英语语法——实义动词

详细讲解英语实义动词的用法，实义动词作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

实义动词

• 概述
  • 实义动词具有完整的词义，能独立用作谓语，分及物动词和不及物动词。
    • 及物动词
      • 及物动词从语义上不能完整的叙述“做什么”的过程，需要有自己的宾语来说明动词的接受者、对象物或处所等客观实体，才能构成完整的意义。通常及物动词可用于被动语态。
        • The store employed extra workers at Christmas.
        • Extra workers were employed by the store at Christmas.
        • 圣诞节期间店里雇了临时工。
      • 有些不及物动词与介词构成短语，夜作及物动词，并能用于被动句。
        • She looked after the little baby closely.
        • The little baby was closely looked after by her.
        • 她细心照顾婴儿。
    • 不及物动词
      • 不及物动词从语义上说明了“做什么”的过程，本身意义完整，不涉及动作接受者、对象或处所等客观实体。在语法上不需要宾语，因此一般至于主动语态有关。
        • Take time when time comes, lest time steal away.〈谚〉把握时辰，勿失良机。
        • We will arrive the day after tomorrow.我们将宇后天到达。
      • 但在英语中，某些不及物动词克与介词连用（vi+prep），构成短语动词。这类短语动词具有机务动词的特征，需要有自己的宾语。
        • I will listen to any suggestion you make.我乐意倾听你提出的任何建议
• 实义动词的类型
  • 转移性动词
    • 转移性动词(Transfer Verb)是表示对象物所有权的转移或位置转移的及物动词。在 表示对象物所有权的转移时，通常要涉及被转移的对象物和动作接受者。所以在句法上, 表现为需要两个宾语：对象物为直接宾语，动作接受者为间接宾语。表示对象物的位置 转移时，一般要涉及被转移的对象物和处所。在句法上，对象物构成宾语，表处所的名 词这时通常与介词连用，构成介词短语，作地点状语。
      • （1） 给予型动词
        • 给予型动词(Give Verb)—— 表示对象物的所有权由动作执行者向动作接受者的转移。这类动词数量较多，情况较为复杂，下面从6个方面分别说明。
          • 1|||
            • 动词 accord, advance, allot, allow, assign, award, cause, deal, deny, do good / harm, feed, give, grant, lend, leave, offer, owe, pay, refuse, render, rent, return, sell, serve 等动词可用于“v. + sb. + sth.” 和 “v. + sth. + to + sb."2 种句型。 在这两种句型中，人是对象物的接受者，物是被转移的对象，to是表示转移方向的介词。如:
              • a
                • He advanced me some money. /He advanced some money to me.他预支给我一 些钱。
              • b
                • I dealt him a blow. /I dealt a blow to him.我打了他一下。
              • c
                • He denied his wife nothing. /He denied nothing to his wife.他妻子要什么，他给什么。
              • 动词feed, serve除用上述两种句型外，还可用于“v. + sb. + with + sth.”句型。如：
                • She served me a cup of tea.
                • She served a cup of tea to me.
                • She served me with a cup of tea.
                • 她给我端来一杯茶。
          • 2|||
            • 动词 allocate, confide, consign, contribute, convey, dedicate, delegate, depute, devote, distribute, donate, let, recommend （托付，交付），restore 等，通常用于 "v. + sth. + to + sb."句型中。如：
              • a
                • All the children contributed their free time to the concert.
                • All the children's free time was contributed to the concert.
                • 所有这些孩子都把空闲时间献给了这个音乐会。
              • b
                • People donated money to the city for a children's park.
                • Money was donated to the city for a children's park.
                • 人们给城市捐款修建一座儿童公园。
              • c
                • We have already allocated half of the medical supplies to the victims of earthquake.
                • Half of the medical supplies have already been allocated to the victims of earthquake.
                • 一半的医药供应品已经配给地震灾民。
              • 动词entrust也可用于上述句型。如：
                • Can I entrust you with the task?
                • Can I entrust the task to you?
                • 我能把这项任务托付给你吗？
          • 3|||
            • 动词 furnish, issue, present 等可以用于“v. + sb. + with + sth."和“v. + sth. + to + sb.”两种句型。如:
              • a
                • I am happy to present the hospital with this gift of money.
                • I am happy to present this gift of money to the hospital.
                • 我很高兴给医院捐献这笔款。
              • b
                • The university has issued all the students with books for the new course.
                • The university has issued books to all the students for the new course.
                • 该大学己向全体学生发了这门新课程所用的书。
            • 动词entrust也可用于上述句型。如：
              • c
                • Can I entrust you with the task?
                • Can I entrust the task to you?
                • 我能把这项任务托付给你吗？
          • 4|||
            • 动词 provide, supply 可用"v.+sb.+ with + sth."和 "v. + sth. + for + sb."两种句型，for后跟对象物接受者。如：
              • a
                • The firm provides its workers with their uniform.
                • The firm provides uniforms for its workers.
                • 这家公司给工作人员提供制服。
              • b
                • Farmers supply city dwellers with grain and meat.
                • Farmers supply grain and meat for city dwellers.
                • 农民给城市居民提供粮食和肉类。
          • 5|||
            • 动词 favour, reward 只用于 "v. + sb. + with + sth." 句型。如:
              • a
                • Will you favour me with a reply to my letter?烦请赐复。
                • Favour us with a song.给我们唱支歌。
              • b
                • I rewarded him with a gift of money for his great help.
                • He was rewarded with a gift of money for his great help.
                • 我给他一笔赏金，奖励他的巨大帮助。
          • 6|||
            • 动词 bestow, confer, devolve, lavish 只能用于 "v. + sth. + on /upon + sb." 句型。 介词on /upon表示对象物自上而下的转移。如：
              • a
                • The President conferred a title on the brave sailor.
                • A title was conferred on the brave sailor.
                • 总统授予这位勇敢的水手一个称号。
              • b
                • The committee bestowed an honorary title on the young.
                • An honorary title was bestowed on the young musician.
                • 委员会授予这位青年音乐家一个荣誉称号。
      • （2） 接受型动词
        • 接受型动词（Receive Verb）—— 表示动作接受者从动作执行者那里接受被转移的对象物（实物或信息）。这类动词通常都有相对应的给予型动词，如 buy-sell, get/ obtain /receive—give, borrow—lend, hear—tell 等。rent 本身既是接受型动词，又 是给予型动词。如：
          • a
            • John bought a second-hand bike from Tom.
            • Tom sold John a second-hand bike.
            • Tom sold a second-hand bike to John.
            • 约翰从汤姆那里买了一辆旧自行车。
          • b
            • Susan got /received /obtained a Christmas card from Harry.
            • Harry gave Susan a Christmas card.
            • Harry gave a Christmas card to Susan.
            • 苏珊收到了哈里的一张圣诞卡。
          • c
            • She rented a room from Mr. Smith.
            • Mr. Smith rented her a room.
