导图社区 写作强化笔记
- 103
- 10
- 1
- 举报
写作强化笔记
考研英语写作框架详细总结，讲述了写作概述、写作满分句型、段落的论证方式、文章写法等知识，结构型知识框架方便学习理解！
编辑于2021-09-14 09:48:01- 英语写作
- 文章写法
- 相似推荐
- 大纲
写作强化
写作概述
题型
小作文
10行，15分钟（公务书信、私人书信、告示）
大作文
图画作文、图表作文
做题步骤
写作：40min
阅读：20-25min
新题型：15min
翻译：20min
完型：15min
原则和方法
原则
黄金原则一
书写工整，卷面整洁，字迹清晰
黄金原则二
语言第一，结构第二，内容第三
方法
①
单词，语法正确、多变
②
三段论
句子之间要多用逻辑关系词（连词、副词、介词短语）
多用代词代替已出现的名词
③
内容不重要
写作满分句型
简单句
被动句
当汉语中出现"我们","人们","大家",或者"有人"等人称代词作为主语时，都可以写成被动
本句型推荐写在第一段的最后一句话，引出文章中心时使用，或者是第三段的第一句话，文章总结时使用
常用词汇替换
parents
superiors; the elderly; senior citizens
we/us/people
teenagers and young others; undergraduates; young others on campus ; children offspring; descendants; businessmen; experts and professors; all children and adluts; men and women in all works
not
never; by no means; under no circumstances; fail to
think
hold; argue; contend; assume; presume; insist; maintain; assert; claim; be of the opinion that; have been convinced that;
very
distinctly; espepcially; outstandingly; extraordinaryily;
serious
grave; severe; fearful; fatal; be of great severity
there be 句型
通常把be用exist/seem/remain替换
本句型推荐写在第二段第一句话，引出原因分析时使用，或者第三段最后一句话喊口号时使用
常用词汇替换
many
a sea of; a host of; a multitude of; a train of; an army of
reasons
causes; factors; elements
explain
account for; give rise to; be responsible for
idea
viewpoint; outlook; perspective
比较结构
as...as...
只要作文中出现副词和形容词的地方，都能写成"as...as...",本句型推荐写在第一段最后一句话，引出文章中心时使用，或第三段第一句话文章总结时使用
常用词汇替换
be（任何时候be都能被替换，除被动和现在进行时）
look; taste; sound...（所有感官动词都可以替换"be"动词）
keep; remain
become; get
prove
important
vital; crucial; critical; fundamental; significant; essential; indispensable; play a key role in sth; be of great important
the more...the more...
the+形容词/副词比较级+句子，the+形容词/副词比较级+句子（主将从现）
本句型推荐写在作文的第二段，分析原因时使用
eg
The higer one ascends, the farther he will overlook
the more diligent one keeps , the more easily he will achieve glories
the harder all children and adults remain, the more fortunate the will become
the more frequently cultures（可数名词永远不能单独使用）are exchanged,the more rapidly Chinese economy will develop
并列句
And, but句型
本句型推荐写在第一段描述一幅图两个主体两个动作的时候使用，或者是两幅图时使用
and替换
likewise; similarly; equally; at the same time; in the meanwhile
but替换
conversely; by contrast; unexpectedly; unfortunately; nevertheless
picture替换
cartoon; drawing; painting; photograph
描述图画的分类（除非有明显的过去时间，都用现在进行时）
一幅图
一个主体，两个动作
两个主体，两个动作
两幅图不分主体和动作
eg
In the picture,the goal keeper is imagining hinself exceedingly small.On the contrary,the player is assuming his rival as big as a hill
In the former picture,the flower in the greenhouse is growing healthily.Conversely,in the later one,it is dying
Not only, but also 句型
本句型推荐写在作文的第二段，分析原因的时候使用
eg
raising pets not only can reduce the loneliness of citizens but also can cultivate the kindness of kids
Supporting the elderly not only keeps a Chinese conventional virture but also proves the legal responsibility of their offspring
Cooperation not only enables all children and adluts to make more intimate friends but also has them achieve greater credits
复合句
主语从句
主语从句的满分表达就是把主语从句放到句末去，加"it"来做形式主语
主语从句常见的满分表达式："it...that...句型"
it proves common knowledge that
it seems beyond dispute that
it has been widely accepted that
显而易见，众所周知
it keeps my perspective that（我认为）
本句型可以写在作文中的任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子，推荐写在第一段第一句话的前面用来描述图画和图表
更好的主语从句的变体是把"it"变成"what"在that前面加"is"
如：What proves common knowledge is that...
