Speech Sounds 语音（语言学）

语言学教程第二章 speech sounds，包括语音学、音系学、言语生成、语音转写、音系分析、超音段等内容。

Speech Sounds 语音

• Those sounds made by human beings that have become units in the language system
• phonetics 语音学
  • studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
  • articulatory phonetics
    • the study of the production of speech sounds
  • acoustic phonetics
    • studies the physical properties of speech transmission
  • auditory phonetics
    • the perception of speech sounds
• phonology 音系学
  • the study of sounds patterns and sound system of languages
• speech production 言语生成
  • nasal cavity 鼻腔
  • hard palate硬腭
  • Soft palate 软腭
  • Alveolar ridge 齿龈
  • Upper teeth ridge 上齿
  • Power teeth ridge下齿
  • Lips 双唇
  • Tip 舌尖
  • Blade 舌叶
  • Front 舌前
  • Back 舌后
  • Root 舌根
  • Mandible 下颌
  • Uvula 小舌
  • Pharynx 咽腔
  • Epiglottis 会厌
  • Larynx 咽喉
  • Vocal folds 声带
    • Glottis 声门
  • Trachea 气管
  • Lungs 肺
• Phonetic transcription 语音转写
  • the international phonetic alphabet
    • 横
    • 纵
  • Consonants
    • 声道紧闭，气流一旦排出就会产生摩擦
    • Manner of articulation
      • Stop/plosive 塞音/爆破音
      • Nasal 鼻音
      • Fricative 擦音
      • Approximant 近音（接近摩擦音）
      • Lateral 边音
      • Trill 颤音
      • Tap and flap 触音和闪音
      • Affricative 塞擦音
    • The place of articulation
      • Bilabial 双唇音
      • Labiodental 唇齿音
      • Dental 齿音
      • Alveolar 齿龈音
      • Postalveolar 齿龈后音
      • Retroflex 卷舌音
      • Palatal 硬腭音
      • Velar 软腭音
      • Uvular 小舌音
      • Pharyngeal 咽音
      • Glottal 声门音
  • Vowels
    • Cardinal vowels 基本元音
      • Provide a frame of referente for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
    • Semi-vowel
      • W,j
    • Monophthong 单元音
    • Diphthong 双元音
    • Triphthong 三元音
    • 描述元音
      • Height 高低
        • High
        • Mid
        • Low
      • Position 前后
        • Front
        • Central
        • Back
      • Length/tenseness 松紧
        • Tense vs. Lax
        • Long vs. Short
      • Lip-rounding 圆不圆
        • Rounded
        • Unrounded
• Phonological analysis 音系分析
  • Phonemes 音素
    • 一种语言中能区别意义的最小语音单位
    • Transcribed with IPA symbols
      • Within slant lines/ / instead of square brackets[ ]
    • Phonemic transcriptions 音位转写
      • / /
    • Phonetic transcriptions 语音转写
      • [ ]
    • Broad transcriptions 宽式转写
    • Narrow transcriptions 严式转写
  • Allophones 音位变体
    • Phones 音子
    • Complementary distribution 互补分布
    • Allophony
      • Variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different positions
  • Phonological rules
    • Nasalization 鼻音化
    • Dentalization 鼻音化
    • Velarization 软腭化
    • Assimilation 同化
      • Regressive assimilation 逆同化
      • Progressive assimilation 顺同化
    • Devoicing 去浊音化
• Suprasegmentals 超音段
  • Syllable
    • Onset 节首
    • Rime 韵基
      • Nucleus 节核
      • Coda 节尾
    • types
      • Open syllable 开音节
        • Without coda
      • Closed syllable 闭音节
        • With coda
  • Intonation and tone
    • Intonation 语调
    • Tone 声调
      • Tones in mandarin
        • High level
        • High rising
        • Los falling rising
        • High falling
    • A difference in tone chances the meaning of a group of words is called a difference in intonation