导图社区 动词时态常见的五种时态
英语动词时态——五种常见时态的用法。包含一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时等多个常见时态的概述,可收藏。
编辑于2021-09-19 13:02:33动词时态
常用时态
一般现在时
形式
be: am/is/are
have:has/have
其它动词三单同名词复数,其它人称用动词原型
用法
一般现在时与现在时间的概念既有联系,又有区别。一般现在时的各种用法都与现在时间有联系,即使用一般现在时来描述往事,也好像这一往事生动地复现在讲述者的眼前。但是现在时与现在时间又有区别。在探讨现在时的用法时,必须吧这一“时”的形式和它所表示的“时间”内容区别开来。
1. 表示不受时间限制的客观存在
(1) 表示客观真理和科学事实
The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
Area equals length times height.面积等于长乘以宽。
Hydrogen is the lightest element.氢是最轻的元素。
All living things are made up of cells.所有生物都是由细胞组成的。
(2) 表示客观存在的情况或状态
Japan lies to the east of China.日本位于中国的东边。
England and France are separated by the English Channel.英国与法国被英吉利海峡隔开。
The Yangtze River flows into the East China Sea.长江流入东海。
(3) 用于格言
Action speaks louder than words.〈谚〉事实胜于雄辩。
Business makes a man as well as tries him. <谚>事业造就人,也考验人。
Art is long, but life is short.〈谚〉人生有限,学海无涯。
Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.〈谚〉世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
2. 表示现在经常发生的或习惯性动作,这一用法经常同 always, often, regularly, seldom, sometimes, usually, every day 等表示时间或频度的状语连用。如:
He cycles to work every day.他天天骑自行车上班。
The post man comes at about ten every morning.由K递员每天上午大约 10 点钟来。
Do you go to football matches very often?你常去看足球赛吗?
3. 表示现在所存在的情况及状态或所发生的具体动作
Someone is at the door.有人在门口。
What's the matter with you? You look pale.你病 了吗?你的脸色看上去苍白。
One of the machines is out of order.有一台机器出了毛病。
4. 用于第二人称,表示请求或命令
Shut the door, please! 请关上门!
Telephone him if you have time.有时间给他打个电话。
Never spend your money before you have it.〈谚〉量入为出。
Don't claim to know what you don't know.〈谚〉不懂不要装懂。
5. 表示将来时间
(1) 用于时间状语从句中
I'll telephone you directly I hear the news.我一听到消息就给你打电话。
It will be ten years before we meet again. 10 年以后我们再见。
When we graduate, we'll go wherever we are needed most.毕业后,我们要到最需要的地方去。
As soon as the button is pressed, the machine will start. 一按电钮,机器就开动起来。
(2) 用于条件状语从句中
If it rains tomorrow, we will put off our sports meeting.如果明天下雨,我们就推迟开运动会。
I shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.如果不下雨,明天我就去那里。
Your problem will never be solved so long as you keep it to yourself. 只有讲出来,你的问题才能得以解决。
(3) 用于由"the...the"句型引导的比较状语从句中
The more factories we have in the city, the dirtier the air will be.城里的工厂越多,空气污染越重。
The sooner you stop smoking, the better you will enjoy health.你戒烟越快,你的身体越健康。
(4) 用于其他状语从句
Well go wherever you say.你说去哪儿我们就去哪儿。(地点)
They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.即使你不成功,他们也支持你。 (让步)
They will do as they are told.他们得按要求的去做。(方式)
(5) 用于表示按计划,按规定或按时间表等预计要发生的动作或事态。这一用法往往只限于某些表示“来、去、开始、停止”等意义的词,如 arrive, come, depart, go, leave, meet, retire, return, sail, take off; begin, open, start; close, end, stop 等。如:
School begins the day after tomorrow.后天开学。
The train leaves in five minutes, time.还有 5 分钟火车就开走了。
Professor Smith retires next month.史密斯教授下个月要退休了。
The plane takes off at ten a.m.飞机于上午 10 点钟起飞。
The store reopens on next Monday.该商店将于下星期一重新开业。
(6) 用于定语从句
I'll give you anything you ask for.你要什么我都给。
The government will give 10,000 dollars to anyone who brings him to justice.对能将该犯捉拿归案者,政府将奖赏10 000美元。
(7) 用于名词性从句
Whichever of you comes in first will get a prize.你们中第一个达到者将会得到一份 奖品。(主语从句)
I'll take whichever you don't want.你不要的东西我都拿走。(宾语从句)
I will see to it that it is done according to your directions.我保证按你的指示办。(宾语从句)
6. 表示现在瞬时的动作
这种动作此时此刻正在发生,但转瞬即逝。因此,只有在描述眼前发生的动作时,采用一般现在时。如对体育比赛实况转播、技术操作表演的解说等,这一用法只用于动作动词,特别是表示短暂动作的动词。
Tom passes the ball to Peter; Peter shoots and the goalkeeper leaps for it but 一 yes, it's a goal.汤姆将球传给彼得;彼得射门,守门员跳上去扑球,但是——好的,进球得分。
Demonstrator : This tape recorder is easy to work. Watch what I do. I switch it on, press this button and it starts.示范讲讎员:这种录音机容易操作。看着我操作。 我接通开关,按这个电钮,机器就开了。
这一用法还常见于一些专用语或日常用項。如:
I declare the meeting open.我宣布会议开始。
I wish you all a happy New Year.祝你们大家新年快乐。
I say that you are wrong.我说是你错了。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
What time is it now?现在几点钟?
