语法第38讲

这是一篇关于语法第38讲的思维导图，包括：省略、并列结构中的省略现象、主从结构中的省略现象、错误省略问题、英汉两种语言如何处理、省略问题比较。

省略ellipsis

• 省略
  • 避免重复、突出关键词语并使用上下文紧密连接的语法手段
• 并列结构中的省略现象
  • 并列句中的省略现象
    • 主语相同，省略后一个主语
      • Peter ate a cheese sandwich and (Peter) drank a glass of beer
    • 主语不同，谓语动词的操作词相同，省略后一个操作词
      • John should clean the shed and Peter (should) mow the lawn.
    • 主语相同，主动词相同，省略主语和主动词
      • his suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry
    • 主语不同，主动词及其补足成分相同，省略主动词和补足成分
      • John was the winner in 1989, and Bob (was the winner) in 1990
    • 主语、操作词、主动词及其补足成分相同，状语不同，省略相同成分保留操作词
      • John will meet my family tonight and (John) will (meet my family) again tomorrow.
    • 主语和谓语动词不同，宾语或主语补语相同，省略第一分句中的宾语或主语补语
      • John likes (Mary), and Peter hates, Mary.
    • be、have、do在一个分句中作助动词，在另一分句中作主动词，不可省略。be在一分句中构成被动态，在另一分句中构成进行体，不能省略
  • 名词词组中的省略现象
    • 两个并列的名词词组“限定词+前置修饰词+名词”
      • 中心词相同，省略后一个中心词
        • this is his latest book; I hope it is not his last
      • 中心词相同，后置修饰语不同，通过省略形成两个后置修饰语共一个中心词
        • Old (men) and young men were invited
      • 中心词相同，前置修饰语不同时，也可能省略前一个名词中心词的
        • on either side of the river lie long fields of rice and (fields) of wheat
    • 其他结构--“独立属格”、某些习惯用语
      • he breathed his last.
      • At her mother's she passed many a happy day.
  • 介词词组中的省略现象
    • 多个介词词组并列，“介词不同”，作为“介词补足成分的名词词组相同”，通常保留“介词和最后一个介词词组的补足成分”
      • A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possibly survive
    • 介词相同，补足成分也相同，通常省略第一个介词+补足成分
      • I have heard (...) and read about your advantages.
• 主从结构中的省略现象
  • 主从结构中的省略现象多出现在“从属分句”中，主句中的省略现象多出现在起首部分，而且只用于非正式语体。
  • 主句中的省略现象
    • 省略常见于起首部分。不依靠上下文，而是通过说话时的情景推断出被省略的词语，叫做“情景省略”。
      • (I) Hope you'll like it.
    • 有时回答问题时，为避免重复，整个主句可省略，或者yes/no 之后可以直接用从属分句作答
      • A: Will you go now? B: Not until I have finished my work
  • 状语分句中的省略现象
    • 状语分句出现在句尾，一般可以作“尾部省略”
      • John will play the guitar if Mary will (play the guitar).
    • 两个并列状语分句，“从属连词相同”，可以省略“后一个分句的从属连词”
      • If I can find the letter and (if) you are interested in it, I'll let you have it.
    • 两个并列状语分句，“从属连词不同”，其他相同，则省略“第一个状语分句”，有时可以省略“第二个状语分句”
      • they will be arriving either before the show begins or after (the show begins).
      • they will be arriving either before (the show begins) or after the show begins.
    • 某些状语分句可采取从属连词的“非限定分句”和带从属连词的“无动词分句形式”，省略主语和操作词be
      • while (I was) waiting, I was reading some old magazines.
      • don't speak until (you are) spoken to.
      • the child is never peevish unless (he is) sick.
  • 名词性that-分句中的省略现象
    • 在并列复杂中，that-分句从属于“第二并列分句”而且“它的主动词及其补足成分（宾语、补语等）”与“第一并列分句成分”相同时，“that-分句”可以省略“主动词及其补足成分”
      • Mary will sing in the party, but I know John won't (sing in the party).
    • 如“I think not，I hope not， I'm afraid not"之类的简短回答中，否定词not可以看做分句替代词或带有省略的that-分句。
      • A：Will it rain today? B: I hope (that it will) not (rain).
    • 两个并列that-分句，如果“主语相同而谓语不同”，省略“第二个that-分句中的连词、主语和操作词”
      • tell him that I'll call to see him and (that I'll) have lunch with him.
    • tell him that I'll call to see him and (that I'll) have lunch with him.
  • 名词性wh-分句中的省略现象
    • wh-分句中“主语和谓语相同”，“wh-分句”可省略“全部谓语”，甚至主语也可以省略，只保留一个“wh-词”。
      • someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).
      • he has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
    • wh-分句系“被动结构”，“主谓语”也可以全部省略，只保留“by+wh-词”；被省略的部分必须与先行项在语态上保持一致
      • the cup was broken by someone, but I wondered by whom (the cup was broken)
      • ×：the cup was broken by someone, but I wondered by who（who错误）.
    • 两个并列的名词性wh-分句，“wh-词相同”而“分句不同”，则第二个分句的wh-词可以省略
      • I noticed how Mary talked to them and (how) they answered he
    • 两个并列的名词性wh-分句，“wh-词不相同”而“分句相同”，则可以省略第一个分句而把两个wh-词连接起来
      • I don't know when (to meet him) and where to meet him
• 错误省略问题
  • 名词和代词的省略问题
    • ×：The burglar admitted that he had stolen a car from a garage, but he couldn't remember which ().
    • √：The burglar admitted that he had stolen a car from a garage, but he couldn't remember which car/garage.
    • ×：Mary was so tired that () fell asleep as soon as she got into bed
    • √：Mary was so tired that she fell asleep as soon as she got into bed
  • 动词的省略问题
    • ×：Jane loves her children more than her husband.
    • √：Jane loves her children more than her husband does.
  • 不定式符号的省略问题
    • ×：the boy was seen () climb over the fence
    • √：the boy was seen to climb over the fence
    • 某些感觉动词和使役动词的主动态之后，不定式符号to可以省略，但是被动态to不可以省略
  • 介词的省略问题
    • ×：he is neither interested () nor concerned about this problem
    • √：he is neither interested (in) nor concerned about this problem
• 英汉两种语言如何处理省略问题比较
  • 对非关键性词语
    • “用词简练”，英汉基本一致
  • 如何对待“避免重复”问题
    • 在某些相同的语境，有些词语英语要省略，而汉语要重复。英语还可以用“替代词或指代词”来替换，而汉语往往必须重复某些词语。
    • 名词词组中心词的重复
    • 名词修饰语的重复
    • 介词的重复
    • 谓语动词的重复
    • 宾语/介词“宾语”的重复
    • 谓语的重复