语言学

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Chapter2 Phonology

• phonetics
  • what is phonetics?
    • articulatory phonetics
    • auditory phonetics
    • acoustic phonetics
  • organs of speech
    • pharyngeal cavity
      • the throat
    • oral cavity
      • the mouth
        • tongue
        • uvula
        • soft palate（the velum）
        • the hard palate
        • teeth ridge
        • teeth
        • lips
    • nasal cavity
      • the nose
  • speech sounds
    • broad transcription
    • narrow transcription
  • classification of English speech sounds
    • vowel
      • part of the tongue
        • front vowels
          • [i：],[i],[e],[ae],[a]
        • central vowels
          • [з：],[反过来的e],[∧]
        • back vowels
          • [u：],[u],[コ：],[コ][a：]
      • openness of the mouth
        • close vowels
          • [i：],[i],[u]
        • semi-close vowels
          • [e],[з：]
        • semi-open vowels
          • [反过来的e],[コ：]
        • open vowels
          • [ae],[a],[∧],[D],[a：]
    • consonant
      • manner of articulation
        • stops
          • [p] [b] ,[t] [d],[k] [g]
        • fricatives
          • [f],[v],[s],[z],[∮],[3],[h],[θ],[ð]
        • affricates
          • [t∮] [d3]
        • liquids
          • [l],[r]
        • nasals
          • [m],[n]
        • glides
          • [u],[i]
      • place of articulation
        • bilabial
          • [p],[b],[m],[w]
        • labiodental
          • [f],[v]
        • dental
          • [θ],[ð]
        • alveolar
          • [t],[s],[d],[z],[n],[l],[r]
        • palatal
          • [3],[t∮],[d3],[j]
        • velar
          • [k],[g]
        • glottal
          • [h]
• phonology
  • phonology and phonetics
    • phonetics
      • definition
        • study of sounds
      • key words
        • production
        • differences
        • features
        • classification
    • phonology
      • definition
        • system of sounds of a particular langage
      • key words
        • patterns
        • meaning
  • phone,phoneme,and allophone
    • phone
      • phonetic unit or segment
      • does't necessarily distinguish meaning
    • phoneme
      • phonological unit
      • distinctive unit
      • abstract unit
      • the smallest unit of sounds
    • allophone
      • can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments
  • phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimal pair
    • phonemic contrast
      • key words
        • phonetically similar sounds
        • related in two ways
        • two distinctive phonemes
      • e.g.
        • /p/and /b/
          • /PIt/and /bit/
    • complementary distribution
      • allophones of the same phoneme
      • occur in different phonetic environments
    • minimal pair
      • definition
        • two different words identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same strings
      • e.g.
        • pill and bill
  • some rules in phonology
  • suprasegmental features——stress,tone,intonation