戴炜栋语言学第五章

新编简明英语语言学教程第五章SEMANTICS：some views concerning the study of meaning；Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form。

Chapter 5 Semantics

• definition
  • can be simply defined as the study of meaning
  • they differ in their focus of interest
    • The philosophers
    • The psychologists
    • Semantics
• some views concerning the study of meaning
  • The naming theory（命名论）
    • By: Greek scholar Plato
      • Words are just names or labels for things
      • The limitations of this theory
        • this theory seems applicable to nouns only
        • there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all such as ghost,dragon……..
        • nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions such as joy and impulse
  • The conceptualist view（概念论)
    • By:Ogden and Richards
      • there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to
        • 语义三角
        • i.e. what a “dog”is like,but it is not directly linked to that particular dog mentioned in the sentence"The dog over there looks unfriendly"
  • Contextualism（语境论）
    • By：J.R.Firth
      • the meaning of a word is its use in the language
  • Behaviourism（行为主义论）
    • By：Bloomfield
      • situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer
• Lexical meaning
  • sense and reference
    • Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form
    • Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world
    • 1.linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. 2.the same reference might differ in sense
  • major sense relations
    • Synonymy(同义词）
      • Dialectal synonyms
        • e.g.方言同义词 British English-autumn. American English-fall
      • stylistic synonyms
        • e.g.dad(口语化) father(书面化) 在不同的情况下选择不同的文体
      • Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning
        • e.g. collaborator and accomplice 都是帮助的意思. 但一个是褒义词一个是贬义词。
      • collocatiobal synonyms
        • e.g.accuse charge rebuke意义相同 但搭配不同介词 accuse…of ， charge … with
      • semantically different synonyms
        • e.g.amaze and astound(词意略微不同)
    • Polysemy(多义现象）
      • e.g.table-7个不同的意思
    • Homonymy(下义关系）
      • e.g. co-hyponyms———Superordinate: flower Hyponyms:rose,ulip, carnation………
    • Antonymy(反义词)
      • Gradable antonyms(等级反义词)
      • Complementary antonyms (互补反义词)
      • Relational opposites(关系反义词)
• Sense relations between sentences
  • X is synonymous with Y
  • X is inconsistent with Y
  • X entails Y ( Y is an entailment of X )
  • X presupposes Y （Y is a prerequisite of X）
  • X is a contradiction
  • X is semantically anomalous
• Analysis of meaning
  • Componential analysis
  • Prediction analysis
    • two-place predication(containing two arguments)
    • one-place predication ( containing one argument)
    • no-place predication (containing no argument)