            • Mr. Smith rented a room to her.
            • 她从史密斯先生那里租了一间房子。/史密斯先生租给她一间房子。
      • （3） 服务型动词
        • 服务型动词（Service Verb）——表示动作执行者为动作接受者制作实物或进行服务。 动作接受者是物质受益者或服务受益者。这类动词数量较多，常见的如 book, bring, build, buy, call, cash, change, choose, cook, cut, do a favour, draw, fetch, find, fix, fry, get, iron, keep, knit, leave, light, make, make up, order, paint, peel, pick, play, pour, prepare, reach, read, reserve, save, sing, spare, warm up, write 等。上述动词可以用于"v. + sb. + sth."和"v. + sth. + for + sb."两 种句型。介词for后跟的是受益者或服务对象。在"v. + sb. + sth."句型中，对象物 前面可以用a, an, another, any» some等不定限定词来修饰。如：
          • Mother prepared us lunch. / Mother prepared lunch for us.母亲为我们做好了 午饭。
          • I'll reserve you a seat. / I'll reserve a seat for you.我将为你保留一个座位。
          • Have you bought her any present? /Have you bought any present for her?你为她买了 礼物吗？
        • 大量动词表示“服务"概念时，只能用"v.+ sth.+ for + sb."句型。这类动词如 carry, check, open, phone, repair, take, taste, teach, wash 等。如：
          • I carried his bag for him.我为他提着提包。
          • She checked the book list for me.她替我核对书单。
          • Shall I phone the hospital for you?我替你给医院打电话，好吗？
      • （4） 得失型动词
        • 得失型动词（Gain Verb & Lose Verb） 表示名誉或物质利益的得失。这是一类特 殊的转移性动词，其特点是句子的主语不是动作执行者，而是原因、方式或工具；直接宾 语（即对象物）是名誉、金钱、时间、劳务和其他物质利益；间接宾语（即动作接受者） 是利益得失者。常见的这类动词有 buy, cost, earn, gain, get, lose, save, spend, take, win 等。该类型的动词通常只用于 "v.+sb. + sth."句型。如：
          • a
            • His excellent novels won him the Nobel Prize.
            • He won the Nobel Prize for /with his excellent novels.
            • 他的优秀小说使他获得诺贝尔奖。
          • b
            • The invention of this machine saved the workers a lot of labour.
            • The workers saved a lot of labour because of /by the invention of this machine.
            • 这台机器的发明节省了工人们大量的劳动。
        • 动词 buy 和 get 有时用于“v.+ sth. + for sb. ”，如：
          • c
            • Will you get me a ticket? / Will you get a ticket for me?你给我买张票好吗？
          • d
            • I will buy him some new clothes tomorrow. /I will buy some new clothes for him tomorrow.明天我给他买些新衣服。
      • （5） 传递型动词
        • 传递型动词(Pass Verb)——表示对象物的位置由动作执行者转移到动作接受者的 手中，或转移到另一处所。
          • 1||| 动词 bring, forward, hand, pass, post, send, remit, take, throw 等通常用 "v. + sb. + sth.” 或"v. + sth. + to + sb.”两种句型。如:
            • a
              • Please pass me the dictionary.
              • Please pass the dictionary to me
              • 请把那本字典递给我。
            • b
              • When can you remit me the money?
              • When can you remit the money to me?
              • 你什么时候汇钱给我？
          • 2||| 动词 carry, convey, deliver, dispatch, move, ship, transfer, transmit, transport 等表示对象物的位置的转移，但只能用于“v. + sth. + to + sb.”句型。如：
            • The editor transferred the word to the following line.编辑把这个字移至下一行。
            • Every day the postman delivers letters to us.每天邮递员都给我们送信来。
      • （6） 告知型动词
        • 告知型动词(Inform Verb)— 表示将信息由动作执行者传递给动作接受者。
          • 1||| 动词 bid, promise, quote, read, recommend, show, take, teach, telephone, tell, wish, write 等，可以用于"v. + sb. + sth.”和"v. sth. + to + sb.” 两种句型。如：
            • a
              • She bid me "Good moming".
              • She bid "Good moming" to me.
              • 她对我说"早安”。
            • b
              • I'll teach you a good lesson.
              • I'll teach a good lesson to you.
              • 我将好好教训你一顿。
          • 2||| 动词 acknowledge, admit, announce, confess, declare, demonstrate, describe. entrust, explain, express, interpret, mention, point out, pose, report, say, signal, state 等用于"v. + sth. + to + sb.”句型中。如：
            • a
              • I demonstrated to him how the machine worked.我向他演示这台机器是如何运转的。
            • b
              • We entrusted our confidential and important plans to him.我们把我们的机密而重 要的计划委托给他办。
          • 3||| 动词 inform, tell 可用于 "v. + sb. + of + sth."和"v.+ sb. + about + sth." 2 种句 型，前者表示直接提及某事，后者表示详细讲述某事。tell 还可以用于"v.+sb.+ sth.”句型。如：
            • a
              • She must tell him finally of /about her decision not to see him again.最后她必须告诉他不再见他的决定。
              • Do tell me your reasons. 一定要将你的理由告诉我。
            • b
              • He informed me of /about his intended departure.他告知我他打算离开一事。
  • 使役性动词
    • 使役性动词(Causative Verb),简称使动词，表示使人或物产生动作，从而导致状 态、位置、姿势、性质、特征和情感等方面的变化，其宾语往往是复合宾语。使役动 词可分为以下4种类型：普通型使役动词(Common Causative Verb)、情感型使役动词 (Emotional Causative Verb)、行为型使役动词(Actional Causative Verb)和特征型使役动词 (Characteristic Causative Verb )。
      • 普通型使役动词(Common Causative Verb)
        • 引起人或物的动作或状态的变化，后跟复合宾语。
          • 1|||
            • "v. + sb. + (to) do + sth."句型
              • 动词 cause, get, have, lead, let, make, set 等用于"v.+ sb. + (to) do sth.” 句型时，表示“使、令、让、叫、请”等意义。在这种句型中，动词cause, have, let不用于被动式，可以分别由be made /allowed表示相应的被动形 式。如：
                • a
                  • A loud noise caused me to jump back.
                  • A loud noise made me jump back.
                  • I was made to jump back by a loud noise.
                  • 一声巨响吓得我向后一跳。
                • b
                  • I had him do the work.
                  • He was made to do the work.
                  • 我叫他做这项工作。
                • c
                  • I got her to do the work.
                  • 我叫她做这工作。
                • d
                  • He then set them to write reports on what they'd done.
                  • Then they were set to write reports on what they'd done.
                  • 然后他让他们把自己干的事都写出报告。
                • e
                  • I had not let fall a word to him about my own concerns.有关我自己的事，我没有向他吐露一个字。
                  • Are you willing to let your life be controlled by destiny?你愿意让你的生活被命运所控制吗？
              • 动词give表示"使、令”的意义时，只能用于wgive sb. to understand...”句 型。如：
                • She gave them to understand that she'd lived there.