同位语和同位语从句
名词做同位语
只要作文中见到名词，都可以在它后面加一个名词，作为它的同位语出现
eg
My boyfriend, a rich businessman, really has no much time to accompany me, an attractive girl
大作文中最多出现两次名词做同位语
同位语从句
"the evidence that...manifests that..."句型
本句型推荐写在作文中的第二段，分析原因的时候使用，它的模板是"the evidence that加一个表示原因的简单句，再加manifests that"加文章的中心句
eg
The evidence that she has a pair of big eyes manifests that she keeps a beauty（一个同位语从句，一个宾语从句）
她长着一副大眼睛这个事实表明她是一个大美女
The evidence that a host of girls have worn beautiful colorful skirts manifests that summer is around the corner
The evidence that bright stars and pure moonlights fail to be detected manifests that environmental contamination is becoming increasingly fatal
我们再也见不到明亮的星星和皎洁的月亮了，这个事实表明污染变得越来越严重了
The evidence that farmers can enjoy high-quality life,manifests that most of them would like to swarm into big cities
他们能够享受到一个更高质量的生活水平，这个事实表明更多的农民涌入大城市
定语和定语从句
定语的成分（修饰名词的成分）
形容词作定语
介词短语作定语
名词作定语
非谓语动词作定语
定语和定语从句在写作中的使用
只要作文中见到名词，都可以给它加一个定语的成分，把句子拉长
但是在第一段描述图画时，只要见到名词，通常都要加定语，使图画的描述更生动
eg
An American girl young as well as graceful is wearing Chinese conventional costume which keeps pervasive in the south of China
一个年轻漂亮的美国小女孩，正穿着中国南方流行的传统服饰
描述图画的万能定语
好的
as well as连接两个形容词
cute; lovely; little（可爱的）
graceful; elegant; young（美丽的）
confident; energetic（自信的，精力旺盛的）
enthusiastic; passionate; optimstic; active（积极的，乐观的）
agressive; ambitious（有梦想的，有追求的）
who looks distinctly impressive to readers（给读者留下深刻印象的）
坏的
as well as连接两个形容词
fat; cruel; ugly
negative; dispassioned
terrible; disgusting
定语从句的满分表达
定语从句得满分能表达就是which可以引导修饰前面整个句子的定语从句，和前面的句子之间用逗号隔开
非限制性定语从句修饰前一句话
which leaves all us a deep impression
which provokes the public's widespread concerns
跟好坏均可
which bring us the unnecessary/unexpected trouble
which gives rise to dreadful consequence
跟坏句子后
定语从句的满分表达可以写在作文中任何一个陈述句后面，但是推荐写在作文的第二段分析原因时，某个比较短的原因后面用来拉长句子
eg
The lower the price of cars made in China becomes,the more Chinese would like to purchase them,which leaves businessmen a deep impression
He looks like a lady-killer,which has been widely accepted
状语和状语从句
何为状语
只要在句子中见到副词，时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，方式，目的，结果，伴随
eg：We are having class+（以上任何成分皆可）
状语在写作中的使用
作文中任何一句话都可以给它加一个状语成分把句子拉长，状语位置随便加
但是在第一段描述图画或图表时，一定要加状语，使图画或图表的描述显得很完整
描述图画的万能状语
in the center of the vivid picture
描述原因的万能状语
as every one can see it（众所周知）
with the rapid advance of science and technology
in our contemporary society（目前，现在）
in the general routine of everyday living （在日常生活中）
这四个句子都插在句子的主谓之间，当作插入语来使用
状语从句的满分表达
让步状语从句 although
"although" 引导的让步状语从句可以写在作文中任何一句话的旁边，但是推荐写在作文第二段原因分析时使用
eg
Pursing celebrities blindly might exert great influence on physical and mental health of youngsters on campus although their singing sounds touching
盲目的追星会影响到青少年的身心健康，虽然他们的声音很感人
although 引导的万能状语从句
