英语语法 | 非谓语动词

在下2020届全国一卷考生，英语目前稳定在140左右，近期尝试将积累的语法与句子转化成思维导图，希望能帮助到大家QAQ

非谓语动词

• 非谓语动词做宾语
  • 不定时作宾语
    • 主语+谓语动词+to do
      • I expect to visit her.
      • She happened to be shopping in the small town of Anderson when I call him.
    • 主语+谓语+it+形容词/名词+to do
      • I found it hard to understand him.
    • tell/show/consider/know/learn/think+疑问词（when、how、what、where、who）+to do
      • We are talking about what to do.
      • I don't know how to do.
  • 动名词作宾语
    • 主语+谓语动词+doing/being done
      • She is busy (in) preparing for the coming exam.
    • 介词（with、by、after等）+动名词
      • After trying hard,I got a job in a gold mine.
  • 既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语的动词
    • 辨析remember/forget/regret+to do/doing
    • 辨析stop/go on+to do/doing
    • 主语+need/want/require/deserve+doing/to be done
      • 表示“需要”的need、wear、reguire及表示“值得”的deserve后接doing/to be done，意义相同
      • be worth+doing表示“某事值得做”，用动名词的主动形式表被动意义
• 非谓语动词作定语
  • 分词作定语 (doing/done+名词；名词+doing/being done/done..)
    • 现在分词作定语与所修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和正在进行。
      • The sleeping baby is my nephew.
    • 现在分词的被动形式作定语，表正在被进行的动作
      • The meal being cooked at the moment is for the dinner party.
    • 过去分词作定语与所修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示该动作的被动与完成
      • Will you sweep off the fallen leaves.(前置定语)
    • 单个分词作定语放在被修饰词前，分词短语作定语放在被修饰词后
      • You cannot accept an option offered to you unless it is based on facts.(分词短语作定语后置)
    • 动名词作定语，说明被修饰词的用途或目的
      • walking stick （拐杖，walking表用途
• 不定式作定语
  • 被修饰词+to do/to be done
    • 不定式的主动形式to do作定语，表将要发生的主动的动作
      • I have a lot of work to do.
    • 不定式被动式to be done作定语，表将要发生的被动的动作
      • The children are looking forward to the party to be held next weekend.
  • 序数词/形容词最高级（+名词/代词）/the last + to do do be done
    • The first man to arrive pays for the meal.
    • He is the best to do the job.
  • 抽象名词+to do
    • The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
• 非谓语动词作主语
  • 动名词/To do+谓语动词+其他..
    • 动名词（doing/being done）做主语表抽象的想、习惯性的动作；不定式作主语表示具体的、某一次的行为
      • Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
      • To complete the work needs time.
  • It is/was+形容词+（for/of sb）+to do
    • for sb.句型中作表语的形容词表事物的性质：easy、hard、possible
      • It is easy for me to learn how to drive.
    • of sb.句型中作表语的形容词表示人物的特征：careful、kind、honest
      • It is impolite of him to say so.
  • It takes/took (sb.) +时间+to do sth
    • It usually takes me 15min to drive home.
  • It is no use/good/useless/a waste of time doing sth.
  • It is worthwhile to do /doing
• 非谓语动词作状语
  • 不定式作原因、目的或结果状语
    • 不定式作状语表原因 主语+系动词+形容词+to do
      • be+情感动词（afraid、sorry、pleased、glad等）+to do，说明产生该情绪的原因
        • They were surprised to be informed of news.
      • be+性质形容词（easy、hard、difficult、interesting等）+to do，说明主语的性质、特征
        • This book is difficult to understand.
    • 不定式作状语表目的 ...to do/...in order to.../...so/such as to do...
      • 不定式作目的状语
        • I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.
      • to do表目的，不放在逗号之后
      • so as to do不可放在句首
        • He put down my phone number so as not to forget it.
    • 不定式作状语表结果
      • 不定式作结果状语表令人意外的结果
        • He hurried to the booking office only to be told that the tickets had been sold out.
      • 现在分词作结果状语表示自然而然的结果
      • ...only to do/...enough to do.../too...to do... 结果/足够/太
        • My son is old enough to go to school.