                • They were given to understand that she'd lived there.
                • 她使他们知道她曾在那里住过。
              • 动词 ask, beg, beseech (恳求),implore, invite, trouble 等用本句型时，表 示“请求、恳求、乞求”等意义。左本句型中，beseech和trouble两词没有 被动式。如：
                • a
                  • They begged his mother to forgive him.
                  • His mother was begged to forgive him.
                  • 他们乞求他母亲宽恕他。
                • b
                  • He besought the doctor to save his son's life.
                  • 他乞求医生救他儿子一命。
                • c
                  • I troubled him to pass me the newspaper.
                  • 我求他把报纸递给我。
              • 动词 charge, command, direct, instruct, order, tell 等用于本句型时,表示 “要求、命令、指令、指示”等意义。如：
                • a
                  • I charge you not to forget what I have said.
                  • You are charged not to forget what I have said.
                  • 我要求你不要忘记我说的话。
                • b
                  • Mr. Smith instructed his agent to sell the house.
                  • Mr. Smith's agent was instructed to sell the house.
                  • 史密斯先生指示他的代理人卖掉这所房子。
              • 动词compel, force, impel, oblige用于本句型时，表示"强制、强迫、逼迫、 迫使”等意义。如：
                • a
                  • The rain compelled us to stop our bail-game.
                  • We were compelled to stop our ball-game by the rain.
                  • 雨迫使我们停止了球赛。
                • b
                  • The law obliged parents to send their children to school.
                  • Parents are obliged to send their children to school by the law.
                  • 法律强制父母送子女上学。
              • 动词persuade, press, urge等用于本句型时，表示“规劝、催促、敦促、怂恿” 等意义。如：
                • a
                  • We persuaded him to go at once.
                  • He was persuaded to go at once.
                  • 我们劝他立刻走。
                • b
                  • He pressed me to give an immediate answer.
                  • I was pressed to give an immediate answer.
                  • 他催我马上给以答复。
              • 动词bribe, challenge, dare, invite, tempt等用于本句型时，表示"诱惑、诱 使、引诱、挑战、激将”等意义。如：
                • a
                  • Mother bribed the child to take the nasty medicine.
                  • The child was bribed to take the nasty medicine.
                  • 妈妈哄孩子吃那难吃的药。
                • b
                  • They dared me to jump from that wall.
                  • I was dared to jump from that wall.
                  • 他们激我从那墙上跳下来。
              • 动词drive, encourage, spur, stimulate等用于本句型时，表示"推动、鼓励、 激励、激发、刺激”等意义。如：
                • a
                  • He encouraged them to voice their opinion.
                  • They were encouraged to voice their opinion.
                  • 他鼓励他们发表意见。
                • b
                  • Hunger drove the poor man to steal.
                  • The poor man was driven to steal by hunger.
                  • 饥饿使得这个穷汉子去偷窃。
              • 动词teach, train用于本句型时，表示“教导、训练”之义。如：
                • a
                  • My father taught me to drive.
                  • I was taught to drive by my father.
                  • 我父亲教我开车。
                • b
                  • In this way we trained them to read fluently and accurately.
                  • In this way they were trained to read fluently and accurately.
                  • 用这种方法，我们训练他们读得流利而又准确。
              • 动词need, require用于本句型时，表示"要求、需要”之义。如：
                • a
                  • I need you to help me with the children.
                  • You are needed to help me with the children.
                  • 我需要你帮助我照顾孩子。
                • b
                  • I require you to speak of this to no one.
                  • You are required to speak of this to no one.
                  • 我要求你不要向任何人提及此事。
              • 动词expect, intend, mean, want, wish等用于本句型时，表示“期望、意 图、打算、希望、愿望”等意义。动词want和wish用于本句型时，没有被 动式。如：
                • a
                  • I expect him to do it next week.
                  • He is expected to do it next week.
                  • 我期望他下周做此事。
                • b
                  • We wanted her to go with us.
                  • She was expected to go with us.
                  • 我们想要她同我们一起去。
              • 动词assist, help用于本句型时，表示“帮助、协助”的意思。如：
                • a
                  • Good glasses will assist you to read.好眼镜能帮你读书看报。
                • b
                  • I'll help you solve it.我将帮助你解决此事。
              • 词allow, permit用于本句型时，意义为“准许、允许w ； forbid表示"不允许、禁止”之义。如：
                • a
                  • Will you permit me to smoke?你允许我吸烟吗？
                • b
                  • Their father forbade them to go.他们的父亲不让他们去。
              • 动词advise, recommend用于本句型时，表示"劝告"之义；warn表示"警 告”之义。如：
                • a
                  • I advise them to go there.我劝他们到那里去。
                • b
                  • I warned the children not to play with the fire.
                  • The children were warned not to play with the fire.
                  • 我警告孩子们不要玩火。
              • 动词hate, like, love, pref&用于本句型时，表示情态概念，没有被动 式。如：
                • a
                  • Mother hates us to call him that.母亲不喜欢我们这样称呼他。
                • b
                  • I should like you to type the letter at once.我要你马上把这封信打出来。
                • c
                  • I should prefer you not to go there alone.我不愿意你一个人到那里去。
              • 动词know用于本句型时，表示“经历"意义，且句中动词用现在完成式时, know后的动词不定式可带to,也可以省略to。如：
                • I have never known him (to) come on time.我从来没有见过他准时来过。
                • I had never known her ask for pity before.以前我从未见她乞求过别人的怜悯。
                • 但是know后跟的动词不定式为现在时，完成时，或被动式时，要带to。如：
                  • I know this to be a fact.我知道这是事实。
                  • They knew the man to have been a spy.他们知道这个人曾经是个间谍。
              • 动词leave, trust用于本句型时，表示“移交、委托、信赖、放心让做某事” 之义。如：
                • a
                  • They left me to settle the matter.
                  • I was left to settle the matter.
                  • 他们让我来解决这件事。
                  • I can trust him to do the work well.
                • b
                  • He can be trusted to do the work well.
                  • 我可以相信他会把工作做好。
                • c
                  • Do you trust the child to go out alone at night?让孩子夜间独自外岀你放心吗？
              • 动词remind用于本句型，意义为“提醒”。如：
                • Please remind me to come back early,请提醒我早些回来。
              • 动词appoint, prefer用于本句时，袅示“任命、晋升”之义。如：
                • a
                  • They appointed him to be manager of the company.
                  • He was appointed to be manager of the company.
                  • 他被任命为该公司的经理。
                • b
                  • They preferred him to be a bishop.
                  • He was preferred to be a bishop.
                  • 他被提升为主教。
              • 动词enable和entitle的意义分别为“使…能够…”和"使…有权利二如：
                • a
                  • This train will enable me to get there in time.乘这趟火车能使我及时赶到那里。
                • b
                  • This ticket entitles you to enter the sport ground, but it does not entitle you to a seat.凭此票你可以进入体育场，但你没有资格得到座位。
              • 动词condemn是具有贬义的使动词，意义为“定罪、判处”。如：
                • The court condemned her to spend all her life in prison.