although many people fail to pay attention to the issue
pay ateention to（关注，重视）的替换
pour attention to
place great emphasis on
attach great importance to
problem的替换
issue； phenomenon； subject； the current situation
eg
Private individuals from developing nations are becoming increasingly wealthy although many people fail to pour attention into the issue
so...that...句型
只要作文中出现形容词或副词的地方都可以写成"so...that..."句型
eg
Life proves so short that is a waste how to spend it
生命如此短暂，以至于如何度过都是一种浪费
推荐写在第一段的最后一句话，引出文章中心的时候使用，或第三段的第一句话·文章总结时使用
eg
Sth keeps so vital that(becomes so fatal that)the problem should have been brought into the limelight
直接翻译成sth很重要（严重）
分词作状语，把分词放在句子主谓之间，当作插入语使用
先看一个句子的变化的过程
I hating you,I will kill you
Hating you,I will kill you
I, hating you,will kill you
本句型推荐写在作文的第一段描述一幅图，一个主体，两个动作时使用，它的模板是
sb（定），doing sth1（次要）+定/状
is doing sth2（主要）+定/状
eg
The hot pot delicious as well as healthy smoking in the center of the vivid carton, is full of cultures from different nation in the world
英语的特殊结构
插入语
以下都是万能的插入语，可以插在任何一句话的主谓之间
插入语常以副词（副词短语），形容词（形容词短语），介词短语，非谓语动词短语等形式出现
常见的副词及短语
indeed; surely; however; obviously; frankly; naturally; certainly等
常见的形容词及短语
needless to say（显而易见，众所周知）
常见的介词短语
in my judgement
to my knowledge
我认为，就我而言
常见的分词短语
exactly; speaking（准确的说）
常见的动词不定式短语
to tell the truth（说实话，老实说）
to put it in another way（换句话说）
插入语为简短的，具有完整意义的句子
I supposed（我认为）
as I see it（就我而言）
as we all konw（众所周知）
本句型推荐写在第一段最后一句话，第二段第一句话或者是第三段第一句话的主谓之间
双重否定
never fail to（没有意思，表示强调）可以用在任何一个肯定句的主谓之间
推荐写在位置：同插入语
强调句型
it is ... that...
作文中所有的句子都可以写称强调句型
推荐写在位置：同上
修辞
比喻
sth proves to 人 as the foundation is to high skyscrapers
（直接翻译成：sth 很重要）
sth proves to 人 as horrible nightmares are to innocent kids
（直接翻译成：sth 很严重）
本句型推荐写在第一段的最后一句话引出文章中心时使用，或第三段第一句话文章总结时使用
排比
名词排比
形容词或副词排比
定语从句的排比
本句型推荐写在第三段的最后一句话喊口号时使用
虚拟语气
if 引导的虚拟语气
eg
if you travel to a long distance ,I will close all my windows（条件状语从句的主将从现）
如何把一个不虚拟的句子变成虚拟语气
只须把一写好的句子变成它的过去式就行了
即: if you traveled to a long distance,I would close all my windows
本句型推荐写在第二段最后一句话反面论证时使用或者第三段的第一句话文章总结时使用
eg
if every one of teenager and youngster abandoned himself to surfing on the internet,he would pay a heavy price in the near future
沉迷于做某事的短语
be addicted to
abandon oneself to doing sth
be indulged to
it is imperative/essential/urgent that...（...很紧急/必要）
本句型推荐写在作文的第三段，具体措施时使用
eg
It is urgent that kids be educated/in spired to do sth（从句用should+动词原形表示虚拟语气）
倒装
否定词放在句首用倒装
eg
（1）
I am never a woman though and outgoing
Never am I a woman thought and outgoing
（2）
He not only looks poor but also in fact is poor in his mind
Not only does he look poor but also....
（3）
Confidence not only can make you....
Not only can confidence make you....
so...that...的倒装
把 so 引导的部分放在句首用倒装
eg
My ma is so kind that...
So kind is my ma that...
