思维导图高效语法：定语从句

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定语从句 （初级版）

• 定义 概念
  • 定语从句
    • 在复合句中，修饰或限定某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句
    • 分类
      • 限制性定语从句
      • 非限制性定语从句
  • 先行词
    • 被定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词
  • 关系词
    • 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
    • 分类
      • 关系代词
        • that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)
      • 关系副词
        • where, when、why
    • 基本 作用
      • 1||| 连接
      • 2||| 指代
      • 3||| 成分
• 关 系 词
  • 关系 代词
    • 第一类 (专指物)
      • which
        • which专指物，在从句中做主语或者宾语
      • (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)
    • 第二类 (专指人)
      • who
        • who专指人，在从句中做主语
      • (1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
      • whom
        • whom指人，在从句中充当宾语
      • (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about. (2) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
    • 第三类 (指人，物)
      • that
        • that指人时，相当于who或者whom； 指物时，相当于which,在从句中做主语或宾语
      • (1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语) (2) Where is the man( that/whom) I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)
      • whose
        • whose通常指人，也可指物，在从句中做定语
      • (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(指代friend's,从句做定语） (2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.(指代house's,从句做定语）
      • as
        • 多用于such...as;the same as...在从句中做主语，宾语等
      • He is such a good boy as everyone likes.
      • This is the same pen as I used yesterday.
    • 关系 代词 作用
      • whose指代先行词的所有格， 在从句中做定语
      • 1.连接主句和从句
      • 2.指代先行词
      • 3.在从句中充当主语 ，宾语或定语等
    • 介词＋关系代词
      • 此结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to, at, of, without等，关系代词常常只可用whom或which，不可用that。 例:This is the house which I used to live in. =This is the house in which I used to live.
      • 但像listen to， look at， depend on， pay attention to， take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不将介词与动词分开。 例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
    • 只能用that 情况VIP5
      • 1）当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing the one, much, few, little或被它们修饰时。例如： Is there anything that I can do for you ? 有什么可以为你做的吗？ All that can be done must be done . 凡是能做的都必须做。
      • 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如： That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop . 那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that we should do is to get some food .我们该做的第一件事是弄吃的。
      • 3）当先行词有：the only（唯一） , the very(恰恰，正好) ,the last 等修饰时。例如： My necklace is not the only thing that's missing . 我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。
      • 4）当主句以who或which开头时，定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which 或 who以避免重复。例如： Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat ? 正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁？
      • 5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that 。例如： The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known . 你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。
  • 关系 副词
    • where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语。
    • (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
    • when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语。
    • (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.
    • why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语。
    • (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
    • 关系 副词 作用
      • 连接主句和从句
      • 指代“适当的介词+先行词”
      • 在从句中充当状语
• 转换
  • 关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
    • 注：1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。
  • (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear. =The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school, he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. =From the year in which he was going to school, he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.