英语代词思维导图

初中语法之代词思维导图，包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词、特殊用法、疑问代词等内容。

代词

• 代词概述
  • 代词定义
    • 代替名词的词叫做代词。
  • 代词特征
    • 代词可以和名词一样，作主语、宾语和表语；也可以像形容词一样，作定语。
    • 有些代词有格的变化
      • She（主格）；her(宾格)
    • 有些代词有所有格
      • Whose谁的； His他的
    • 有些代词有单数和复数形式
      • one-ones ;other-others
    • 代词前一般不用冠词，但少数代词例外。
      • the other ;the others; a few; a little
• 人称代称
  • 人称代词的形式
    • I （主格）/me (宾格)/we（主格）/us（宾格）
  • 人称代词的用法
    •  主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称（单数）Imemyminemyself第一人称（复数）weusouroursourselves第二人称（单数）youyouyouryoursyourself第二人称（复数）youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称（单数）he, she,ithim, her,ithis, her,itshis, hers,itshimself,herself,itself第三人称（复数）theythemtheirtheirsthemselves
    • 人称代词的主格主要用作主语
      • I will try my best to do the work well.(I 作主语)
    • 代词作主语的排列次序：you and i ; you and he (she);you ,she(he)and I;we and you;we and they ;we,you and they.
      • You, she (he)and I all enjoy music.
    • you 究竟是表示单数“你”还是复数“你们”，往往要根据具体情况来确定。
      • Are you tired ,Rick?
      • You are good boys.
    • 第三人称单数it常代表已提到过得一件事情。
      • It's a lovely baby, isn't it?
      • is it a boy or a girl ?
    • it还可用来指代时间、距离、自然现象等。
      • It is very cold in winter here.
    • 人称代词主格有时还用作表语。
      • It was I who did it (I 为主格作表语)
    • 人称代词宾格的用法
      • 人称代词宾格一般用作宾语
        • She gave me some water.
      • 人称代词作表语时一般用宾格，在比较正式的场合用主格。
        • It is me (非正式)/it is I(正式)
      • 人称代词用于as 和than 之后，如果 as 和than 用作介词，往往用宾语；如果用as 和than 用作连词，则往往用主格。
        • He is taller than me
• 物主代词
  • 表示所有关系的代词成为物主代词。
    • my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their(形容词性物主代词)
    • mine/yours/his,hers,its/ours/yours/theirs(名词性物主代词)
  • 物主代词的用法
    • 形容词性物主代词的用法
      • 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作定语。
        • my childhood/our school(my和our作定语 )
      • 形容词性物主代词与own连用时表示强调。
        • You may have your own room.（your own）
      • 必须要用定冠词the代替形容词性物主代词
        • touch sb. on the head.
    • 名词性物主代词
      • 作主语
        • our room is on the first floor and theirs on the second.(our 和theirs 作主语)
      • 作表语
        • This room is ours.（ours作表语）
      • 作宾语
        • I'll take mine.(mine作宾语)
      • 与of连用构成双重所有格作定语
        • He is a friend of mine.
      • 可用作礼貌用语
        • Yours sincerely.
• 反身代词
  • 反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我们自己)yourselves(你们自己)themselves (他们/她们/它们自己)
  • 反身代词的形式
    • myself/ourselves/yourself/yourselves/himself/themselves
  • 反身代词的用法
    • 作宾语
    • 作表语
    • 作主语或宾语的同位语
    • 反身代词偶尔用作主语
  • 使用反身代词注意事项
    • 习惯用法
      • call myself(自称)/ excuse oneself（自我辩解）
    • 子固定习语
      • by myself/of oneself/for myself
        • I did the work all by myself.
      • in oneself/between ourselves
        • This is not a bad idea in itself.
      • aomong（+复数反身代词）......之间/to oneself.
        • I do hope to have a room to myself.
• 相互代词
  • 互相代词形式
    • 表示相互关系的代词
      • 宾格
        • each other/one another
      • 所有格
        • each other’s/ one another's
  • 互相代词的用法
    • each other 和 one another 都表示互相关系，二者用法相似，可以互换
      • 相互代词只能用作动词或介词的宾语。
      • they gave each other a present.