                • She was condemned to spend all her life in prison.
                • 法庭判处她终身监禁（无期徒刑）。
              • 动词promise用于本句型时，不同于其他词。其后的复合宾语中动词的逻辑主 语不是promise的宾语，而是整个句子的主语，所以promise在本句型中不能 用被动式。如：
                • I promise you to come.我向你保证我会来。（本句中come的逻辑主语不是 you,而是I。所以本句不可以改写成： You are promised to come.）
          • 2|||
            • "v. + sb. + doing sth.”句型
              • 动词 get, have, keep, leave, like, prevent, send, set, start, stop, want 等可用于 本句型，但have, like, want等没有被动形式。如：
                • a
                  • His story had us all laughing.他的故事使我们全都大笑起来。
                • b
                  • Can you get the machine moving again?
                  • Can the machine be got moving again?
                  • 你能使这台机器再运转起来吗？
                • c
                  • He kept us waiting fbr hours.
                  • We were kept waiting for hours.
                  • 他让我们等了好几个小时。
                • d
                  • He liked her coming to see him after work.他想让她下班后来看望他。
              • 动词get, have, leave, set等也可用于“v.+ sb. + （to） do sth."句型。两种句型都 表示“使某人做某事”之义，但该句型表示“蓄意性使役”，即表示动作执行者遇到阻力, 但克服阻力，坚持做某事。“v.+sb・ +doing sth.”句型则表示“意向性使役”，即表示动作 执行者按照意图或打算做某事，而没有什么阻力。如：
                • a
                  • I'll leave her to do the work.我将设法让她去做这工作。
                  • I'll leave her doing the work.我将交给她去做这工作。
                • b
                  • He set the farm laborers to chop wood.他坚持让农场工人砍柴。
                  • He set the farm laborers chopping wood.他让农场工人砍柴。
          • 3|||
            • "v. + sth. + done"句型
              • 动词get, have, leave, make可用于本句型，表示“使某事发生”或“遭到某种情 况二在这种句型中，被完成的事（即句子的宾语）可能是请别人做，也可能是句中的主 语本人做。如：
                • a
                  • Go and get a barber to cut your hair.
                  • Go and get your hair cut.去理一理你的发。（句中主语不是cut的动作执行者, cut为过去分词）
                • b
                  • I can't get the car started.这车我发动不起来。（句中主语是start的动作执行者）
                • c
                  • You should make people know your views.
                  • You should make your views known.
                  • 你应该让人们了解你的观点。
                • d
                  • Someone has stolen my car.
                  • I have had my car stolen.
                  • 我的车被偷了。
          • 4|||
            • "v.+ sb./sth. + adj."句型
              • 动词 bang, boil, fling, get, hold, keep, kick, leave, make, paint, pull, push, set, strike, sweep, tear, throw, turn等可用于本句型。复合宾语中的形容词表示使役 动词动作产生的变化、结果或状态。如：
                • a
                  • His behaviour made me angry.
                  • I was made angry by his behaviour.
                  • I became /got angry when I saw his behaviour.
                  • 他的行为使我生气。
                • b
                  • The cold weather turned the leaves yellow.
                  • The leaves turned yellow in the cold weather.（本句中 turn 为系动词）
                  • 寒冷的天气使叶子变黄了。
                • c
                  • He struck the enemy dead.
                  • The enemy was struck dead.
                  • 他把敌人打死了。
      • 情感型使役动词 (Emotional Causative Verb)
        • （Emotional Causative Verb)表示使人产生情感变化的动词。句子主语是引起情感变化的原因或根源，也是引起情感变化的动作执行者。这类动词后面只接一个宾语，即动作接受者，也就是产生情感变化的人。这种 "v.+sb." 结构相当于"make+sb.+v-ed" 结构。
          • 1||| 表示“高兴”的动词 amuse , delight , please , satisfy 等
            • a
              • Toys and funny pictures amuse children.
              • Children are amused by toys and funny pictures.
              • 玩具和滑稽连环漫画使孩子们很开心。
            • b
              • He delighted them with his performance.
              • They were delighted with his performance.
              • 典的表演使他们很高兴。
          • 2||| 表示“兴趣”的动词 attract , fascinate , interest 等
            • a
              • The novel greatly interests the students.
              • The students are greatly interested in the novel.
              • 这部小说引起学生们极大的兴趣。
            • b
              • All the toys in the shop window fascinated the children.
              • The children were fascinated by all the toys in the shop window.
              • 应店橱窗里的玩具迷住了孩子们。
          • 3||| 表示“机动”的动词 encourage , excite , inspire , move , thrill , touch 等
            • a
              • Letters of support encouraged the mayor to run again.
              • The mayor was encouraged to run again by the letters of support.
              • 大量的支持来信鼓励市长竞选连任。
            • b
              • Success inspires us for fresh efforts.
              • We are inspired by success for fresh efforts.
              • 理功激励我们做出新的努力。
          • 4||| 表示“惊讶”的动词 amaze , astonish , astound , dumbfound , shouc , startle , stun , surprise 等
            • a
              • The victory surprised us.
              • We were surprised by the victory.
              • 这场胜利使我们惊讶。
            • b
              • Your letter amazed me.
              • I was amazed by /at your letter.
              • 你的信使我惊讶。
          • 5||| 表示“恼怒”的动词 annoy , displease , irritate , nettle 等
            • a
              • The boy's foolish question irritated his father.
              • The boy's father was irritated by his foolish question.
              • 该男孩的愚蠢问题使他父亲恼怒。
            • b
              • His remarks really nettled me!
              • I was really nettled by his remarks!
              • 你的话真使我恼怒！
          • 6||| 表示“愤怒”的动词 anger , enrage , incense , infuriate , madden 等
            • a
              • Her cruel words angered him.
              • He was angered by her cruel words.
              • 她那无情的话激怒了他。
            • b
              • This kind of wastefulness incensed her.
              • She was incensed by this kind of wastefulness.
              • 这种铺张浪费使她愤怒。
          • 7||| 表示“厌倦”的动词 bore , tire , weary 等
            • a
              • his book bored me.
              • I was bored by this book.
              • 这本书使我厌倦。
            • b
              • The long lecture tired the audience.
              • The audience were tired of the long lecture.
              • 四长的演讲使听众感到厌倦。
          • 8||| 表示“烦恼、不安”的动词agitate， bother，dismay， disquiet , distress , disturb , upset , worry 等
            • She was much agitated by the news of her brother's death.她哥哥死亡的消息使她焦急不安。
            • The thought of having to earn her own living dismayed her. 一想到不得不自己挣钱养活自己，她感到惊惶不安。
            • His mother is disquieted that she had received no letters from him for four months.他母善焦急不安，因为己有4个月没有收到他的信了。
          • 9||| 表示“恐吓”的动词 alarm , appall , awe , frighten , horrify , petrify , sare , terrify 等
            • a
              • The sight of the tiger terrified him.