7. 用一般现在时表示过去时间
表示不确定的过去时间,即用一般现在时来传达过去发出的信息。通常只用 learn , say , tell 等几个动词。
Alice tells me you are entering college next year.艾丽斯告诉我明年你要上大学。
The ten o'clock news says that it is going to be cold. 10 点的新闻报道说天气要变冷。
I hear poor old Mrs. Smith has lost her son.我听说可怜的老史密斯夫人儿子没了。
I learn that this boy is in business at Cawnpore,我听说这小伙子在康伯做生意。
用一般现在时穿插现在进行时来叙述往事,以增加描写的生动性和真实感。
One day the mailman comes. Dan is sitting on the steps. The mailman says, "Dan, you're always asking for a letter, aren't you? You have one today.” 有一天邮递员 来了。丹正坐在台阶上。邮递员说:“丹,你一直在等信,是不是?今天你有一 封信。”
8. 一般现在时的其它用法
用于新闻标题或小说章节标题
China Holds Meeting on Environmental Protection 中国召开环境保护会议。
The Lady Vanishes.贵妇失踪案
The Delegation of China Gets a Rousing Welcome in South Korea.中国代表团在韩国 受到热烈欢迎。
用于对历史人物或作家的思想和作品评价
Shakespeare makes his characters live through their languages .莎士比亚笔下的人物总是通过他们各自不同的语言描写得生动逼真。
In his 9th Symphony Beethoven shows his supreme mastery of symphonic form.在他的第九交响曲中,贝多芬表现出他对交响乐的高超技巧。
用于小说、戏剧、电影等情节的介绍,剧本舞台说明以及幻灯、图片等的说明。
情节介绍
On a summer evening, a birthday celebration is going on at Dr. Stockton's. Among those present are his neighbours. In the middle of it comes unexpectedly over the radio the announcement of the President of the United States declaring a state of emergency fbr suspected enemy missiles approaching. The party breaks up and the neighbours hurry home.某个夏夜,斯道克顿家在庆祝生日。来宾中有他的邻居。正当宴会 进行时,收音机里出乎意料地传来了美国总统的公告。因怀疑敌方导弹飞近, 宣布全国处于紧急状态。宴会就此结束,邻居们急匆匆赶回家去。
舞台说明
At rise, the stage is dark. It is two-thirty in the morning and a hot, midsummer's day has just begun.幕升起时,舞台上很暗。正好凌晨两点半,一个炎热的盛夏日刚刚 开始。
舞台动作说明
The man and the boy then start to pile up a barricade, using furniture, the generator, books, any movable objects they can get their hands on.于是,这人和孩子动手用家 具、发电机、书籍以及凡是可以搬得动的东西堆起一道屏障。
一般过去时
形式
一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。没有人称和数的变化。但动词 be 第一人称和第三人称单数用 was , 其它人称用 were 。
用法
1
表示在特定的过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态。常与表示过去概念的时间状语连用。
He graduated from Shandong University in 2006.他于 2006 年毕业于山东大学。
The Chinese invented the compass about two thousand years ago. 2 000 多年前中国人发明了指南针。
2
表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作以及过去的习惯动作。常与 always , every day , often , sometimes 等表示频度副词的状语连用。
He exceeded the speed limit once too often and was fined £10.他因超速次数太多而 被罚款10英镑。
The doctor came once a week and examined all who were ill.那位医生每周来一次, 检査所有病人。
情态动词 used to 和 would 常被用来表示过去习惯动作,但 would 不用于叙述故事的开始,强调过去的习惯动作;而 used to 则强调过去反复发生的动作,一般是重复率很高的动作。
In such cases, we would go to the old teachers for help.在这种情况下,我们总是请教老教师。
He would sit there fbr hours sometimes, doing nothing at all.有时他会连续坐上几小 时,什么都不做。
During my stay in Beijing, I used to go to Beijing library.在北京期间,我常去北京图书馆。
3
用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作
用于时间和条件状语从句
He promised us that he would buy some copies for us when he went there.他答应去那里时为我们买几本拷贝来.。'
He said that he would come if he was not busy.他说只要不忙他就会来。
用于表示“来、去、离开、到达、开始、中了”的动词,如 arrive , come , depart , go , leave , return , take off , open , start , close 等作谓语动词时,可用一般过去时表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作,但立足点在过去。
He said that he left for Beijing the next day.他说第二天便动身去北京。
She told us that the school opened the following morning.她告诉我学校将于第二天上午开学。
He asked me whether I was free the next evening.他问我第二天晚上是否空闲。
4
一般过去时表示一般将来时。在日常会话中,特别是当句子的谓语动词式 hope , think , want 和 wonder 时,常用一般过去时表示现在或将来时间,使语气上较为委婉、客气。
We hoped you would provide us with some information needed in our research.希望你能为我们提供一些研究需要的资料。
I wondered whether you would mind doing me a favour.不知你可否帮我一个忙。
5
用于虚拟语气句中,表示与现在事实相反的行为或状态。
(1) 在非真实条件句中
If you knew all the circumstances, you would forgive me.如果你了解全部情况,你会原谅我的。
If you had your choice, where would you go?要让你选择,你会去哪儿?
If only he didn't drive so fast!他要是不把车开那么快就好了 !
(2) 用于 as if/though 引导的方式和表语从句中
I feel as if my head were on fire.我感到好像我的头着火了。
He acts as if he knew English perfectly.他表现得似乎很精通英语。
(3) 用于 wish , would rather/sooner 后的 that 引导的宾语从句中
I do wish I knew more about English.要是我多懂点英语就好了。
I'd rather you went now.我宁愿你现在走。
I would sooner you didn't ask me to speak.我宁愿你不让我发言。
(4) 在"It's time...that"结构中,意为“该干某事了”
It's time you made up your mind.该是你下决心的时候了。
It's high time they began to take you seriously.该是他们开始认真对待你的时候了。
6
一般过去时代替过去完成时
(1) 在时间状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去完成时,表示先于主句谓语动词所表示的行为。常见情况有。
1||| 在带有 after 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中,after-从句的动作先于主句的动作。所以,当主句为一般过去时,从句应用过去完成时。但是由于 after 本身可以清楚的表示两个动作发生的先后时间顺序,主句中改用过去完成时时,常用一般过去时代替。
I told him after you left ( = had left).你离开后我便告诉了他。
Soon after Margaret returned, the child vomited.玛格丽特刚刚回来,这孩子就呕吐了。
He reached the station after the train left ( = had left).直到火车离站后他才到达车站。
2||| 在带有 before 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中。主句的动作先于从句的动作。所以,当从句为一般过去时时,主句应该用过去完成时。同 after 一样,由于 before 本身可以清楚的表示两个动作发生的先后时间顺序,主句中改用过去完成时时,常用一般过去时代替。
Before he entered the university, Tom served in the army. (served = had served)上大 学之前,汤姆当兵。
She went out before I realized what was happening.我还没有意识到发生的事,她就出去了。
3||| 由 when 引导的时间状语从句,如果 when 具有 after 的意义,且从句中的谓语动词为非延续性动词,wen-从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
When ( = After) the teacher left the classroom, the pupils started talking.老师离开教室后,学生们开始讲话。
When he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他讲话结束后,听众掌声雷鸣。
When he saw the red light, he stopped the car.看到红灯他就停了车。
当从句中动词为持续性动词时,when-从句中通常用过去完成时,不用一般过去时。
Tom went out for a walk when he had read the paper.读完报纸后,汤姆就出去散 步了。
When the last prize had been awarded, everybody cleared off.最后一份奖品发完后, 所有的人都离去了。
当 when 意为“当···时候”时,从句用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,或者主从句都用一般过去时。
When he looked back, the woman had vanished.他回头看时,那妇女巳经消失了。
When he finally arrived at his office, he was two hours late.最后他到达办公室时, 己经迟到了两个小时。
当 when- 从句的动作是在主句动作过程中发生时,从句用一般过去时,主句用过去进行时。
Herbert was having his dinner when I saw him.我见到赫伯特时,他正吃午饭。
It was raining when we started.我们出发时,正在下雨。
(2) 在宾语从句中,用一般过去时代替过去完成时。当主句中的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的动作又先于主句动作发生时,宾语从句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时。
1||| 当宾语从句中带有具体的过去时间时。
The teacher said that World War I broke out in 1914.老师说第一次世界大战于 1914 年爆发。
2||| 当直接引语表示的过去的状态任然存在时,直接引语改成间接引语任用一般过去时,不用过去完成时。
She said, "he is a man of immense capacity."