    • 有些动词本身已具有相互意义，后面就不一定需要跟互相代词
      • Tom and Bob met (each other) in China.
    • 相互代词和所有格形式只能作定语
      • They looked into each other's eyes for a long time.
• 指示代词
  • 主要用来指示或标识人或事物的代词。
    • 近指
      • this/these
    • 远指
      • that/those
  • 指示代词的用法
    • this that those 作主语
      • this is my mother.
    • this that those 作宾语
      • I will do that
    • this that those 作表语
      • my suggestion is that
    • this that those 作定语
      • the tree is this high.
    • this 和 that 有时用作状语，表示程度，意味着“这么”，“那么”
      • she is not that foolish.
    • that 和 those 可以用来代替前面已提到过的名词，以避免重复。
      • 如果这个名词是单数可数名词，则用the one ,而不用that 的时候多一些。
      • the machines made this year are better than those made last year.
      • I'll take the seat next to the one by the window.
    • those 或 that 可用在下面这种类型的句子中表示人或东西
      • he was among those who passed the exam.
      • waht's that hanging on the tree?
    • that ,those 指前面提到过的事物，汉语中常用“这”来表示；this ,these 常指后面将要谈到的事物，汉语中不用“这”、“这些”表示。
      • my mother was ill. that's why I didn't come.
      • the windows are broken ,the floor is too dirty .those are the problems we want to solve.
    • such 的用法
      • such 具有名词和形容词的性质，在句子可用作主语、定语、表语、宾语等。
      • 用作主语
        • such is our plan.
      • 用作定语
        • such water is quite clean.
      • 用作表语
        • the birds were such as I never saw before.
      • 用作宾语
        • if you act like a child ,you will be treated as such.
    • same 的用法
      • 使用时，same之前必须用定冠词the ,它也具有名词和形容词的性质。
      • 用作主语
        • the same happened to me.
      • 用作表语
        • it is all the same to me.
      • 用作定语
        • the students are doing the same thing.
      • 用作状语
        • thank you all the same.
      • 用作宾语
        • Tom went away and Alice did the same
    • so 的用法
      • 常常作宾语和表语
        • he asked me to sing a song for him and I did so.
        • I'm hungry. -so am I
          • so作表语，常置于句首。
    • 指示代词 it 的用法
      • 指示代词it 常用以指人，一般不译。
        • who is it? it's me
      • IT is (was) ......who(that,whom)的强调结构
        • it was tom's father who came in.
• 疑问代词
  • 就句中某一部分提问的词，包括 who, what, whose, which等，一般置于句首。
  • 疑问代词的用法
    • who, whom 的用法
      • who 只能用指人，常作主语和表语，只有名词性质。但是介词后面要用whom,whom 也指人，常用作宾语，也只有名词性质。
        • who did this ?(作主语)
        • who is it ?(作表语)
        • with whom did you go?
    • whose 的用法
      • whose 和物主代词一样，具有名词和形容词性质，可作主语、表语和定语
        • whose is better?(名词性，作主语，等于whose book/books)
        • whose shirt is this?(形容词性，作定语)
    • what 的用法
      • 表示什么（人或物），可用作单数和复数，具有名词和形容词性质，作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
        • what happened ? (作主语)
        • what are you doing ?(作宾语)
        • what is your name ?(作表语)
        • what time is it now?(作定语)
    • which 的用法
      • 在一定范围内的哪一个人或物，可用作单数和复数，具有名词和形容词性质，用作主语、定语、宾语等
        • which are yours?(作主语)
        • which do you prefer?(作宾语)
        • which books are yours?(作定语)
    • 疑问代词的用法比较
      • who 和what 的区别：who 多用问姓名、关系等，what 多用来问职业、地位等。
        • who is he ?(他是谁？)
        • what is he?(他是干什么的？)
      • which和 who ,what的区别：who ,what 用来泛指，而which 是特指，表示在一定范围内的哪个人或哪些人或物。
        • who is tom?(泛指)
        • which is tom?(特指)
• 连接代词
  • 连接代词的用法
    • 连接代词引导主语从句
      • What I want to talk about is this.(what 引导的从句作整个句子的主语，是主语从句，what相当于the thing which.)