不会变时还可以用下面通用句型
sth keeps so significant / fearful that the issue should have been brought into the limelight
So significant / fearful does sth keep that the issue should have been brought into the limelight
only+状语放在句首用倒装
eg
Only by taking those action can the issue be improved a lot
段落
段落的论证方式
也就是写作无话可说时怎么办
定义和解释（写在第一段）
eg
什么是美女？
Beauty is a woman
who has big eyes
who has an attractive figure
and who has long hair
什么是追星？
Pursuing stars is a social trend which means that we listen to their songs, we buy their CDs and we imitate their hairstyle when we have passion for them
什么是孝敬父母？
Supporting the elderly is a Chinese conventional virtue which means that we cook for them ,we buy gifts for them and we wash feet for them when they become gradually old
总结模板
sth1 is sth2
a severe global issue
a Chinese traditional virtue
a social pervasive trend
an active / negative mentality
a hot topic
"which means that"+三个并列简单句（主语一致）+"when 引导的时间状语从句"
统计和事实
On the basis of the latest statistics by the Chinese academy of social science ,an increasing amount of us habor the idea that +文章中心
A recent study revealed the shocking fact that + 中心句
Offical figures released by the ministry of transpotation / education show that + 中心句
引用名人名言
Once, there seemed a writer who has gained great reputation in （最好写一个小国家）Japan saied that
推荐句型
比喻
as...as...
the more...the more...
so...that...
虚拟语气
举例
可举小例子
所有的复数名词后面都可以举小例子
eg
I love reading masterpieces such as gone with the wind ,pride and prejudice
大例子
Although so abundant cases can support my simple view, the following one is most favorable
eg
for example, I , the other day ,had a fever. Unexpectedly, no relatives or roommates took care of me. At the moment, a teacher entered to give me some pills, At last, I recovered
举例时需要注意的事项
时态通常为一般过去式
注意逻辑关系词的正确使用
所有写不出来的单词一定要写成自己会的单词
除了以上的论证方式也可以用下面的句型来写原因分析
the more...the more...
not only...but also...
the evidence that...
although
if 引导的虚拟语气
如果某个原因分析写出来比较短，就加 which 引导的非限制性定语从句或万能状语拉长句子
写作时，九选三，前四个中选一个，再从后五个中选两个用第一个和第三个原因分析
文章写法
图画作文
第一段
描述图画+中心总结（3~4句话）
第一、二句话
用主语从句引出描述图画
what is obvious that
一幅图，一个主题，两个动作
in the easy and simple cartoon , sb（定）doing sth 次要动作（定、状）is doing sth （主要动作）（定、状）
一幅图，两个主题，两个动作
in the easy and simple cartoon, sb1（定）is doing sth1（定、状）；and / but sb2（定） is doing sth2（定、状）
两幅图
in the former picture ,sb1（定）is doing sth1 （定、状）；and \ but sb2（定）is doing sth2 （定、状）
第三句话
引出文章中心的过渡句
Personally, what the picture conveys is far beyond a new fashion trend and carries cultural implication
就个人而言，这幅画传达的内容远远超出了一种新的时尚潮流，并带有文化内涵
the message conveyed in the picture seems to be that...
图画中传达的信息似乎是...
the symbolic meaning of the picture is quite self-evident
这个图画的象征意义是不言而喻的
第四句话
文章中心
we should do sth
we should never do sth
sth is very important
sth is very serious
推荐句型
as...as...
so...that...
被动
比喻
再用插入语、双重否定或强调句型稍做加工
eg
What looks beyond dispute is that in the easy and simple painting, graduates young as well as ambitious ,standing on the cross road of their life ,are confronted with choices such as hunting for jobs and going abroad（一二句话）the symbolic meaning of the picture is quite self -evident（三句话）options,to my knowledge, are deemed extraordinary crucial under modern conditions（四句话）
第二段
原因分析段（4句话）
第一句话
引出原因分析的总数据
推荐句型
there be 句型
However,recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution
然而，认识到一个问题是找到解决方案的第一步
many factors could contribute to...（poulltion）but some deserve special mention
许多因素可能导致....（污染）但有些特别值得一提
再用双重否定、插入语或强调句型稍作加工
二三四句
具体的原因分析
首先
first and foremost （小作文）
what appears as the first reason is that （大作文）
其次
in addition; furthermore
最后
as a consequence; last but not least
九选三：4种论证方式+5个句型
第三段
总结段（四句话）
第一句
总结句
to sum up / consequently+
被动
as... as...
so...that...
比喻
if 引导的虚拟语气
再用
双重否定
强调句型
插入语
稍作加工
二三句话
具体措施（父母和个人）
for one thing , it seems necessary that kids should be educated / inspired to...
for another, we （换成具体人）can not have failed to do sth （越准确越好）
四句话
反问法
shouldn't we pay much attention to the issue of sth ?
