Communication efficiency

这是一篇关于Communication efficiency的思维导图，分析了沟通效率相关的各个方面，主要内容包括：efficiency，communication can be difficult，ambiguity，redundancy 冗余重复，compression 压缩。

Communication efficiency

• compression 压缩
  • complicated reality→brain reduces the detail
  • e.g. nouns→pronouns (he them she), verbs→do, deixis 指示词 (me you here then)
  • low-resolution medium 低分辨率媒介
    • faithful enough and not more
    • some details is always lost
    • meaning=underspecified
      • choose relevant words
      • +context=litener comprehension
• redundancy 冗余重复
  • RAS (Redundant Acronym Syndrome) 冗余缩略语综合征
    • e.g. ATM machine, PIN number
    • Desert Desert & River River重复命名现象
      • Mississippi River
      • Sahara Desert
  • benefits as a desirable property
    • Words lock---meaning is transmitted faithfully
      • e.g. rise up, free gift, unexpected surprise, forward planning
    • Redundancy is built into lan, lan. is not born to be precise & efficient
      • protects lan. from noise in the channel
    • help lan. work
      • close enough attention& constant prediction
      • miss some info., pick up later
        • e.g. subject-verb agreement, gender agreement
      • Negative concord 加强否定（负和谐）存在方言中---但标准英语双重否定表肯定
      • change of word meaning
        • prefixes & suffixes 前缀后缀
• ambiguity
  • Ambiguity from structure 结构引起的歧义
    • knowledge of relevance 相关性知识
      • sensible reading
      • silly reading
  • “literally”as intensifier
    • Understanding ambiguity is a human superpower
  • benefits
    • word-sense amb.
      • helps learners---no need to memorise words for everything
      • words=double duty, 一个词有多种含义
    • enables communication system to be short and simple
      • reuse of efficient linguistic units
    • a trade-off between making things easier for speaker & hearer
• communication can be difficult
  • attentional lapse 注意力短暂中断
    • tired & distracted, 不想也不用集中注意力
  • constraints on working memory 工作记忆有限
    • hard to 同时 encode & decode
  • production bottleneck 表达瓶颈 imprecision 不精确性
    • slow encoding, fast decoding
      • speaker skip things, otherwise listener get bored
    • 表达比理解慢，所以在表达时省略信息，以保持沟通节奏
    • 这是一种文化观念cultural notion，并且是English based
  • noise in the channel
    • speak too clearly
      • time, effort, bored lisener
    • easier to speak less clearly
      • too unclear
        • hard comprehension
        • need to repeat---inefficient
    • articulation & comprehension tradeoff
• efficiency
  • superficial---maximally efficient lan.
    • no
      • redundant words
      • ambiguity
      • fillers (umm, uh)
  • real---speaker & hearer balance
    • ambiguity&imprecision
      • less speaker effort
        • choosing words easily
    • redundancy
      • less hearer effort
        • words help each other