成并不是不合并的借口
如果股票没有投票权,那么即使到25%也不用IAS 28
有一票否决权的人才有控制权,如果是共同控制,则是JV
IFRS3 business combination
合并是重大交易,一般都会用到三兄弟,主要看goodwill计算过程有没有问题
按照顺序把计算过程中的对价、NCI、net identifiable asset、goodwill都找清楚
集团中成员的会计政策可能不同,需要调整
证据中可能会用到due diligence report
IFRS10 consolidated financial statements
URP记得查,分别从价、量两方面入手,可能用来把闲置存货“盘活”
集团审计,母公司和集团都要出报告,共2份
没有商誉:可能刚好为0,可能被减值完了,可能算错
ISA 600: special considerations - audits of group financial statement
significant component指集团审计的时候识别出下列特征
significant 1: 单个component对集团来说金额重大
全审
significant 2: 单个的nature or circumstances可能导致集团出现重大错报
全审、特定科目、特定程序进行选择
比如有外币折算的,虽然金额不重大,但是算错可能对其他影响很大
component auditor因为不方便自己审计,用local auditor
另外的审计师道德水平,海外的道德标准是否相同?sufficient involvement是否足够获得证据?当地监管严不严格?
如果没有significant 1 2,那就不用管local audit,反正对集团来说影响很小,而且责任由component auditor兜着
但是如果出事了,集团审计要全负责
matter to consider before accepting appoitment as parent company auditor 接受集团审计前考虑的东西
集团审的部分的重要性、component的RoMM、与component auditor的关系
component abroad的难处:会计政策不同、文化、语言
当component的audit report opinion is modified的时候,集团不一定会modified,因为不一定超过重要性水平
component materiality集团500w,那么component不能大于500w,但是几个加起来大于500w没关系
eg. 子公司广泛pervasive但是集团不广泛,所以子公司adverse但是集团qualified
joint audit两家做同一个项目,共同发表一份意见
理由:新并购的子公司用了原本的审计师比较方便、地域太大、子公司所处国家法律要求只能当地审计师审
要记得看当地事务所的资质
责任是两家事务所共同负全责
joint liable
2 fraud and law
ISA 240: the auditor's responsibilities relating to fraud in an audit of financial statements
1 定义
故意做错,两种,表上错了;实际没了
2 责任所属
审计师不检查舞弊,管理层才检查,auditor is required to obtain reasonable assurance that the FS is free from MM whether caused by fraud or error只要有合理保证就行,舞弊到很高端的话,也就不合理了,审计师就没责任了
keep professional skepticism, difficult to detect, deliberate hidden, appropriate procedure could not detect舞弊是故意的,用appropriate的审计程序可能也查不到
questioning mind, alert, critical assessment, related party, management bias
3 风险评估程序
询问管理层的风险评估、舞弊三角(motivation opportunity dishonesty)要假设存在舞弊风险去查
4 应对舞弊导致的风险
change the nature of audit procedure(more physical observation and inspection) timing突击 extent多干活 3个都是为了增加不可预见性unpredictable
5 发现舞弊的措施
舞弊不是一个孤立的事件,有一个金额改了,可能还有很多其他的要改,需要重新评估已经做了的流程的恰当性,考虑到了fraud的nature
6 与上级沟通
比如经理造假,要向总经理回报
ISA 250: consideration of laws and regulations in an audit of financial statements
遵守两类法规: 1. 税法、养老金 2. 对金额和披露没有直接影响但是对可持续经营能力有重大影响(本节重点)
1 责任所属
管理层负全责,审计师只对报表负责
审计师对above的1要收集充分恰当的审计证据(因为它们就是报表里面的科目啊) 对above的2只执行特定审计程序,用来识别重大风险的行为
2 auditor's consideration of compliance with laws
了解客户行业法规、如何comply法规、对报表有重大影响的法律、对经营活动有影响的法律(环境保护)、如果发现有违法的时候,要问律师 管理层等、法律对应的影响涉及到估计,有估计就可以用WP
3 when discover possible non-compliance
understand the nature of act and circumstances + further evidence
evaluate the impact, if management does not take remedial action, can withdrawal from the engagement,影响指的是对报表的影响
4 report the identified or suspected non-compliance
discuss with TCWG as soon as possible, because it may deliberate and potential seriousness
report to third party if necessary
答题顺序:事实→了解法律→更多证据→impact to FS→TCWG→threat intimidation→内控→seek legal advice
professional liability
对于疏忽negligence,谁主张,谁举证
duty of care, breached, cause loss
证明3点 缺一不可,有责任,但是违背了责任,而且造成了一定损失
审计师对客户天然有duty of care,因为这本来就是合同里面规定的啊,废话!