She said that he was a man of immense capacity.她说他是个能力很强的人。
3||| 当主句中的谓语动词为过去式时,其宾语从句中的谓语动词如果与主句的谓语动词没有紧密联系,且不是从现在完成时转化而来的,宾语从句中的动词可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
He said he was sorry for what he did.他说他为自己的所作所为感到抱歉。
She explained to me why she took the child to the nursery.她向我解释了 把孩子送托儿所的原因。
一般将来时
形式
助动词 shall(第一人称)/will(第二、三人称)+动词(shall/will+v.)
用法
shall/will的用法
1
表示将要发生的动作或将来存在的状态,常和一些表示将来时间的状语连用,如 tomorrow, next month /week /year, soon 等
There will be a meeting this evening.今晚有一个会议。
You will become a teacher in the near future.不久的未来你就会成为一名教师。
We shall know more and more as time goes on.随着时间的推移,我们知道的东西会越来越多。
【注释】
现代英语中,第一人称用shall表示将来时间的越来越少,大量采用will。在陈述句 中,will可用于主语第一、二、三人称的单、复数,特别是美国英语,通用will表 示将来时。如:
We will not be there till next Friday.在下个星期五之前我们不会去那里。
I will let you know about it as soon as we come to any conclusion,.一旦做出结论,我就通知你。
You will feel better after this medicine.服了这药你会感到好些。
They will meet you at the station at four o’clock tomorrow afternoon.明天下午4 点钟他们将在车站接你。
It will be Saturday tomorrow.明天是星期六。
Tomorrow's weather will be cold and cloudy.明天天气冷且多云。
在美国英语中,即使疑问句,也通用will,而且这一用法越来越普遍。如:
Will I be able to go out this evening?今晚我可以出去吗?
Will we finish working at 4:30? 4点半我们能结束工作吗?
在口语中,常用'll 表示 will /shall ; won't 表示 will not ; shan't 表示 shall not。 如:
He'll come here at seven o'clock this evening.今晚 7 点钟他来这里。
We shan't have much time to see your mother.我们没有多少时间见你母亲。
There'll be a lecture on physics this afternoon.今天下午有一个物理讲座。
If you go by train, it'll take about 12 hours.如果你乘火车去,需要大约 12 小时。
I'm afraid I shan't be able to come,恐怕我不能来。
It won't be long before the rain stops.不久雨就会停。
Won't you go with us?你不和我们一起去吗?
2
表示将来一种必然的趋势或倾向,或历史进程中必然发生的事情
Without measure medicine will become poison.〈谚〉药物过量变毒品。
Without air all living things will die.没寿空气,所有生物都会死。
Ice will change into water if it melts.冰化了就变成水。
Without self-love, one will stop at nothing. With over self-love, one will achieve nothing. <谚>人不自爱,则无所不为;过于自爱,则一无所为。
3
shall/will 用于各人称时,可表示决心,意义为“决心,一定要”
We shall do nothing of this kind.我们决不干这种事。
These people want to buy my house, but they shan't have it.这些人想买我的房子,他们决不会得到的。
I will make this radio work even if I have to stay up all night.即使一整夜不睡觉,我也要把这台收音机修好。
I won't have anything said against her.我决不允许说出任何不利于她的话。
4
shall/will 用于二、三人称表示命令、叮嘱、规定,意义为“必须,一定要”
If you children won't do as I tell you, you shan't go to the party.如果你们这些孩子不按照我说的做,你们就不能去参加聚会。
"You will stay here till you are relieved, ” said the officer.军官说:"在没有人前来替换你之前,你必须留在这里。”
All boys will attend roll-call at 9 o'clock every day.全体男生务必参加每天 9 点钟的点名。
You will help your little brother.你一定要帮助你的小弟弟。
5
shall/will 用于各人称,表示许诺,意义为“保证”
You shall hear everything about her directly you come.你一来准会听到有关她的一切情况。
I won't let him down in any way.无论如何,我不会让他失望。
I will give you a definite answer tomorrow.明天我会给你一个明确答复。
I don't want to be hard on Boisinney; he shan't be pressed.我不想对博伊辛尼过分严厉,不想逼迫他。
6
will 用来表示强烈的愿望或意愿,意义为“愿意,肯,会”,这时通常不用shall
If a man will not seek knowledge, it will not seek him.〈谚〉人若不求知,知不会求人。
I'll stop smoking 一 I really will.我要戒烟——肯定会戒掉。
I will pay at the rate you ask.我愿意按你要求的利率付款。
Why won't you exhibit this portrait?你为什么不肯展岀这幅肖像?
7
will 表示经常性、习惯性的动作,意义为“总是,老是”
John will work all day without a rest.约翰总是整天工作,不休息。
An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street.通常英国人在街上是会给你指路的。
Every Saturday they will play chess together.每星期六他们都在一起下棋。
will 的这一用法除了有强调主语特征的作用外,当句子的主语为第一人称单数时,常常表现主语说话口气坚决,没有商量的余地;主语是第二、三人称时,则表示说话人对某人顽固态度的不满或气愤。如:
I will do as I like.我总喜欢随心所欲地做事。
Why will you always turn a deaf ear to what I tell you?你为什么老是把我的话当耳旁风?
He will turn on the radio after supper when I want to do my homework.每当晚饭后我做家庭作业时,他总是打开收音机。
8
shall 用于第一、三人称,will 用于第一、二人称时,可用于疑问句,用来征询听话人 的意图、意见或请求
What time shall I come this evening?今晚我几点钟来?
Will you type this, please?请你打一打这材料好吗?
Bring the fruit up to the dining-room, will you?你把水果端到餐厅好吗?
Will we let them get away with this?我们让他们将这带走吗?