    • 连接代词引导宾语从句
      • I can't tell which picture is more beautiful.(which引导从句作tell 的宾语，是宾语从句。)
    • 连接代词引导表语从句
      • The problem is whom we should ask.(whom引导表语从句)
    • 连接代词引导插入语从句
      • She shouted loudly and ,what was rare, ran wildly in the field.
    • who(m), which 和 what还可以与ever构成合成词，用以引导各类从句，起强调作用，有“一切”、“任何”这类意思
      • You can take whatever you want.
  • • 连接代词的形式
      • 连接代词可以连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的成分，有格的变化和指人、物的区别。
        • 主格：who/ (指人) which/what（指物）
        • 宾格：whom (指人)
        • 宾格：whose (指人)/ whose(指物)
• 关系代词
  • 关系代词的形式
    • 关系代词常用来引导定语从句
      • 关系代词一方面在定语从句中担任一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语或定语。
        • The number of people who/ that lost homes reached as many as 250 000.(who / that 在定语从句中作主语。)
        • The boy (who /whom / that ) we saw yesterday was john's brother.（who /whom / that在定语从句中作宾语，同时指代先行词boy.）
      • 另一方面又指定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。
        • I know a boy whose mother is a doctor.(whose 在定语从句作定语，同时指代the boy's)
  • 关系代词的用法
    • who, whom, whose 的用法
      • who和whom 代表人，在定语从句作主语时用who ,作宾语时用whom, 非正式场合也有who代替，但介词后面要用whom.
        • The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from China.(who在从句作主语)
        • The person to whom you just talk is Mr. Li.(whom 作宾语，由于介词to 提前，所以只能用whom.)
        • I saw a girl whose hair is quite long.
    • which 的用法
      • which 指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语。作宾语时，在限制定语从句中可以省略。
        • They planted the trees which didn't need much water.(which 在定语从句作主语)
        • The fish (which) we bought were not fresh.(which 在定语从句中作宾语)
    • that 的用法
      • that 可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语、表语和宾语。指物时与which 的用法大体相同。
        • He is no longer the man that he was.（that 作定语从句的表语）
        • The girl (that / who/ whom/)we saw yesterday was jim's sister.(that /who/ whom 作定语从句的宾语)
    • 当关系代词指物时，常用that 而不用which 的情况。
      • 当先行词是everthing ,nothing, something, anything, all ,little, much等不定代词时。
        • Everything that I have seen in the room is in good order.
      • 先行词被all , every，no, some, any, little, much等词修饰时。
        • there is little time that we can spare.
      • 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
        • This is the best hotel that I know.
      • 在there be 句型中引导的定语从句中或关系代词作表语的定语从句中。
        • There is a seat in the corner that is still free.
    • 关系代词指代事物时，常用which 而不用that 的情况。
      • 在非限定性定语从句中
        • He offered to get a doctor for me ,which was very kind of him.
      • 关系代词有介词时
        • The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
      • 关系代词后有插入语时
        • This is the book which, as I have told you ,will help you to improve your English.
    • 关系代词指人时，常用who 而不用that 的情况
      • 先行词为one， ones ,anyone 或those时。
        • The man we want to employ is one who works hard.
      • 在以there be开头的句子中。
        • There is a man who wants to see you .
      • 当先行词后有较长的修饰语时
        • I met a foreigner in the park yesterday who could speak Chinese fluently.
    • 关系代词作定语从句的宾语时，若介词前置，则不能用that ,而且只能用whom指人，which指物，若介词后置则不受这种限制。
      • They are the boys with whom I went to school.
      • The room in which they live is not large.
    • 关系代词的省略。
      • 在限定性定语从句，如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，可以省略；但是在非限定性定语从句中不可省略。
        • Football is a sport (that)he likes.
        • This poem, which almost everybody knows ,is written by Li Bai.
      • 能在定语从句中作表语的只有that, 可指人或物，通常可以省略。
        • She is not a beautiful young girl (that)she was before.
      • 但that 作定语从句的主语时，不可以省略。
        • A plane is a machine that can fly.