难道我们不应该关注某事物的问题吗？
what does the future hold if mankind persists in doing sth ?
如果人类坚持做某事，未来会怎样？
isn't sth indispensable for the mental health of people ——including the young and the old ?
对于包括年轻人和老年人在内的心理健康来说，什么不是必不可少的吗？
引语法
just as sb has put it, "......"（简短名言）
正如某人所说的"......"
we have always keep in mind the words of the words famous writer......（honesty is the best policy）
我们总是牢记世界上著名作家某人的话.......（诚实是最好的政策）
总结法
I believe that a happy and bright future is awaiting us if we make every effort to promote （好事）/ ban （坏事）
我相信，如果我们尽一切努力去促进（好事）/禁止（坏事），一个幸福和光明的未来就在等着我们
The method suggested may not guarantee ultimate success; however , achieving even partial success will benefit mankind and contribute to creating a better word
所建议的方法可能不能保证最终的成功；然而，即使取得部分成功，也会使人类受益，并有助于创造一个更加美好的世界
建议法
it is essential that effective measures should be taken to
必须对此采取有效措施
it is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon
现在是我们敦促立即停止这种现象的时候了
图表作文
第一段
描述图表+中心总结
第一二句话
用主语从句引出描述图表：只抓典型数据进行对比，中间数据不看
描述图表通常套用一幅图，两个主体，两个动作的模板
三句话
引出文章中心的过渡句（同图画作文）
四句话
文章中心
eg
What looks beyond dispute is that in the easy and simple chart , the amount of Chinese Cars,from the year of 2002 to 2009, rocked by 8 percent . On the contrary, the quantity of cars made in Japan, in the meanwhile ,shrink to 25 percent , the symbolic meaning of the graph seems that cars of China, to my knowledge, are popular in the market
补充单词
增加
increase; rocket; on the rise
减少
shrink; drop; continue its downward trend
大幅度的
sharp; dramatic; remarkable
慢慢的
slow; moderately; gently
保持平稳
remain; stay unchanged
第二段
原因分析段（同图画作文）
第三段
总阶段（同图画作文）
公务书信
称呼
文中已给出
Dear+文中已给出
文中未给出
Dear sir or Madam
Dear Mr president / professor / editor
正文
第一段
自我介绍+写作目的
自我介绍
文中已给出
I am...
文中未给出
I am staff in a university
I am a senior from the department of（专业）in the （对内）/ a （对外）university
写作目的
I, to be frank, am writing the letter in order to ...（文中一定给出）
第二段
文中一定给出要求，按要求来写
eg
为什么辞职？
The salary, to begin with, keeps so low that I fail to support my families, in addition, the word proves exceedingly extensive. Consequently, I decide to travel around . Last but not least, it has been widely acepted that the company is too far from my family
第三段
两句话
文中已做出要求，一句话来写文中要求的内容，一句话表示感谢或期待回信
文中未给出要求，则是
表示感谢+期待回信
表示感谢
my thanks to you for your generous assistance are beyond words
我感谢你的慷慨援助
I take the opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the generous assistance you rendered me
我借此机会对你给我的慷慨援助表示衷心的感谢
期待回信
I am looking forward to your reply
我期待着你的回信
I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience
我期待在你方便的时候尽早得到有利的答复
落款
Yours Truly
LiMing
私人书信
称呼
Dear+文中一定给出
正文
第一段
问候语+写作目的（同公务书信）
Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news from you
没有什么比得到你的消息更让我高兴的了
You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter
你不知道我收到你的信有多高兴
第二段
同公务书信第二段
第三段
祝福语+期待回信
祝福语
I wish you good health and lots of happiness
祝你身体健康，万事如意
I wish every success for your career / study in the future
祝你今后的事业/学习取得圆满成功
期待回信
同公务书信
落款
同公务书信
告示类文章
标题
Notice
称呼
可有可无
正文
第一段
写作目的+具体论述
We are to ... （文中一定给出）
接下来同公务书信的第二段
第二段
欢迎加入+联系方式
欢迎加入
Welcome to join us
We are waiting for your coming
联系方式
If you intended to join us, please email us at 123.....（随意写）
落款
单位名字