9
"will + be"用来表示对现在状态的推测
This will be the house you are looking for.这一定是你在找的房子。
He left an hour ago. He will be in class now.他于半小时前走了。现在一定在上课。
You'll be the boy my daughter has told me so much about.你一定是我女儿对我讲过多次的那个男孩。
将来时间的其他表示法
1
be going to do sth.表将来时间
表示现在的意图,即打算最近或将来要做某事,或者说现在意图实现于未来。这种 意图往往是事先经过考虑的。这类句子的主语通常是人,在被动句中,主语可是物, 但动作执行者仍然是人。如:
I am going to sell this old car, and buy a new one.我打算卖掉这部旧车,买辆新的。
The teachers are going to join us in the English evening.老师们准备参加我们的英语晚会。
We are not going to use this method.我们不打算用这种办法。
The wall is going to be painted green.这墙打算粉刷成绿色的。
(表示现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况,有“现在原因将来结果”之 义。这种用法表示客观事态的发展,而不是主观的意图。句中主语可以是人,也可 以是物。如:
The weather forecast says that it's going to be warm tomorrow,天气预报讲明天天气 变暖。
Good heavens! I must hurry. I'll going to be late.天哪!我必须快点。我要迟到了。
Watch out! The pile of boxes is going to fall.当心!那堆盒子要倒了。
Tom is putting on weight. He is going to be quite fat.汤姆的体重在增加。他要成个大胖子。
【注释】
be going to与will的用法比较
1||| 两者都用来表示意图,但 be going to do sth. 强调“打算和意向”,而 will 强调 “意愿、愿望和意志"。如:
I am not going to argue with you tonight.今晚我不想同你争辩。
He had been going to take her to a lecture that night, but he had a headache.那晚他本打算带她去听一个讲座,但他头痛未去了。
I won't tell you about it.我不想把此事告诉你。(意愿)
2||| be going to 表示事先考虑的事,而 will 则并没有经过事先考虑,这一用法多见于会话中。在这种情况下,两者不能互换使用。如:
a
Why are you taking down all the pictures?你为什么要把所有的画都取下来?
I'm going to repair the room.我打算修房子。
b
Where is the telephone book?电话簿在哪儿?
I'll get it for you.我去给你拿。
3||| 表示即将发生的事时,be going to 接近于 will,但在口语中多用 be going to。如:
Is there going to be a meeting this Friday?本星期五有会议吗?
Who's going to speak?谁准备发言?
4||| 预测将要发生的事情时,be going to 强调从目前的证据或迹象表明可能发生某事, 而 will 的预测可以是没有根据或理由的。如:
I told you to come early. You're going to have trouble.我告诉过你要早来。你要有麻烦了。
When we arrived, the train was just going to start.我们到达时,火车正要起动。
The earth will explode in the distant future.在遥远的未来,地球会爆炸。
There will be a day when all computers in the world break down.将来有一天世界 上所有的计算机会全部出故障。
5||| be going to 可用于条件状语从句中,表示将来时间,will则不能。如:
If you're going to play tennis this afternoon, you'd better get your shoes cleaned. 如果打算今天下午打网球,你最好把鞋擦好。
will 用于条件状语从句时,不是表将来时间,而是表意愿、拒绝、坚持或推论。 如:
If you will kindly wait a moment, I'll ask the manager to speak to you.如果你愿意 等一会,我就请经理和你谈谈。
If he'll listen to me, I'll give him some advice.如果他乐意听我的,我就给他提些 建议。
If he won't come, we'll ask someone else.如果他不愿意来,我们就请别人。
2
用现在进行时表示将来时间
现在进行时可用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。这一用法只用于动作动词, 不用于状态动词。在动作动词中,大多用于表示位置转移的动词,如 arrive, come, go, leave, start, take, take off 等。句中通常带有表示将来的时间状语或由上下文表示出即 将发生的动作。如:
The doctor is coining in a minute.医生一会儿就来。
We're moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow,后天我们将搬到另一家旅馆住。
None of the shops in the town is closing tomorrow.该市的商店明天全部不停业。
I'm feeling a lot better now, and the plaster is being taken off in two weeks' time.现在 我感到好多了,两星期后将取下膏药。
By the way, have you heard that John is getting married to Mary?顺便问一句,你听到说约翰要与玛丽结婚吗?
I am borrowing this book for a few days if you don't mind.如果你不介意这本书我想借几天。
I am sitting for an examination next week, so I have to read about all sorts of boring things.下亳期我要参加一个考试,所以我不得不看各种令人乏味的东西。
此外,现在进行时与频度副词 always, constantly, continuously, forever, perpetu- ally 等连用时,也可表示现阶段经常发生的动作,与一般现在时不同的是它常常表示赞许、 满意、不满、厌烦等感情色彩。如:
You are always thinking of others.你总是为别人着想。(赞许)
She is constantly changing her mind.她总是变来变去,主意不定。(厌烦)
He is forever displeasing people.他总是令人们不愉快。(不满)
【注释】
现在进行时与be going to的用法比较:
一般说来二者在表示将来时间的用法上是可以交替使用的。但现在进行时强调按预 先的计划和日程安排进行的动作,比 be going to 实现的可能性大。当动词是 come 和 go 时,用现在进行时比用 be going to更为常见。如:
What time are you coining?你什么时候来?
I'm going to a picture tonight.今晚我要去看电影。
在表示已有迹象表宙将要发生的动作或事态时,就用 be going to,不用现在进行时。如:
a
I feel dizzy. I think I'm going to faint.我感到头晕。我想可能会昏倒。
不说:I think I'm fainting.
b
Look at the black clouds. There's going to be a storm.看那一片片黑云,暴风雨要来了。
不说 :There,s being a storm.
3
用 be to do sth. 表示将来时间
(1)
表示按计划、安排、约定、意图将要发生的动作:
The football game is to be televised live tonight.今晚的足球比赛要实况转播。
We are to take the night train.我们计划乘夜车。
The atomic energy factory is to go into operation next year.这个原子能发电站明年投 入生产。
(2)
用于报纸、广播宣布官方的计划或决定:
The Prime Minister is to speak on television tonight.今晚总理将发表电视讲话。
The line is to be open to traffic on October 1.这条线路计划 10 月 1 日通车。
The accused is to be brought to trial.被告将出庭受审。
(3)
表示义务、命令、禁止或可能性:
The instructions are to be strictly observed.这些指示必须严格遵守。(义务、命令)
You are to hand in your papers before the end of July,你们要在 7 月底之前交论文。 (义务)
The dictionary is not to be taken out of the library.禁止将字典带出图书馆。(禁止)
The form is to be filled and returned within three days.填好表并于 3 日内交回。(义 务、命令)
This substance is rarely to be found in nature.这种物质在自然界中很少发现。(可 能性)
(4)
用于疑问句中,表示请求:
Am I to wait here till their arrival?我在这儿一直等到他们到达吗?
Where are we to stay tonight?今晚我们住哪儿?