              • He was terrified at the sight of the tiger.
              • 一看见老虎，他就吓坏了。
            • b
              • The thought of another war appalled her.
              • She was appalled at the thought of another.
              • 一想到再发生战争，她就胆战心惊。
          • 10||| 表示“迷惑、糊涂”的动词 bewilder , confuse , fluster , perplex , puzzle 等
            • a
              • The examination questions bewildered me.
              • I was bewildered by the examination questions.
              • 这些考试题使我迷惑不解。
            • b
              • Complicated circumstances often confuse them.
              • They are often confused by complicated circumstances.
              • 他们常常被复杂的情况所迷惑。
          • 11||| 表示“坚信”的动词 assure , convince 等
            • a
              • I can assure you of my full support for your plan.我可以肯定地对你说我完全支 持你的计划。
            • b
              • They convinced John of his son's guilt.
              • John was convinced of his son's guilt.
              • 他们使约翰相信他儿子有罪。
          • 12||| 表示“失望”的动词 disappoint
            • The dull performance disappointed them.
            • They were disappointed at the dull performance.
            • 这场乏味的演出使他们失望。
          • 13||| 表示“沮丧”的动词 deject , depress , discourage , dishesrten , dispirit 等
            • a
              • Such news dejected me.
              • I was dejected by such news.
              • 这消息使我沮丧。
            • b
              • The rainy days depressed me.
              • I was depressed by the rainy days.
              • 阴雨天气使我感到沮丧。
      • 行为型使役动词(Actional Causative Verb)
        • (Actional Causative Verb)——引起动作、产生状态、位置和姿势等方面的变化。这类动词通常既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词。做不及物动词时，句子主语在逻辑上是动作接受者。作及物动词时，句中的宾语是动作的接受者。
          • 概述
            • We shall begin the meeting at eight.我们将在 8 点钟开会。
            • The meeting will begin at eight.会议将于 8 点钟开始。
            • 但另有一些动词，在表示及物与不及物时，形式有变化，如 kill—die, fell—fall, raise—rise 等。
              • a
                • The frost has killed the flowers.霜冻把花冻死了。
                • The flowers have died.花枯萎了。
              • b
                • The lumberman has felled the trees.伐木工人把这些树砍倒 了。
                • The trees have fallen.这些树倒了。
              • c
                • He raised the price from £8 to £10.他将价格从8英镑提高到10英镑。
                • The price rose from £8 to £10.价格从8英镑提高到10英镑。
          • 行为型使役动词主要有以下4种：
            • 1|||
              • 活动型行为使役动词(Activity Causative Verb)表示人或物的动作、行为或活动。这类动词很多，常见的可分为以下3个类型：
                • 动词 blow up, close, hang, jump, march, open, run, slide, start, walk 等。 如：
                  • a
                    • He jumped the child up and down.他让孩子跳上跳下。
                    • The child jumped up and down.这孩子跳上跳下。
                  • b
                    • She closed the door with a slam.她砰地关上了 门。
                    • The door was closed with a slam.门砰地一声关上了。
                • 与烹调相关的动词如boil, bum, cook, roast, warm up等。如：
                  • a
                    • She was cooking the meat.她在炖肉。
                    • Let the meat cook slowly.要用慢火炖肉。
                  • b
                    • Boil the vegetables gently.要将菜轻轻地煮一下。
                    • Let the vegetables boil gently.让菜轻轻地煮。
                • 动词bring和put与介词to或into连用时，具有使役动词的特点。如：
                  • a
                    • The driver stopped the car.
                    • The driver brought the car to a stop.
                    • The driver put a stop to the car.
                    • 司机把车停下来。
                  • b
                    • The car came to a stop.
                    • The car stopped.
                    • 车停下来了。
            • 2|||
              • 姿势型行为使役动词(Posture Causative Verb)表示人的站、立、卧等姿势的变换，或物的位置的转移。常见的动词有 stand, seat, sit, lay, lean 等。如：
                • a
                  • He stood the box against the wall.他将箱子靠墙立好。
                  • The box stood against the wall.那箱子靠墙立着。
                • b
                  • Mother sat /seated the baby in the chair.
                  • Mother caused the baby to sit in the chair.
                  • 母亲让婴儿坐在椅子里。
                • c
                  • The child sat /was seated in the chair.那婴儿坐在椅子里。
                  • He leaned the bike against the wall.他把自行车靠放在墙上。
                  • The bike leaned against the wall.那自行车靠在墙上。
            • 3|||
              • 过程型行为使役动词(Process Causative Verb)表示使人或物在数量、质量、程度、体积等方面发展、变化、增大或缩小的过程。这类动词有 alter, change, decrease, develop, grow, increase, reduce 等。如：
                • a
                  • We develop plants from seeds.我们用种子培育植物。
                  • Seeds develop into plants.种子发育长成植物。
                  • Plants develop from seeds.植物是由种子培育长成的。
                • b
                  • The driver increased the speed of the car.司机加快了车速。
                  • The speed of the car increased.汽车的速度加快了。
            • 4|||
              • 过渡型行为使役动词(Transitional Causative Verb)表示人或物由一种状态向另一种状态变化或过渡。这类动词有begin, commence, start, close, end, finish, stop等。如：
                • a
                  • They started the war in 1939.他们在 1939 年发动了这场战争。
                  • The war started in 1939.这场战争开始于1939年。
                • b
                  • The chairman ended the meeting at five.主席在 5 点钟结束了会议。
                  • The meeting ended at five.会议于五点钟结束。
      • 特征型使役动词 (Characteristic Causative Verb )
        • 特征型使役动词(Characteristic Causative Verb)表示人或物的性质或特征发生变化。这类动词主要有以下两种构成方式：
          • 1||| 词性转化
            • 由特征形容词转化为相应的使役动词，具有“make + sb. /sth. + adj.”的意义。 这类词有 blind, clean, correct, narrow, tidy 等。如：
              • a
                • She cleaned the windows.
                • She made the windows clean.
                • 她擦干净了窗子。
              • b
                • The teacher corrected my answer.
                • The teacher made my answer correct.
                • 老师纠正了我的回答。
              • c
                • His desire to do it blinded him to all the difficulties.
                • His desire to do it made him blind to all the difficulties.
                • 想做此事的强烈愿望使得他无视所有这些困难。
            • 名词anger也可以转化为相应的使役动词。如：
              • The boy's mischief angered his father.
              • The boy's mischief made his father angry. 这男孩的恶作剧激怒了他父亲。
          • 2||| 添加词缀
            • 给特征形容词加前缀en-,或加后缀-en, -fy, -ize, -itate等，使之成为特征型 使役动词。常见的这类动词有 enlarge, enrich, broaden, deepen, facilitate, fertilize, flatten, modernize, necessitate, purify，quicken, sharpen, shorten, thicken, whiten, widen 等。如：
              • a
                • He enlarged the photo.
