戴炜栋新编语言学第一章内容

英语考研党必备复习干货——语言学思维导图！英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成：理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行，内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。赶快收藏学起来吧！

Introduction

• What is linguistics
  • Definition
    • the scientific study of language
      • data-validate theory
      • theory-explain data
      • discover the nature and rules of language
  • Scope
    • general linguistics
      • micro-linguistics
        • phonetics
          • sounds
        • phonology
          • how sounds are put together
        • morphology
          • how symbols are arranged and combined to form words
        • syntax
          • how do words form stentences
        • semamtics
          • meaning
        • pragmatics
          • the context of language used
      • macro-linguistics
        • sociolinguitics
        • psycholinguitics
    • applied linguistics
      • findings in linguitics can be applied to practical problems
        • recovery of speech ability
  • Distinctions
    • descriptive/prescriptive
      • descriptive
        • describe/analyze the lauguage actually use
      • prescriptive
        • set rules for "correct and standard"
    • synchronic/diachronic
      • synchronic
        • at some point of time
      • diachronic
        • through time
    • speech and writinig
      • speech
        • priority
          • 1. some language can only be spoken
          • 2. speech plays a greater role in daily communication
          • 3. speech is the way we acquire mother language
      • writing
        • invented
        • revised
        • not that authentic
    • langue/parole
      • langue
        • abstract linguistic system shared by the whole community
      • parole
        • the realization of langue in actual use
      • Saussure
        • sociological view
        • langue is a matter of social conventions
    • competence/performance
      • competence
        • the idea user's knowledge of the rules of his language
      • performance
        • actual realization of these knowledge
      • Chromsky
        • psychological view
        • competence is a property of each individual
    • traditional grammar/morden linguitics
      • traditional grammar
        • perspective
        • writing as primary
        • Latin-based framework
      • mordern linguistics
        • descriptive
        • speech as primary
        • universal framework
• What is language
  • Definition
    • a system of
      • elements of language are combined by rules
      • arbitrary: no connection between symbols and meanings
      • vocal: primary medium for language is sound
      • symbols
        • used for human communication
  • Design features
    • arbitrariness
      • no logical connections between meanings and sounds
      • not entirely arbitrary
        • onomatopoeic words
    • productivity
      • produce/understand infinitely large number of new sentences
      • unique to human language
        • bee dancing-food-only one kind of message
    • duality(double articulation)
      • two sets of structures
        • basic level-sounds
          • meaningless
        • higher level-units of meanings
          • morphemes
          • words
    • displacement
      • free from barriers caused by
        • time
        • place
    • cultural transimission
      • language have to be taught and learnt
        • generations to generations
      • not by instinct
  • Functions of language
    • major functions
      • descriptive function
        • convey factual information
          • This earthquake is the most serious one in China
      • expressive function
        • feelings
        • preferences
          • I will never go swiming with you again!
      • social function
        • establish and mainitain social relationship
          • How can I help you, sir?
    • basic functions
      • emotive
      • conative
      • referential
      • poetic
      • phatic communication
      • metalinguistic
    • macrofunctions
      • ideationial
        • describe real or imagiary world
      • interpersonal
      • textual