(5)
用于条件状语从句中,表示假设、打算和意图:
If we are to catch the 7:30 train, we must leave at six.如果打算乘 7 点半的火车,我 们必须6点动身。
If you are to study abroad, you must learn English well.如果你打算出国学习,就必 须学好英语。
【注释】
be to do sth. 和 be going to do sth. 的用法比较
1||| 当表示将要发生的动作是受人的意志控制时,两者可以互换使用,但含义略有不 同。如:
I'm going to play tennis this afternoon.(现在意图)
I'm to play tennis this afternoon.(表示按计划、安排或受人指示)
2||| 对于不受人的主观意志所控制的将来动作,即非」们所能安排的将来动作,不 能用 be to do sth.,只能用 be going to do sth.来表示。如:
It's going to rain.(不能说:It's to rain.)
The weather forecast says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.(不能说:...it's to be cold tomorrow.)
4
be about to do sth.表将来时间
be about to do sth. 表示最近的将来,正要或即将发生的动作,常译作“即将…之时; 正要…之时,马上就•••",通常不带时间状语。如:
The press conference is about to begin.记者招待会马上开始。
He is about to be transferred to another city.他即将调往另一城市。
The train is about to leave.火车即将离站。
5
一般现在时表将来时间
表示按规定或时间表预料将要发生的动作或事态。在这一用法中,所用的动词除be 之外,一般都是动作动词,特别是表示位置移动的动词和开始结束意义的动词,如 arrive, come, go, leave, return, sail, begin, open, start, close 等。如:
The technical training class begins on Oct.4.技术培训班将于10 月4 日开课。
Next Christmas falls on a Thursday.下一个圣诞节是个星期四。
The match takes place on Friday.比赛将于星期五举行。
The summer term starts on May 4th.暑期班将于5 月4 日开始。
用于条件和时间状语从句中表将来时间。这一用法中常用的连接词主要有 if, after, as, as soon as, before, till, until, when, whenever 等。如:
If we try hard, we'll be able to fulfill the plan.只要努力,我们就能完成计划。
Supposing it rains, what shall we do?假如下雨我们怎么办?
I'll visit him whenever I get the chance. 一有机会,我就去拜访他。
Wait here till I come back.在这里等到我回来。
He's coming to see us the day he arrives.到达的当天,他就会来看我们。
有时用于定语从句表将来时间。如:
I'll give five pounds to anybody who washes my car.谁给我洗车,我就给他 5 英镑。
用于I bet, I hope后的宾语从句中。如:
I bet you don't get up before ten tomorrow.我敢断定明天 10 点之前,你起不了床。
I hope they have a good time in Spain next week.希望他们下星期在西班牙玩得愉快。
6
将来进行时表将来时间
表示按计划或预料将要发生的动作。如:
We shall be having our class in a minute.我们一会儿就上课。
He will be working in our department next month.下个月他将来我们系工作。
Will you be having dinner out this evening?今晚你出去吃饭吗?
表示将来某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。如:
What will you be doing this time tomorrow morning?明天上午这个时候你将做什么?
I won't be free this afternoon. I'll be seeing a friend off.今天下午我没有空。我要去为一位朋友送行。
将来时所表示的意义
将来时可表示"纯将来(pure fiiture)"和"现在意图实现于将来(present-ftiture)” 两种意义。
1
"纯将来”是指我们估计或预言将来可能发生的事,与现在时间没有任何联系
Do you think it will rain?你认为会下雨吗?
We'll be in London before ten, I expect,预计我们10点钟之前到达伦敦。
He's going to have a difficult year.他将要经历艰难的一年。
通常用shall /will或用表示推测意义的be going to来预言将发生的动作。如:
I think it'll rain /it's going to rain.我想天要下雨。
Do you think the car'll start? /Do you think the car is going to start?你认为车能起 动吗?
但当有条件限定或有时间状语从句时,通常只用shall /will表示将来发生的动作,不 用 be going to。 如:
If you come out for a walk, you'll feel much better.如果出去散散步,你会感觉好得多。
(不用:*...you are going to feel better.)
If I give you money you'll only spend it on drink.如果我给你钱,你会全用来喝酒。 (不用:*... you,re going to spend...)
I'll let you know when she arrives.她到达后我就告诉你。
2
“现在意图实现于将来”是将现在与未来结合在一起,既涉及现在,又涉及将来,这包 括现在己经决定将要做某事,或目前正在决定、计划、承诺、请求、建议、威胁要做 某事
We're going to go France next summer.我们打算明年夏天到法国去。(现己决定)
I promise I'll ask you if I need help.我答应如果需要帮助,我就去找你。(现在承诺)
If you do that again, I'll hit you .如果你再去干那种事,我就揍你。(现在发出的 警告)
Shall I give you a hand?要我帮助你吗?(现在的建议)
Will you come to dinner this evening?今天晚上你过来吃饭吗?(现在的请求)
“现在意图实现于将来”还表示从现在迹象来看,肯定兮发生的事。如:
Look at those clouds — it's going to rain.看那一片片云,——要下雨。
My God 一 we're going to crash!我的上帝——我们将要垮台!
(1)
当谈到现在已经决定将要做某事时,通常用下列两种句型:
1||| 用be going to do sth.和现在进行时,不用shall /will如:
She's going to have a baby in June. /She's having a baby in June.她将在 6 月生小孩。
I'm going to get to the top if it kills me.即使累死,我也要爬到顶。
I'm going to keep asking her out until she says yes.在她答应之前,我要一直不断地 邀她出来。
The Browns are coming to dinner.布朗一家将来吃饭。
The orchestra is playing a Mozart symphony after this.这之后乐队将演奏莫扎特交响曲。
上述两种结构没有什么区别,只是现在进行时常用于“来、去、开始”等意义的动 词中,be going to结构多用于表示强烈的决心。
2||| 用be to do sth.表示按计划、安排或打算做某事。如
I am to see him at six o'clock this afternoon.我打算今天下午 6 点钟去见他。
The Prime Minister is to visit Japan next month.总理将于下个月访问日本。
(2)
当谈到从现在迹象看来肯定会发生的动作时,通常只用be going to。如:
Look out! That fire cracker is going to explode.当心!那颗爆竹要爆炸了。
It's turned awful ( = awfully) chilly, and I think it's going to rain.天气变得特别冷, 我想要下雨了。
(3)
当谈及现在决定、计划要做事时,通常用will如:
The phone's ringing.一 I'll answer it.电话响了。——我去接。
I'm going out for a walk.— Wait a minute and I'll come with you.我想去散步。——等一等,我和你一起去。
(4)
当谈及现在承诺、请求、建议、威胁要做某事时,通常用will,特别是用于第一人 称而又有条件限定时,但有时也可以用 be going to do sth. 。如:
I promise I won't get drunk again. /I'm not going to get drunk again.我保证再也不醉酒 o
I swear I'll pay you back.我起誓一定会还给你。
If quite convenient to you I will be with you next Tuesday.若你方便下星期二我去找你。
有时 shall 可用于二、三人称。如:
You shall have a teddy-bear for Christmas.圣诞节我将送你一只玩具熊。(通常用: I'll give you a teddy-bear.)