                • He made the photo larger.
                • 他放大了这张照片。
                • The photo was made larger.这张照片被放大了。
              • b
                • They fertilized the land.
                • They made the land fertile.
                • The land was fertilized.
                • 他们使土地变肥沃了。
            • 具有特征性的名词加后缀~en,也能变成相应的使役动词，如heighten, lengthen, strengthen 等。
              • Exercises strengthened his muscles.
              • His muscles were strengthened through exercises.
              • He made his muscles stronger through exercises.
              • 锻炼增强了他的肌肉力量。
  • 感觉性动词
    • (Sense Verb)表示人通过各种感觉器官，如眼、耳、鼻、舌、皮肤、神经等对外界事物刺激的感受。感觉性动词有4种类型：感觉能力型动词(Sensibility Verb)、感觉行为型动词(Sense-action Verb)、感觉表现型动词(Sense Expression Verb) 和感受型动词(FeelingVerb)。
      • 感觉能力型动词(Sensibility Verb)表示人的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉等官能,即表示“能看见、能听见、能闻到、能尝出、能感到"的概念；也表示人在感受到 客私事物刺激时的状态，即“看到、听到、闻到、尝出、感到"的意思。这类动词 表示的是内在的感觉，主要有 behold, glimpse, notice, perceive, see, sight, spot, witness, find, hear, smell, taste, feel 等。其用法特点如下：
        • 1|||
          • 这类动词是自我型动词，报告说话人自身的感觉或意识到的情况，因而经常用第 一人称作句子主语。如：
            • I particularly noticed two middle-aged passengers.我特别注意到两位中年旅客。
            • I can't bear to see you like this.我不忍看到你这个样子。
            • I could smell that the milk wasn't fresh.我能闻出这牛奶不新鲜。
            • I felt a pain in my leg.我感到腿痛。
          • 但是这类动词也可以用第二或第三人称作句子主语。如：
            • Taste this coffee and see if you like it.尝一尝这咖啡，看你是否喜欢。
            • At last Columbus sighted land.哥伦布终于看见了 陆地。
            • She felt no shame and no regret.她既不感到羞耻，也不感到悔恨。
            • She immediately spotted /saw her husband in the crowd.她立刻在人群中认出 了丈夫。
        • 2|||
          • 当这类动词疏金示感觉能力，又表示感觉状态时，可以用see /can see, saw / could see两种方式来表示，而意义基本相同。如：
            • I felt /could feel something touch my foot.我感到有什么东西碰着我的脚。
            • I heard /could hear some glass smash in the other room.我听到另一房间打碎玻璃声。
            • I taste /can taste pepper in the soup. It tastes hot,我尝出汤里有胡椒。味道很辣。
          • 但是can't see /can't hear表示缺乏或丧失视力或听力，相当于相应的形容词blind和 deaf的意义，即表示“盲”或“聋”的概念。如：
            • a
              • He can't /is unable to see at all.
              • He is blind.
              • 他双目失明。
            • b
              • She can't /is unable to hear anything /a thing at all.
              • She is totally deaf.
              • 她完全聋了。
        • 3|||
          • 这类动词表示能力或状态，是一种静态，通常不电用于进行式。如：
            • I see /can see a small house in the distance.我能看见远处有一所小房子。
            • I felt /could feel the house shaking.我能感觉到房子在震动。
          • 但是当see强调短暂情况时，间或也用进行时态。如：
            • The sleepwalker's eyes were wide open, but he didn't seem to be seeing anything.丹K梦 游者的眼睛睁得很大，但他似乎看不见东西。
            • I've drunk too much. I'm seeing double.我喝酒太多，现在看东西都是重影。
          • 当hear表示“反复听到”或表示过程时，间或可用进行时态。如：
            • I have been hearing a lot of things about you since I’ve been back in this country.自从来到本国，我已多次听到有关你的情况。
            • I'm hearing you clearly.我正在仔细地听你讲话。
        • 4|||
          • 动词see和hear用于被动式时，间或可以表示“可见性”和“可听性”的概念, 相当于相应的形容词visible和audibleo如：
            • a
              • The fracture can be /is quite clearly seen on the X ray.
              • The fracture is quite visible on the X ray.
              • 在x光片上能相当清楚地看岀骨折。
            • b
              • These sounds could be heard clearly.
              • These sounds were clearly audible.
              • 可以清楚地听到这些声音。
          • see和hear的否定被动式有时可以表示“不可见性”和“不可听性”的概念，相当 于相应的形容词invisible和inaudibleo如：
            • a
              • In the universe there are a lot of stars that can't be seen by the naked eye.
              • In the universe there are a lot of stars that are invisible to the naked eye.
              • 在宇宙中有许多肉眼看不见的星星。
            • b
              • Ultrasound can't be heard by the human ear.
              • Ultrasound is inaudible to the human ear.
              • 超声波是人耳所听不见的。
        • 5|||
          • 动词see, hear, find用于被动态时，可以表示“存在”意义，相当于“There be" 句型。如：
            • a
              • A huge tree can be /is seen behind the house.
              • There is a huge tree behind the house.
              • 房后有棵大树。
            • b
              • An explosion was heard in the neighborhood.
              • There was an explosion in the neighborhood.
              • 附近有爆炸声。
            • c
              • Lions can be /are found in Africa.
              • There are lions in Africa.
              • 非洲有狮子。
          • 上述3个词用于否定的被动式，有时还可以表示“不存在”的概念，相当于“There be no.../There be not any...”结构。如：
            • a
              • No people can be /are seen in the dark street.
              • There are no people in the dark street.
              • 漆黑的大街上没有人。
            • b
              • No books can be /are found on the shelf.
              • There are no books on the shelf
              • 书架上没有书。
        • 6|||
          • 动词see的肯定和否定形式有时可以分别表示“出现"和“消失”的概念，相当 于有关的动词或形容词。如：
            • a
              • You could see from his face that he was angry.
              • His anger was shown on his face.
              • It was apparent to us from his face that he was angry.
              • 他的脸上露岀一副生气的样子。
            • b
              • We saw /could see no more of the car when it turned the comer.
              • We lost sight of the car when it turned the comer.
              • The car became invisible when it turned the comer.
              • The car went out of sight when it turned the comer.
              • The car disappeared /vanished from sight when it turned the comer.
