语法第37讲

这是一篇关于语法第37讲的思维导图，主要内容有名词性替代nominal substitution、动词性替代verbal substitution、分词性替代clausal substitution等。

替代substitution

• 名词性替代nominal substitution
  • 什么是名词性替代
    • 用名词替代词one(s), the same, the kind, the sort 等所表示的替代现象
      • there are good films as well as bad ones.
    • 名词替代词还包括一些不定代词，all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the) most, (a) few, (a) little, less, (the)least, another, the other, others, either, neither.
  • 替代词one/ones 的用法
    • one 通常可用来替代上文中的出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心的整个名词词组，可指人，物。复数形式为ones，只能替代复数名词。
      • the grey horse is stronger than the blank one
      • I lose a neighbor and you gain one
    • one 用以替代名词词组中心词时，常带有限定词。但是“不定冠词和物主限定词”需要跟有“形容词或其他前置修饰语”，随后才可以用替代词one
      • both 和own之后不用one或ones
      • 基数two，three， ect之后通常不用替代词one或ones
      • Can I have a melon? I'd like a big one
    • one 如果不带任何前置修饰语，其所替代的对象便不是名词中心词而是整个名词词组，其意义通常是类指
      • if you want a typewriter, they will provide you with one.
    • ones通常不能单独使用，它总是带有限定词和前置修饰语（形容词），因此只能代替名词中心词
      • I don't like red roses, I like white ones.
    • 在下列语境中，替代词one/ones可以省略
      • 带有this / these, that / those, which, either, neither, another, the last, the next等限定词
        • Judy broke the coffee-pot, so she has to buy another (one).
      • 其之前有定冠词以及和上文形成对比的形容词
        • I prefer the large bottle to the small (one)
      • 其之前有比较级和最高级形容词时。
        • if you offer him cookies, he will take a handful of the biggest (ones)
        • we have to use this machine for want of a better (one)
  • 替代词one、类指代词one和数词one
    • 区别三者
      • One can't be too careful in matters like this.（类指代词）
      • my old car is much better than the new one.（替代词）
      • one cannot do the work of twenty.（数词）
    • 数词one可以作名词中心词和限定词。可以承受句子重音，而替代词one不承受重音
      • A: How many dresses has she bought? B:She's bought 'one。（数词）
      • A: Can I have those apples？ B: You've already 'got one.（替代词）
    • 数词one的复数形式是some.
      • A：How do you like the roses? B: I prefer the red ones.（替代词）
      • B: Can I have those apples? B: You can take some.（数词）
  • 替代词one/ones和实义词one/ones
    • 实义词one/ones在意义上相当于person和people，可以在没有替代对象的情况下出现
      • You're a right one (a fool), losing tickets again!
• 动词性替代verbal substitution
  • 什么是动词性替代
    • 用动词替代词或代动词（Pro-verb）do，do so风表示的替代现象
    • 动词替代词do可以代替主动词及其不足成分，也可仅仅代替主动词。前一种替代现象常见于肯定结构，在否定结构中不是动词性替代则是动词性省略
      • A：Mary didn't come, did she? B: Yes, she did. (did=come)
      • A: We all hate hypocrisy. B: Yes, everybody does. (does=hates hypocrisy)
      • A：Does Peter speak French? B: Yes, he does. (does=speaks French)/ No, he doesn't. (doesn't=doesn't speak French)
  • 动词替代词的用法
    • 动词替代词通常是主动词do的一定形式，也可与so、that、it合用
    • 替代主动词时，do所替代的通常是实义动词；被替代的主动词是及物的，替代词之后要跟宾语。动词替代词可与情态助动词连用；在否定句和疑问句中有时还须引进主动词do的适当形式为操作词
      • A：Mary studies modern history and doesn't do (=study) modern language. B: Does she do (=study) ancient history, too?/ No, she doesn't.
      • she plays the piano better than she does (=plays) the guitar
      • 替代主动词时，所代替的通常是动态动词；代替“主动词+补足成分”时，所代替的可以是“动态动词/静态动词+补足成分”。在英式英语中，do可以替代除be和have（作“有”解）以外的任何“主动词+补足成分”；美式英语多用省略结构used to，或重复使用look 和seemed
        • Paula looks very happy. she always use to do (=look very happy), I remember.
        • Paula looks very happy. She seems happier now than she did (=seemed happy) last time we met.
    • 复合代动词 do so，可以替代“动--宾”谓语结构，或“动--状”谓语结构；do so还可以和do that，do it交替使用
      • he said he would tell me the news, but he didn't do so
      • he smokes a lot. Does his brother do so?
      • The boys played doctors and nurses. We watched them doing that.
    • do 还可以与连接性副词搭配，构成两个意义不同的常用句子“so+do+主语”和“do+主语+do”，用于简短反应
      • “so+do+主语”--我也如此。“neither/nor +do+主语”
      • “so+主语+do”--相当于indeed，certainly，表示不错，确实
      • have作“有”解，so 主语 has/so 主语 does。so have 主语/so do 主语
      • 带有情态动词will， so 主语 will/so will 主语
• 分词性替代clausal substitution
  • 什么是分句性替代
    • 用分句替代词so/not替代整个分句的现象
      • Yes, I think so / not
      • so 可以置于句首，起承接作用
        • So I've heard
      • 与从属连词if搭配，构成无动词条件分句if so， if not
  • 分句替代词的用法
    • 所替代的分句通常带有不甚确定的含义，既不否定也不肯定。常与“I'm afraid, believe, expect, fear, guess, hope”等词搭配。在能作转移否定的结构中，以用“I don't think so, I don't suppose so”更自然。通常不用于肯定或怀疑的口气
    • so可以和某些说话的动词连用，not不可以
      • he told me so
    • 通常不用not和say，tell等动词搭配，除非主语是作类指的人称代词
      • they say not.
    • not可以与perhaps，possibly，probably，surely，certainly等表示情态意义的副词搭配，构成某些缩略句。通常不用so
      • A: Is your brother going with you. B: Perhaps not
    • not可以与why搭配，构成缩略疑问句why not。
      • A: I didn't stop him. B: Why not?