He shall suffer for this!他会为此受到惩罚!(通常用:He's going to suffer for this.)
在疑问句中,提出请求或建议时,第一人称多用 shall 如:
Shall I get you some more tea?再来点茶好吗?
What shall we tell her?我们对她说什么?
Will you get me a newspaper when you're out?你出去时给我买份报纸好吗?
现在进行时
现在逬行时的形式
am / is / are + 现在分词(am /is /are + v-ing )
现在进行时的用法
1. 表示此刻正在进行或发生的动作。这一用法可以不用时间状语,也可以和 now, at the moment 连用
He is answering a telephone call at the moment.这会儿他正在接电话。
Isn't it raining hard?雨下得不大吗?
Look! Dark clouds are gathering.看!黑云在聚集。
2. 表示现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定在进行的动作。这一用法可与 now, these days 等时间状语连用
We're preparing for a meeting to be held on Friday.我们正在筹备星期五举行的一个 会议。
He's trying his best to solve the problems that cropped up in production.他正在努力解决生产中出现的一些问题。
Modem science and technology are undergoing a great revolution.现代科学技术正在经历一场伟大的革命。
【注释】
"is/are + at/in/on/under + n.”可用来表示现在正在进行的动作或所处的状态。如:
New cures for cancer are on the rise.治疗癌病的新方法在增加。
He is at work on a new book.他正在写一本新书。
However, the crisis is still in progress and the outcome uncertain.然而,危机仍在发展,所以其后果不能肯定。
The plan is under consideration by the Ministry of Education.教育部正在考虑这一计划
3. 表示将来的动作
(1) 表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作
用现在进行时表示将来时间时,只用于动作动词,不用于状态动词。在动作动词中, 尤为常见的是表示位置移动的动词,如 arrive, come, go, leave, start 等。但在现代英 语中,相当多的动作动词都可以用现在进行时表将来动作。如:
She is leaving Shanghai in a few days.几天后她就离开上海。
They are taking the eight o'clock train.他们将乘 8 点的火车。
Tom isn't finishing high school until next year.到明年汤姆才中学毕业。
The new furniture is being delivered tomorrow afternoon.新家具将于明天下午送到。
Hurry up! The train is starting.快!火车就要开了。
(2) 在时间和条件状语从句中,现在进行时表示将来某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动 作,并强调主句的动作发生在从句动作持续进行的过程之中。如:
When you are talking to him, take care not to mention this.你和他谈话时,当心不要 提及这事。
You must be careful while you are crossing the street.横穿马路时,你一定要小心。
If you are standing at the comer when I pass, Til give you a lift into town.我经过时, 如果你站在拐角处,我就让你搭车进城。
4. 表示人的认识、感情或事物从一种状态逐渐变化到另一种状态的发展过程。这一用法 只有少数几个表终止性的动词,如 become, begin, get, grow 等
I'm beginning to see the importance of learning a foreign language.我开始认识到学习 外语的重要性。
He is becoming more and more used to the life in the countryside.他越来越习惯农村 的生活了。
He has worked for three hours and is getting tired.他己经工作了 3 个小时,所以开始 感到累了。
5. 用来强调某个反复重复的动作,表示说话人对主语行为在感情上的反应,如亲切、惊 奇、赞美、不满等。这一用法往往与 always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time 等表示“经常”意义的状语连用
He's always thinking of how he could serve the people better.他总在考虑如何更好地 为人民服务。(赞美)
He's constantly leaving his things about.他总好乱放东西。(讨厌)
He is continually complaining of being hard up.他总是叫穷。(不满)
She is complaining, grumbling, cursing all the time.她总是抱怨、发牢骚,诅咒。
I'm always seeing him on the bus.我经常在公共汽车上见至0他。(惊奇)
Mothers are always worrying about their children.母亲总是为孩子担心。(不以为然)
Are you feeling better?你感到好些了吗?(亲切)
6. 表示婉转口气,这一用法只限于 hope, want, wonder 等动词
I'm hoping you'll give us more help.我一直希望你给我们更多的帮助。
We're wondering if you have any suggestion.不知你可不可以提出你的建议?
What are you wanting.你想要什么呢?
7. 表示在刚刚过去的时间中发生的动作
I don't know what you're talking about.我不明白你刚才的话。
You don't believe me? I'm telling the truth.你不相信?我说的都是实话。
8. 表示说话人的决心和态度
I'm flying to Beijing this weekend,本周末我要乘飞机去北京。
I'm not eating in that restaurant again,我再也不在那家饭馆吃饭了。
9. 表示现在的真实情况,用现在进行时比用一般现在时更为具体明确,也更强调
We are living a happy life.我们过着幸福生活。
Our science and technology are advancing at high speed.我们的科学技术正在高速发展。
History is developing in struggle, and the world is advancing amidst turbulence.历史 在斗争中发展,世界在动乱中前进。
10. 在本来可以用一般现在时的地方,为了强调这个动作的暂时性,有时可以用进行时代 替,表示有意识地进行着的短暂动作或一时的动作,特别是通过某一行动表现出来的 特点。此时,句子常用be的现在进行时
My son is being a good boy today.今天我儿子很乖。
You are being very patient with her tonight.今晚你对她真耐心。
Don't talk rot ! I'm being serious.不要胡说!我是严肃认真的。
I'm not being hard on anybody! Tin being sensible.我不是在对谁苛刻,我是在理智 行事。
11. 现在进行时具有描绘作用,使句子生动有力
Every day people are being killed on the roads.每天路上都有人被轧死。
The Yangtze River is flowing endlessly towards the east.长江滚滚向东流。
The whole town is jumping with excitement,全城充满着激动人心的活动。
12. 用于强调动作或过程的持续性
The surface of the earth is changing constantly.地球表面在不断地变化。
Our need for water is constantly increasing.我们的需水量在不断增加。
Many old customs are gradually dying out.许多旧的风俗习惯都在渐渐消失
13. 瞬时型动词用于进行式时,表示一个短暂动作在重复发生或连续进行
Who is knocking at the door?是谁在敲门?