• 不定代词
  • 不定代词的含义和种类
    • 不指明代代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。
      • every 和 no 具有形容词的性质，一般作定语；none和 含有 some ,any, no, every的合成词（如someone, nothing, anybodu等），具有名词性质，一般作主语、宾语、表语等。
  • 不定代词的用法
    • some 的用法
      • 常用在肯定句中，修饰或代替可数复数或不可数名词，既可指人，又可指物。
        • Some people like pop music , but some don't.
      • some 有时可以修饰可数名词单数，表示“某个”
        • There is some man at the door who wants to see you.
      • some也可用在“请求、建议、反问”等含义的疑问句中，以期得到肯定的回答。
        • May I have some water?
      • some 也可修饰数词，表示“大约”
        • It took me some twenty days to get there.
    • any 的用法
      • 不定代词any 和some一样表示不定数量“一些”，修饰和代替可数名词复数和不可数名词，既可以指人又可以指物，一般用在否定句、疑问句、条件从句中。
        • Let me know if you find any.
      • 用于肯定句中，表示任何一个，修饰可数名词的单数和不可数名词。
        • You can ask me any question at any time.
    • no 的用法
      • 不定代词no 只有形容词性质，一般作定语来构成否定句，表示“不是”、“没有”。
        • There is no milk in that shop today.
      • 用于警告或命令
        • No Smoking.
      • 修饰表语时，有特殊的意思。
        • I am no writer.(我不善于写作)
        • I am not a writer.(我不是作家)
    • 合成不定代词的用法
      • 表示单数概念，只有名词性质，一般不作定语。修饰合成不定代词的成分应放在它们后面，如someone(that) I know /Something improtant. some-开头的合成词一般用肯定句，any-组成的合成词一般用于否定句，疑问句中，条件从句。no-组成的合成代词一般用于肯定句表示否定意义。
        • Someone is knocking at the door.
        • Is there anything you don't understand?
        • Nobody else is here.
      • somebody ,something 和nobody ,nothing还可分别表示“有出息的人，重要的人物”和“无关紧要的人，小人物”
        • He was just anybody in that company ,but he wants to become somebody later.
        • Actually, he is nothing in that office.
    • one 的用法
      • one 可以用作不定代词指代“一个人或事物”。指代人时，有所有格形式one's和反身代词oneself;
        • One should be strict with oneself.
      • 指代事物时，代替前文出现过的名词，以避免重复。复数形式-ones, 有自己的定语或冠词。
        • I don't like this red shirt. Give me the white ones.
    • none 的用法
      • None 只有名词性质，可以指代人和事物，表示“三者以上都不”，“没有一个人（一件事物）.......”
        • 作主语时，如果谈到的是所有人的情况，动词多用复数形式。
          • None of us like to swim in the polluted water.
        • 如果谈每个人的情况，则多用单数形式。
          • None of them has a bike.
    • each, every, 和everyone，everybody，everything.
      • each
        • 强调人和事物的个别情况
          • Each teacher has a separate room.
      • every
        • 强调每个都，个个都人人都，含有all之意。
          • Every student worked hard.
        • 还表示每隔，每
          • Take the medicine every four hours.
      • everyone,everybody,everything
        • 只有名词性质。
    • all 的用法
      • 全部，两个或两个以上的人或物
        • All are there.
      • 与否定词连用表示部分否定
        • All don't agree with you.
      • 可以用作副词，类似completely,totally
        • That's all wrong.
    • both, either和 neither 的用法
      • both
        • 两者都，作主语时，谓语动词用复数
          • Both are very honest.
      • neither
        • 两个都不，表示全部否定，作主语时，谓语动词用单数
          • Neither of them has come yet.
      • either
        • 两个中的任何一个，作主语，谓语动词用单数
          • Either of them sings very well.
    • other(s), another的用法
      • other（s）
        • 不加冠词表示泛指，另外一些。
          • I agree with you, but others may not.
        • 加了冠词表示特指，另外那个
          • He held a pen in one hand and a notebook in the other.
      • another
        • 只用来代替和修饰单数名词
          • Give me another cup of tea, please.
    • 表示数量的不定代词
      • a little, little ,much
        • 用于不可数名词
          • She can speak a little French.
      • a few, few , many
        • 用于可数名词
          • I have a few friends.