              • 那辆汽车一拐弯就不见了。
        • 7|||
          • 这类动词大部分后面可以跟复合宾语，其中feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch可用动词不定式和现在分词作宾语补足语，即用'于"v. + sb. + do sth.”和 "v.+ sb. + doing sth.”两种句型。当动词不定式作宾语补足语时，表示已完成的 动作，强调动作的全过程。现在分词作宾语补足语时，表示未完成的，正在进行 的或在一段时间内连续重复发生的动作。如：
            • a
              • Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense.突然我们感到气氛变得紧张起来。
              • We felt the atmosphere growing tense.我们感到气氛变得越来越紧张。
            • b
              • I saw him cross the street.我看见他过了 马路。
              • I saw him crossing the street.我见他在过马路。
            • c
              • I noticed her leave the room.当时我注意到她正在离开房间。
              • I noticed her leaving the room.当时我注意到她正在离开房间。
            • d
              • I heard him tell his class what to do in case of fire.我听见他对本班的学生们讲了 一旦发生火灾要釆取的办法。
              • I heard him telling his class what to do in case of fire.我听到他正在对本班的学 生们讲一旦发生火灾要釆取的办法。
          • 上述动词后作宾语补足语的动词必须是动态性动词。如果用静态性动词，则应将复 合宾语改为that-宾语从句。如：
            • I felt that she understood.我觉得她是理解我的。
            • I hear that you don't think much of my book.我听说你对我的书评价不高。
          • 【注释】
            • feel后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，一般不带to，但be前要带to。如：
              • All at once she felt herself turn a little giddy.突然她感到自己有点头晕。
              • They all felt the plan to be unwise.他们都感到这一计划不明智。
              • We all felt that to be the highest praise.我们都感到那是最高的荣耀。
        • 8|||
          • 动词 catch, discover, find, smell 只能用于"v. + sb./sth. + doing sth."句型，不 能用于"v.+ sb./sth. + do sth."句型。如：
            • She smelled something burning in the kitchen,她闻到厨房里有东西烧焦的味道。
            • We found her waiting to receive us.我们发现她正等着迎接我们。
            • The policeman caught the thief stealing money.警察抓住了正在偷钱的小偷。
        • 9|||
          • 动词feel, find, hear, see后跟复合宾语时，可用过去分词或现在分词的被动式 作宾语补足语，即可用于“v.+ sth. + done"或“v. + sth. + being done"两种句型。 前者表示动作已经完成，后者表示动作正在进行。如：
            • a
              • We saw the visiting team beaten absolutely hollow (by the home team).
              • We saw the home team beat the visiting team absolutely hollow.
              • 我们看到客队被主队打得惨败。
            • b
              • We saw the visiting team being beaten (by the home team).
              • We saw the home team beating the visiting team.
              • 我们看着客队正在被打败。
            • c
              • I felt myself called upon to do something to help.
              • I felt someone call upon me to do something to help.
              • 我感到有人向我求助。
            • d
              • I felt myself being called upon to do something to help.
              • I felt someone calling upon me to do something to help.
              • 我感到有人在向我求助。
          • 动词see和find的区别在于前者表示一般意义上的视觉，后者则强调“意外性”。如:
            • a
              • We saw him lock the door safely.
              • We saw the door safely locked.
              • 我们看到门牢牢地锁着。
            • b
              • We found the door to be locked.
              • We found the door locked.
              • 我们发现门上锁了。
        • 10|||
          • 动词catch, discover, find, hear, observe, see后跟复合宾语时，可用于被动语 态。如：
            • a
              • He found the door closed.
              • The door was found closed.
              • 他发现门关着。
            • b
              • I heard them talking m the hall.
              • They were heard talking in the hall.
              • 我听到他们正在大厅里谈话。
            • c
              • I saw the car backing into the garage.
              • The car was seen backing into the garage.
              • 我看见汽车正在向后倒着开进车库。
          • 动词feel, hear, observe, see, watch等后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式省略to。 但用于被动句中，不定式作主语补足语时，不能省略to。如：
            • a
              • I heard him leave the room.
              • He was heard to leave the room.
              • 我听见他离开了房间。
            • b
              • I observed the man enter the office.
              • The man was observed to enter the office.
              • 我看见那人走进办公室。
        • 11|||
          • "sb. finds oneself doingw / "sb. is found doingn /"People find sb. doing sth.” 3 种句型往往表示的不是感觉能力或感觉状态，而是“意外结果”或“意外经 历"。如：
            • Two hours later he found himself sitting at the table in his own house, eating supper with his wife.
            • Two hours later he was found sitting at the table in his own house, eating supper with his wife.
            • Two hours later people found him sitting at the table in his own house, eating supper with his wife.
            • 两个小时后，没想到他会坐在自己家里的饭桌旁，同妻子一起吃饭。
        • 12|||
          • 动词see和feel有时不表身体感觉，而表示意识感觉，相当于realize, be aware of, be conscious of, sense, think 等。如：
            • a
              • She didn't see her danger.
              • She didn't realize that she was in danger.
              • She was not aware of her danger.
              • She was not conscious of her danger.
              • 她没有意识到她的危险。
            • b
              • He felt /thought that the plan was impractical.他认为这项计划不切实际。
            • c
              • Mother saw /sensed /realized that father was tired.妈妈意识到爸爸累了。
      • 感觉行为型动词
        • 感觉行为型动词(Sense-action Verb) ——表示人利用各种感觉器官，主动地去感受 外界事物刺激的行为。这是一种“主动感觉”或“自动感觉”。这类动词有look at, listen to, smell, taste, feel 等，其用法特点如下：
          • 1|||
            • 动词look at, listen to表示感觉行为，而动词see, hear表示感觉能力、感觉状 态或感觉结果。如：
              • I looked around but saw nothing in the vicinity.我向四周张望，附近什么也没看见。
              • I listened attentively and heard someone crying in the distance.我细心倾听，听到远处有人在喊。
          • 2|||
            • 这类动词是动态性的，可以用于进行式，表示所进行的动作是有意识的。而相应 的感觉能力型动词是静态的，不能用于进行式。如：
              • a
                • I can see a boat on the sea.我看见海上有一只小船。
                • I am looking at a boat on the sea.我正在看海上的一只小船。
              • b
                • I can hear music.我能听见音乐声。
                • I am listening to music.我正在听音乐。
              • c
                • I can smell the perfume.我闻到香味。(无意识)
                • I am smelling the perfume.我正在闻这股香味。（有意识）
              • d
                • I can taste salt in the soup.我尝出汤里放了盐。（无意识）
                • I am tasting the soup, to see if it contains enough salt.我正在尝汤，看是否放够了盐。（有意识）
              • e
                • I can feel the ground.我感到够着地面了。（无意识）
                • I am feeling the ground with my right foot.我正在用右脚试着够地面。（有意识）
          • 3|||
            • 表示视觉的感觉行为型动词除look外，还有eye, gape, gaze, glance, peer, regard, scan, stare等，表达不同方式的"看”的动作，都是动态性动词。如：
              • a
                • His mother scanned his face to see if he was telling the truth.
                • His mother looked at his face closely to see if he was telling the truth.
                • 母亲审视他的面孔，看他是否在讲实话。
              • b
                • He glanced at his watch.
                • He looked at his watch quickly.