The child is screaming and kicking.这孩子乱叫乱踢。
14. 表示两个动作的对比
While food is rotting in the warehouse, the poor in their dens are perishing of slow starvation. 一方面是食品烂在仓库里,另一方面是贫民窟里贫民在漫长的饥饿中 死亡。
You may think I am exaggerating, but I am speaking the truth.你可能认为我在夸张, 但是我在讲实话。
When you plot mischief for others, you're preparing trouble for yourself〈谚〉为别人 谋划恶作剧时,也在为自己准备麻烦。
现在逬行时和一般现在时的用法比较
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的动作;现在进行时则表示暂时性的动作
a
I read English everyday,我天天读英语。(经常性)
I am reading English now.我正在读英语。(短暂性)
b
He works in a factory.他在工厂工作。(说明事实)
He is working in the lab now.他正在实验室工作。(短暂性)
c
My knee pains me on damp days,我的膝关节每到潮湿的天气就疼痛。(习惯性)
My wound is paining just for the moment.就这一会儿我的伤在疼。(短暂性)
d
The village stands at the foot of the hill.那村子位于山脚下。(永久性)
He is standing for the council.他在竞选议员。(短暂性)
表示此刻正在发生的短暂动作时,要用一般现在时,即瞬间现在时;表示此刻正在进 行的持续性动作时,要用现在进行时
The bus stops.(迅速地停住)
The bus is stopping.(表示渐渐停下来)
现在进行时往往带有感情色彩,而一般现在时往往只是说明事实
a
John does fine work at school.(说明事实)
John is doing fine work at school.(赞扬)
b
Now I live in a very pleasant flat.(说明事实)
I am now living in a very pleasant flat.(表示满意)
现在完成时
现在完成时的形式
have /has + 过去分词 (have /has + v-ed)
现在完成时的用法
1. 表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,到现在已经完成,却给现在留下某种影响或结 果。所以这一用法实际上表示的是因果关系,动作的完成是原因,现在的情况是结果。 汉语常用“了 :过”来表示,所以又叫做“已完成”用法
He has visited China many times.他曾多次访问中国。
The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “Impossible”.凡决心取胜者从来不说“不可能”。
We've had too much rain this year.今年的雨水太多了。
现在完成时的“已完成”用法,可以不用时间状语。如:
He has left Shanghai for Beijing.他已离开上海去北京了。
He's had a good education.她受过良好的教育。
注意“have gone +地点状语"和“have been +地点状语”的区别:
He has gone to play football with some friends.他和一些朋友去踢足球了。(人不在家)
She has only been there two or three times.她只去过那里两三次。(人己经回来,不在那里了)
Mary has gone to New York.玛丽己经到纽约去了。(她不在这里)
I have been to the hospital to see him. I went alone.我己经去医院看过他,我是一个 人去的。(人已经回来,不在医院了)
I've come to say-good-bye.我是来告别的。
I have been here for three days.我已经来这儿 3 天了。
在上述句子中,由于go和come都是始动性动词,表示短暂动作,而不表示持续性动作,所以不能与表示时间持续的状语连用,只能与already, just, now等时间状语连用。
“己完成”用法也可以和下列几种时间状语连用:
表示不确定的过去时间状语,如 already, before, lately, recently, yet 等。如:
We haven't been there lately.最近我们没去过那儿。
We haven't heard from him recently.最近我们没有收到过他的信。
I have read that article long before.我早就读过那篇文章。
I wonder whether they have finished the work yet.我不知道他们是否己完成了工作。
表示频度的时间状语,如 ever, never, often, rarely, sometimes, once, twice, three times 等。如:
We have often been there.我们常去那儿。
I have sometimes had letters from him.我有时收到他的来信。
Have you ever been to London?你去过伦敦吗?
I've never heard them say so.我从未听他们这样说过。
I've been there once or twice.我去过那儿一两次。
表示包括现在时间在内的时间状语,如 just, now, this morning /month /year, today 等。如:
We have become college students now.我们现在已成为大学生。
I've just seen your brother.我刚见到你兄弟。
I have had three colds this winter.今冬我己感冒了3 次。
2. 表示动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束,这种用法也叫做现在完成时的“未完成”用法
There have been great changes in our country since 1949.自1949 年以来我国发生了巨大变化。
The film has been on for almost two hours.这部电影演了 接近两个小时。
Sunshine helps people who have been sick get well more quickly.〈谚〉阳光能帮助病人迅速康复。
Up to the present everything has been successful.直到现在一切顺利。
Where have you been all this while?这段时间你到哪儿去了?
现在完成时的“未完成”用法可用动作动词,特别是表示持续动作的动词表示,也可用状态动词表示。但是不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词,如 arrive, break, come, go, leave 等。如:
a
他来到济南己经两年了。
不能译作:He's come to Jinan for two years.
而应译为:He's been in Jinan fbr two years.
b
他参军己经10年了。
不能译为:He has joined the army for ten years.
而应译为:He has been an army man for ten years. It is /has been ten years since he joined the army.
但是,某些持续性较短的动作动词有时也可用于现在完成时的“未完成”用法。主要有下列两种情况:
(1) 用于否定结构中。如:
We haven't visited them since 2001.自从2001年我们再没有拜访过他们。
I haven't finished reading the book yet, so I can't return it to the library.我还未读完这本书,因此不能把它还给图书馆。
I haven't seen her for a long time.我巳经好久没有见到她了。
(2) 通过某种词汇手段,表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内反复发生的动作。如:
She has often written to me since she left Shanghai.自从离开上海,她经常给我来信。
He has visited us a number of times in the past few years.最近几年他多次拜访过 我们。
现在完成时的“未完成”用法通常与表示一段时间的状语连用。这种状语有3类:
(1) 由since引导的时间状语。since可以用作连接词、副词和介词。要注意since用作 介词,后跟表时间的短语时,必须是确定的“时间点",而不能是“一段时间”。所 以不能说:"since a year"或 “since three months”。 只能说:“since last year”, “since 1949”。如:
Great achievements have been made in our science and technology since 1949.自从 1949年以来,在科学技术方面我们取得了伟大成就。(conj.)
The electronic computer has been in use since 1946.从 1946 年就开始使用计算机了。 (prep.)
John caught cold Saturday and has been in bed ever since.约翰星期六患感冒,从那 一直卧床未起。(adv.)
(2) 由for引导的时间状语。for后跟的是表示“一段时间"的短语,不能跟“时间点”。所以不能说“for last year",只能说“for a year”。如:
I've lived in London for quite a long time.我在伦敦已住了相当长的时间。
I haven't as a matter of fact been myself for weeks.实际上,几个星期以来我身体一直不舒服。
应注意介词 for 有时可以省略。如:
He's been here two hours.他来这儿己两个小时。
(3) 表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间的状语,如 all day, all this while, always, in recent years, in /for the past /last few days /years, so far, these few days /weeks / months /years, till / up to now, up to the present 等。如:
In the past 40 years this country has made great advances in science and technology. 近40年来,该国在科学技术方面有了很大发展。
For the past few years, my reading has been limited to newspapers.最近几年来,我 只读读报纸。
So far they have made much progress in this field.迄今为止,他们在这个领域己取 得巨大进步。
Up till now, our main natural energy sources have been coal and oil.到目前为止,我 们的主要天然能源一直是煤和石油。
3. 用于时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来某时以前己完成的动作
We'll start at five if it has stopped raining by that time.我们将于5 点钟动身,如果到那时雨已经停止。
They will not decide their attitude until they have heard what the speaker has to say.在听到发言人的发言内容之前,他们不会表明态度。
You'll be able to write good paragraphs when you have mastered some writing skills. 掌握了一些写作技巧以后,你就能写出好段落。
关于现在完成时用法的说明
1. since的用说明
(1) since用作介词和副词时,其句中谓语动词一般用完成时(包括现在与过去两种完成 时)。用作连接词时,通常从句用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时。这时since-从句 中的动词通常为非持续性动词,表示主句中现在完成式动作的起始点。如:
I want to see how much he has changed since I saw him last.我想看看自从上次见他 后,他变化多大。(conj.)