joint and several liability
高管舞弊,BOD和审计师都没查出来,可以起诉其中任意一个,被起诉的那个再找其他人一起分担
managing exposure to liability
disclaimer of liability免责条款,liability limitation agreement有限补偿协议,实务中常见,用来规避掉一些风险
money laundering
definition
process by which criminal attempt to conceal the true origin and ownership of the proceeds of their criminal activity
3 stages
placement放到适合洗钱的行业中, layering让人摸不清楚来源 比如汇到海外, integration拿回来move back
money laudering offences
report to MLRO, training, tipping off offence不要打草惊蛇, due diligence, maintain records
3 using the work of others
利用内审和专家的工作很相似,内审 其实也可以看为,内部专家
ISA 610: using the work of internal auditors
看内审的地位 独立性 灵魂干净否、competence有能力否、内审采用的方法好不好systematic and disciplined approach
依赖内审时需要的程序: 1. 得到公司的书面同意 2. 得到内审的书面同意 并且确认当出现道德冲突时的处理方式
依赖内审的工作不能减轻事务所的责任,而且在审计报告中不能说依赖内审
ISA 620: using the work of an auditor's expert
专家独立否objectivity、有经验否competence、专家的工作范围scope of work、评价专家工作的恰当性relevance of conclusions
两者其实有相似性,可以用于协助记忆 道德方面要客观、能力方面、工作范围、使用的方式 对审计意见独立承担责任,不因为利用内审、专家的工作而减轻责任
4 specific accounting issues
ISA 540: auditing accounting estimates, including fair value accounting estimates and related disclosures会计估计方面
1 性质、定义
2 程序
了解准则、了解哪些交易用到会计估计、了解管理层如何做估计
3 识别、评估风险
审计师评估不确定性的程度,看高度估计不确定性的会计估计是否导致特别风险
4 应对风险
估计有没有相关证据
5 进一步SP
敏感性分析
ISA 550: related parties关联方交易
不平等条款abnormal terms、没商业实质lack of a logical business reason、大量large volume都可能是关联交易风险
1 风险评估
隐瞒的、超出正常经营范围的
必查银行回单、询证函、股东和治理层会议纪要
2 识别、评估重大错报风险
3 应对风险
检查合同,评估合同商业理由,交易条款与管理层的解释,看有没有适当披露,之前学的三兄弟 授权在这里并不适用,因为授权并不能说明不存在舞弊
ISA 510: initial audit engagements - opening balances第一次审计
特指首次审计,目标是看期初余额是否含有对本期财报产生重大影响的错报、期初的会计政策是否在本期中得到一贯运用,如果IAS 8变了,当期有没有跟着变
很多题目都有说是new client 这个时候就可以用这些
这个会涉及到detection risk 同时,还有DDL紧也是
上期末的结转正确否bought forward、会计政策正确使用否application、上期审计报告
predecessor auditor前任审计师, professional clearance沟通,三角形的那个
都是按照风险导向的框架 风险评估、识别风险、应对风险
Part C Other assignments 事务所审计之外的其他业务
1 audit-related services and other assurance services
assurance provided
事务所中,只有审计(报表、内控)给了合理保证positive,其他的都是有限保证negative form of expression,reasonable assurance,limited assurance
合理保证in our opinion internal control is effective, in all material respects, based on XYZ criteria
有限保证nothing has come to our attention that causes us to believe that internal control is not effective, in all material respects, based on XYZ criteria
两种句式要会写,进行对比
limited assurance review - financial information 审阅
企业达到标准后,必须做审计,而没达到之前,可以做简单的准备——审阅
审阅是有限保证,简单的AP和询问即可
与审计的对比 1 强制与非强制mandatory 2 determination of scope审计有ISA指引,审阅是事务所和客户协商确定 3 nature of procedure审计wide审阅只有AP和询问 4 reasonable和moderate level,用很多程序的就是合理保证,没那么多的就是moderate(适度的 中等的)
due diligence reviews 尽调
一种特殊的审阅,并购方为了了解被并购方所有信息 定义风险,当然也可以是被并购方了解并购方
purpose of due dilligence
1 information gathering:确保acquirer有full knowledge of the financial and non-financial of the target company
2 verification of management representation:证实vendor(被并方)提供的信息
3 identification of asset and liability定价
4 operational issue看运营能力
5 acquisition planning偏投行,看synergy,看投后管理
benefit of DD
外部提供DD,可以让高管更加高效,减少偏差,提高可信度,用来贷款
DD VS audit
1range of sources used: DD范围广 但是深度没那么深 DD还做了non-financial
2 level of assurance: DD一般不发表意见 除非客户要求 有意见也是有限保证
3 types of procedure performed: DD只做询问和AP 与审阅相同
4 forward looking vs mainly historical: DD预测未来,审计证实历史
5 no controls testing: DD不用看内控 除非有要求