                • 他看了一眼表。
              • c
                • The children eyed the stranger.
                • The children looked at the stranger carefully.
                • 孩子们仔细打量那陌生人。
              • d
                • He peered into the dark comer.
                • He looked into the dark comer carefully.
                • 他仔细地看着那黑暗的角落。
              • e
                • He gaped at the beautiful scenery.
                • He looked at the beautiful scenery with his mouth wide open.
                • 他吃惊地呆看着那美丽的景色。
              • f
                • He was gazing at the opposite wall.
                • He was looking at the opposite wall steadily.
                • 他正凝视着对面的墙。
              • g
                • The little girl stared at the toys in the window.
                • The little girl looked at the toys in the window with her eyes wide open.
                • 那小女孩瞪大眼睛盯着橱窗里的玩具。
          • 4|||
            • 感觉行为型动词可以转换为“动词+相应的名词”构成表示感觉行为的短语动词, 表达相同的概念。如：
              • a
                • He looked round slowly.
                • He took a slow look round.
                • 他慢慢地环视四周。
              • b
                • He glanced round the room.
                • He took /gave /threw a glance round the room.
                • 他向房间四周扫了一眼。
          • 5|||
            • 感觉行为型动词除用于进行式外，还可以用于祈使句和复合宾语中。如：
              • a
                • Smell this and tell me what it is.
                • Take /Have a smell of this and tell me what it is.
                • 闻一下，再告诉我这是什么。
              • b
                • Mother told her child to smell the rose.母亲让孩子闻一闻那玫瑰花。
      • 感觉表现型动词
        • 感觉表现型动词（Sense Expression Verb）表示人的各种感觉器官对外界客观表现的感觉，也就是外界事物对人的各种感觉器官刺激所产生的结果。这类动词都是系动词，常见的有 appear, seem, look, feel, ring, sound, smell, eat, taste 等。（详见系动词篇）如：
          • He felt very proud of having a friend with such noble ideas.有这样一位思想高尚的朋 友，他感到很自豪。
          • How sweet the music sounds!多么动听的音乐啊！
          • He looked younger than at their first meeting.他看上去比他们第一次见面时年轻了。
      • 感受型动词
        • 感受型动词(Feeling Verb)——主要表示人的身体部位、器官或神经所感受到的痛 苦。常见的动词有 ache, feel, hurt, itch, pain, sting, tickle, tingle 等。这些动 词可用作及物动词、不及物动词或系动词，可用于一般时态，也可用于进行时，表 示感觉延续痛苦的意思。如：
          • The wool tickles /is tickling my neck.毛线刺得我脖子发痒。
          • My head aches /is aching badly.我头痛得厉害。
  • 始动性动词
    • （Inchoative Verb）表示由一种状态向另一种状态的过渡或变化，意味着前一状态和新的状态的开始，这种状态是短暂的，不延续的。所以使动词都是表示短暂动作的动词，用于现在完成时时，不能与 for 引导的表示时段的时间状语连用，只能与使动性副词 now 或 already 连用，或不用时间状语。这类动词可分为两大类。
      • （1） 表示短暂动作的始动性动词，如 agree, arrive, begin, bring, cease /stop, change, come, determine, fall, gather, get, go, land, let, marry, put, retire, rise, set, start, take off等。这些动词有的是及物动词，有的是不底物动词，有的是系动 词。如：
        • Write to me when you get to England.到英国后给我来信。
        • The time has arrived for action.行动时机已到。
        • The plane has already landed in the airport.飞机已经在机场降落。
        • 不及物的始动词用于完成时时，表示由一个状态向另一个状态的过渡和变化己经完 成。这些动词的现在时被动式也表示始动性动作完成后的状态，两者都具有宣布新发生 的事的功能，其意义相同。如：
          • The beer has /is all gone.啤酒都喝光了。
          • The moon has /is set.月亮落下去 了。
          • He has /is determined to do a good job in his studies.他决心在学习中干出成绩来。
      • （2） 表示始动意义的姿势型动词(Posture Verb),即表示人体坐、立、卧等动作或状态 的动词3有始动词的特点。这类动词可分为以下5种：
        • 1||| 表示站立起来的动词短语 clamber /get /jerk /jump /rise /spring /stagger /start / struggle + to one's feet, get out of the chair, stand up 等。如：
          • He jumped suddenly to his feet.他忽然一跃而起。
          • The boxer managed to struggle to his feet at the count of ten.那位拳击运动员在数到 10时，挣扎着站起来。
          • Stand up when the teacher enters the classroom.老师进教室时要起立。
        • 2||| 表示坐的动词或短语 drop /fall /sink into a chair, be seated /seat oneself, sit down, take a /one's seat, throw oneself onto the seat 等。如：
          • The guest sat himself down beside the host.客人在主人身旁就座。
          • He dropped into his chair with a sigh of relief when he had finished the work.结束工 作以后，他一屁股坐在椅子里，舒心地叹了 口气。
          • Please be seated, gentlemen.先生们，请坐。
        • 3||| 表示躺、卧的动词短语 fall to the ground, get into the bed, go to bed, lie down, lay down, lay...into 等。如：
          • After taking a bath, he went to/got into bed.洗澡之后，他就上床睡觉了。
          • Grandmother isn't feeling very well and has gone to lie down.祖母感到不大好受，所 以産躺下休息了。
        • 4||| 表示跪的动词或短语 drop /fall /sink on /upon /to one's knees, kneel down, throw oneself down to one's knees 等。如：
          • He dropped /fell /sank to his knees.他双膝跪了 下来。
        • 5||| 表示蹲的始动词或短语bend one's knees to a squat, squat down等。如：
          • The child squatted (himself) down to draw on the sand.小孩蹲下来在沙地上画画。
  • 延续性动词
    • (Continuative Verb)表示一个动作或状态的延续，用于现在完成时，说明过去某一特定时刻开始的动作或状态延续至现在说话时已经结束，而下一个新的动作或状态尚未开始，是在新旧两个动作或状态之间相对持久的状态。常见的这类动词有两种。
      • （1） 表示持续动作的延续性动词，如continue, fly, go on, keep, last, play, rain, speak, study, work等。这些动词可用进行时，也可用于完成用于 完成时时，与for引导的表示时段的时间状语连用。如：
        • The plane is still staying in the airport.飞机仍然停在机场。
        • She has studied at the university for two years.她已在大学里学习了 两年。
        • It has rained for three hours.雨己经下了 3 个小时。
      • （2） (某些表示持续动作的姿势型动词也具有延续性动词的特点。常见的这类动词有kneel, lean, lie, rest, sit, squat, stand 等。如：
        • He rested his chin on one hand.他用一只手托着下巴。
        • He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上晒太阳。
        • The professor sat at his desk reading from morning till evening.教授从早到晚坐在书 桌前读书。
        • I couldn't get a seat on the bus, so I had to stand.在公共汽车上，我没有找到位子, 所以只好站着。