  • 分词作状语表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随、让步、结果等
    • doing
      • 语句中主语为逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动词动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
        • Seeing the cat ,the mouse ran off.
    • having done
      • 与句中的主语为逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生
        • Not having finished their homework,they were left after school.
    • done
      • 与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，与谓语动词动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
        • United,we stand;divided,we fall. (unite us..divide us...)
    • having been done
      • 与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生
        • Having been read many times,the difficult passage seems much easier.(read与passage之间为动宾关系，且动作发生在seem之前)
  • 独立主格结构作状语 （名词/代词+doing/done/to do，表时间、条件、原因、伴随等
    • 有时分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，这时分词应该带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，表现形式为：
      • 名词/代词主格+doing/done/ to do
        • It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall,some measuring over 90 meters.
      • 名词+形容词/副词/介词短语
• 非谓语动词作补语
  • 不定式作补语
    • 主语+及物动词（短语）+宾语+to do 或 主语+be+ done+to do
      • We all expect him to win the contest.
    • 感官动词/使役动词+宾语+无to的不定式
      • The director had her assistant buy some hot dog.
    • 主语+be said/reported/known..+to do/be doing/have be done... 将/正在、已经
      • He is said to go abroad next month.
  • 分词作宾语补足语
    • 感官动词（watch、notice、see、feel等）+宾语+doing/done
      • 现在分词作宾补表主动、进行
        • I heard Susan singing in the room.
      • 过去分词作宾语表被动、完成
        • I heard the song sung in the room.
    • 使役动词（make、have、get、keep、leave）+宾语+补语
      • make+宾语+do/done
        • There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
      • get/leave+宾语+to do/doing/done
        • Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.
      • keep+宾语+doing/done
  • with复合结构中作宾补的非谓语动词
    • With+名词/代词+doing/done/to do (主动、进行/被动、完成/没发生)
      • With so much work to do,I can not spare a second.
• 非谓语动词作
  • 不定式/动名词作表语 主语+系动词+to do/doing
    • 动名词作表语：抽象的经常性动作、习惯
      • Her first delight was going th the Tower.
    • 不定式在系动词后作表语，表主语的内容、将来的动作、命令、建议、事态发展的见过等
      • My job is to clean the house three times a week.
  • 分词作表语 主语+系动词+doing/done
    • 分词作表语表主语的某种性质或状态
      • 主语（物）+be/get+doing:表主语的特征，意为“某物令人...的”
        • We got surprised at the surprising news.
      • 主语（人）+be/get+done：表主语的状态，意为“人感到...的”
        • The story is very instereting and encouraging.
• 常见感官/使役动词
  • hear/listen、feel、notice、watch/oberve、look at/see、let/meke/have
• 相关动词
  • allow/permit/tell、wish/forbid/advise、persuade/encourage等+sb. to do;
  • sb.+ allowed persuaded......+to do
• 后接动名词的动词或动词短语
  • 表示情感态度类动词
    • prohibit、adore、resist、admit、permit、dislike、appreciate、avoid、enjoy、bear、envy、delay、deny、excuse、consider、fancy、mind、miss、mention、finish、pardon、forgive、imagine、risk、suggest、advise、keep、quit、oppose……
  • 表被动意义
    • need/require/want……+doing
  • 词组
    • lead to/due to/thanks to、burst out、give up、stick to 、object to、put off/put back/postpone、make contributions to、set about、be occupied with/be busy doing、get used to doing/be customed to doing、be devoted to doing
• 跟不定式作宾语的动词
  • agree、offer、intend、plan、demand、ask、promise、help、prepare、decide、refuse、dare、choose、wish/hope/want/expect、fail、pretend、manage、determine