思路,词汇积累areas to focus on and additional information 收购可行性 equity owners, 有没有VC 有VC的话 未来更有可能卖掉 收购原因 motivation of acquisition 为了synergy 收购估值 FV of net asset,internally generated intangible asset, tangible asset, contingent liability
2 prospective financial information
ISAE 3400: the examination of prospective financial information
对预测未来数据的审计,事务所一般是做给外界的,做给股东、银行看,融资需求
接受PFI业务之前要考虑的因素
道德方面:有融资,就有advocacy威胁,直接为企业好的,都有advocacy威胁
competence and time frame事务所有没有这方面的人才和时间 鉴定的标的是什么 用不用出报告 intended user是银行用的还是?general use还是limited use 预测中所用到的假设assumption,如果太激进,就不接了
有限保证
答题格式
通用答案 1. 看看做forecast的人是不是有competence 2. cast,确认accuracy 3. accounting policy是不是与之前连贯
出题种类
能不能接客
forecast要怎么查
3 forensic audits
舞弊调查,量化财务损失;事务所被起诉,请另外的事务所来查
考虑的东西和审计相似,可以从被偷东西的价格和数量入手考虑
4 social, environmental and public sector auditing
ISA 250相似。不遵守的话有两种影响,provision被罚,资产被限制。审计师不单独对社会责任报告负责,但是要了解其中的因素对FS的影响,评估风险,比如provision
相关SP: documentary review: minutes, publicly available information, report by environmenttal expert, IA, lawyer ......
performance information in the public sector
measurable and relevant
audit of performance information看提供的信息对不对 增加可信度 performance auditing有点像3E VFM看有没有达到目标←AAA考的是这个
5 internal audit and outsourcing
p294 优缺点
6 service organisation
client把部门外包出去,因为审计师与外包公司没有直接关系,所以难沟通
要了解外包商的风险,外包商的审计报告也是证据
Part D Professional and ethical issue 道德
1 ethics
principle 和 threat的定义
答题模板
1. 识别 + 原因,self-interest threat, why it's a threat 2. 评估 + 原因,materiality 3. 引用code,according to IESBA, the auditor should not... 4. 措施,safeguard
常见的道德冲突
- Financial interest - 提供了主营业务之外的服务,比如苹果公司给审计师提供洗脚服务 - Business relationship with audit client和客户一起举行巡回演讲,一起做生意 私人关系 - 太长的engagement,大于7年 - 提供了accounting related service - Recruitment收钱 - 帮客人保管资产
2 quality control 2018/6 Q3
特指事务所内部的质量控制,ISQC, 按照accept(ethic,competence,experience),plan(team human resource),field work(supervision),report(review)进行质量控制,可以按照审计的流程来进行撰写答案。 (不用专门准备,都是结合之前的知识进行分析,跟查deficiencies有点类似,deficiencies是企业的,QC是事务所的)
- QC reviewer,也是QC partner,应该是大于或等于engagement partner,才能去review他 - 看案例,案例里面有的才写,不要过度拓展,不然就变成臆想 - 与客户员工是亲戚,有familarity威胁,影响客观。 - 重大的才需要向管理层报告,不重大的就不用了
3 obtaining and accepting professional appointments
事务所拉业务的规定
答题注意事项 AAA很注重答案质量
materiality
这个属于easy mark,而且不用写很长,固定格式如下 development cost is material ($300m, 5% profit, 3% of asset)
重视application
准则中挑相关的一个小点说就行了,不用把整个准则背下来 IAS 38 technical feasibility has not proven, therefore the cost of $300m can not capitalised.
impact写到对应科目
therefore the intangible asset has been overstated, and expense be understated by $300m.
link to case
对应到行业
expert should has the experience in the fruit tree valuation, has biological qualification
对应到具体数字
the qualified 55 directors should be calculated 而不是 the staffs should be calculated
写到分析要深入
the online sale discount rate may not update in the accounting system, the revenue may forgot to calculate the discount. 而不是 the discount will lead the revenue misstatement.
更多的点链接起来相呼应,而不是孤立的 (相对比较难)
the valuer should be objective, but the BoD is consist by family, therefore the valuer may appoint has relationship will the family 而不是 the value should without financial or personal link with company
格式分
report to BoD of xxx Co introduction(简单把题干抄一下) heading xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx conclusion(把找到的问题简单总结一下) report complied by date
To: xxx From: xxx Subject: xxx introduction(简单把题干抄一下) heading xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx conclusion(把找到的问题简单总结一下)