He's lived with us since he came back two years ago.自从两年前回来,他一直与我们住在一起。(印林)
I've known him since our schooldays.从小学我就认识他。(prep.)
He left his native village twenty years ago and has since returned only twice.他 20 年 前离开故乡,从那以来只回来过两次。(。如.)
I met her in 1985 and haven't seen her since.我于 1985 年遇见她,从此再没有见过。(adv.)
(2) 当since-从句中的动词是持续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时时,从句不再表示完 成式动作的起始点,而表示动作的完成或结束。如:
The house has been in bad repair since they lived in it. ( = ...since they moved out of it.)自从他们搬岀之后,这房子一直没有很好的维修。
He has had several jobs since he was a student at Yale. ( = ...since he graduated from Yale.)自从耶鲁大学毕业后,他已经干过好几种工作了°
It's /has been two weeks since I was ill. ( = ...since I recovered.)我病愈已经两个星 期了。
在这种句型中,要特别注意since-从句中动词用一般过去时和现在完成时两种不同 S时所表达的不同意义。试比较:
a
It's /has been five years since they lived here.他们离开这里已经 5 年了。
It's /has been five years since they have lived here.他们住在这里已经 5 年了。
b
It's /has been ten years since she was in the army,她离开部队己经 10 年了。
It's /has been ten years since she has been in the army.她参军已经 10 年了。
(3) since-从句一般不用否起结构。如不说:
It's twenty years since I didn't see him.
He's had several jobs since he wasn't a student.
(4) since用作连接词时,主、从句中谓语动词的几种形式
since用作连接词,主、从句中的谓语动词除用(1)中常用形式外,还可见下列几种情况:
1||| 主句用一般现在时,从句用一般过去时:
I feel much better since I took the medicine.服过药后,我感觉好多了。
My health is much improved since I gave up smoking.自从戒了烟,我的健康有很 大改进。
It's dull here since John left.约翰离开后这里很乏味。
当主句表示“已经有多少时间”时,动词应该用完成式。但在口语中,用一般现在 匕用完成时普遍。如:
It is/has been a long time since we met last.自从上次我们相见已有好长时间了。
How long it is since she left Beijing?她离开北京多久了 ?
It is just a week since we arrived here.我们到这儿整好一个星期了。
2||| 主句用完成时,从句用一般现在时:
I have had such impressions since I can remember ( = since the beginning of the time I can remember).从会记事起,我就有这样的印象。
3||| 主、从句都用完成时。这时since-从句通常用持续性动词或状态动词,表示动作或状态延续到说话时刻。如:
They haven't had any trouble since they have lived there.自从他们住在那里至今, 还未遇到过任何麻烦。
I haven't seen you since I've been back.从我回来至今还没有见到你。
He has never been to see me since I have been ill.从我生病至今他从未来看望过我。
4||| 主句用一般现在时,从句用完成时:
It's some considerable time since I have spoken to you on these matters.自 从我对你讲 了这些问题,已有相当一段时间了。
5||| 主句用完成进行时,从句用一般过去时:
I have been looking forward to meeting you ever since Ather told me.自从K可瑟告诉了我,我一直在盼望着见你。
6||| 主句用完成进行时,从句用现在完成时:
I have been hearing a lot of things about you since I have been back in this country,自 从回到本国,我不断地听到有关你的一些事情。
2. 在“It is the first/second/third time +从句”结构中,从句中的动词用现在完成时
It's the first time I've been here.这是我第一次来这儿。
This is the first cigarette I've smoked today.这是我今天吸的第一支烟。
It's the third time you have arrived late this week.这是本周你第三次迟到了。
这种结构中,如果主句表示的是将来时间,分句仍用现在完成时。如:
It'll be the second time I've seen the film.这将是我第二次看这部电影。
Don't forget, it'll be the first time I've spoken in public.不要忘记,这将是我第一次 在公众面前讲话。
如果主句表示的是过去时间,从句通常用过去完成时。在没有表示确定的过去时间 的状语时,间或也可用现在完成时。如:
I was lucky actually, because that was the second time I'd visited China that year.我真 幸运,因为那是我去年第二次访问中国。
It was the first time this year he hasn't/ hadn't worked on Saturday.这是今年第一次 他星期六没上班。
现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
1. 二者都表示过去发生的动作或情况。但是现在完成时强调的是动作的现在结果,它必 然与“现在情况”有联系。而一般过去时仅仅表示过去的事情,与现在情况没有联系。 因此,同一个发生在过去的动作,如果要说明对目前留下的影响和结果,或只是说明从 前有过这么一回事,而不指明具体发生的时间,就用现在完成时。如果要指明这件事发 生在过去某一时刻,而不强调它的现在结果和影响,就用一般过去时。试比较:
a
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。(说明已了解其内容)
I saw the film last week.我上星期看过这部电影。(只说明上星期看了电影)
b
Who has opened the window?谁打开了窗子?(所以窗子现在开着)
Who opened the window?谁开过窗子?(有人开过,但现在可能开着,也可能 关着)
c
I have studied English for three years.我己学了 3 年英语。(到现在为止己 3 年, 可能还要学下去)
I studied English for three years.我学过3年的英语。(过去学过3年,现在不 学了)
2. 现在完成时说明的是目前情况,所以它属于现在时态范畴,而不能和表示确定的过去 时间状语连用,如yesterday, last year, last week, in 1949等。它只能与包括“此刻" 在内的时间状语或不表示一个明南时间的状语连用,如 already, always, ever, for two years, never, many times, now, often, this week/year, today, up to now, up to the present 等
He has always studied hard,他学习一贯努力。
We have already sent the book to her.我们己经将书给她寄去了。
I have been to the dentist's today.今天我去看过牙医。
由于现在完成时表示不确定的过去时间,一般过去时表示确定的过去时间,因此, 在两个人对话时,常用现在完成时发问或开始对话,进而引出表示确定时间的一般过去 时。如:
Have you decided already? 一 Yes, I decided at once.你已决定 了吗?——是的,我当时就决定了。
I haven't seen that film yet. — Oh, I saw it last Sunday.我还未看过那部电影。——啊,我上个星期天看过了。