导图社区 非谓语动词
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非谓语动词
非谓语动词知识思维导图，包括：不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词的概念、特点与用法。
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- 非谓语动词
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非谓语动词
不定式
两种不定式
带to的不定式
I've come to seek your advice.
不带to的不定式（Bare Infinitive）
What you said made me think.
不定式在句中充当的成分
1. 构成谓语
不带to的不定式和某些助动词构成谓语：
就是说助动词，情态动词后的谓语动词都是不带to的不定式咯...
Shall I help you?
Would you like me to interpret for you?
He won't tell me his address.
不带to的不定式和情态动词构成谓语：
We must keep this in mind.
How can we convince him?
We needn't wait for him.
We'd better wait and see.
与带to的不定式的搭配
不定式和某些动词构成谓语：
How are you going to solve the problem?
What time is the plane to take off?
You ought to be prepared for the worst.
不定式和某些形容词构成复合谓语：
Madame is sure to be right.
He is much more likely to be in Spain.
The talk is due to start on Monday.
定于
不定式和某些被动结构构成被动语态的复合谓语：
被动语态的谓语是
was done
一起构成谓语
by...看成是状语
He is known to be a great artist.
You are not supposed to know that.
You are expected to speak at the meeting.
2. 作主语
不定式可直接作主语：
To compromise appears advisable.
To ignore this might have serious consequences.
To err is human, to forgive, divine.
更多情况下用it做先行主语，而真正主语不定式放到句子后面去：
功能：避免主语显得太长
It+be+形容词+不定式：
It's hard(difficult) to say which is better.
It's foolish(silly) to act like that.
It is essential(important) to know all the facts.
It's still possible to catch the train.
It+be+名词+不定式：
It's an honour to meet you.
It's our duty to obey the law.
It's a shame to deceive your friends.
It+动词（宾语）+不定式：
It cost a lot of money to build this museum.
How long does it take to fly across the Pacific Ocean?
It requires patience to be a teacher.
It takes two to make a quarrel.
It+be+介词短语+不定式：
It's against my principles to collaborate with them.
It's beyond me to explain these.
It is just like you to be always ready to help a friend.
3. 作宾语
部分谓语动词的固定搭配
许多动词都可跟不定式宾语
He agreed to pay $4,000 for the car.
They failed to fulfil the plan.
She preferred to stay behind.
The soldier refused to surrender.
We can't afford to stay at a five-star hotel.
You must learn to look after yourself.
try to, need to, help to, expect to, vote to, wait to, dare to, continue to....
p 289
不定式有时和一连接代（副）词一道构成宾语.
He discovered how to open the safe.
I'll ask him how to operate the machine.
She showed me which button to press.
Have you decided what to do next?
还有learn, find out, remember, forgot, didn't know, wondered...
有时还可以用这种结构作介词宾语.
He wrote a book on how to protect the environment.
They were worried about how to find the necessary equipment.
Then there is the problem of what courses to offer.
偶尔可使用先行词it做形式上的宾语，把不定式转放到句子后面去.
I have long had it in mind to answer your letter.
She took it on herself to apologize to me.
4. 构成复合宾语
部分谓语动词的固定搭配
复合宾语
就是：“名词（代词）+不定式”
许多动词可跟一个由“名词（代词）+不定式”构成的复合宾语.
I asked George to convey my best wishes to his mother.
My boss told me to type out two letters.
He likes(wants) the students to eat well.
常见的这类动词有：
advise, allow, ask, beg, bride, cause, challenge, command, compel, convince, direct, enable, want, remind, invite, force...
有些动词可跟带有to be的复合宾语
I consider him to be the best candidate.
I supposed him to be away from home.
They believed these principles to be universally true.
还有也用于此类的动词：
declared, discovered, felt, found, judged, know, shown...
当此类动词的不定式是完成形式或进行形式时，此时不定式不是be
His record shows him to have worked hard at school.
I considered him to have acted disgracefully.
I judge them to have finished.
跟复合宾语的动词有时可用于被动结构，这是可说形成一种复合谓语：
She was told to wait at the door.
You are not expected to work such long hours.
This vase is estimated to be 2,000 years old.
这类结构中的不定式可用完成式或进行式
He was rumoured to have married a widow.
They are believed to have found a cure for cancer.
They were thought to be hiding in the woods.
He is supposed to be washing a car.
有些动词可根由不带to的不定式构成的复合宾语
Did you see anyone enter the house?
I heard her lock the door.
She won't let me do it.
但这类句子变为被动结构时，不定式前要加 to:
在listen to和look at后面也可跟这种结构：
在help后的不定式可加to,也可不加to（美国人不加to时较多），但被动结构中要加to:
有些“动词+介词”结构后也可根由不定式构成的复合宾语：
She shouted to me to come over.
She appealed to women to participate in the struggle.
The teacher called on me to answer this question.
He pealed with her to go back.
longed for, conting on, relied on, depend on, prevail upon, care for, wait for...
某些动词后可跟先行词it, 借此把构成复合宾语的不定式放后边：
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
He thought it best to be on his guard.
The judge deemed it inadvisable to hear the appeal.
这类动词还有： made, feel, regard, think, consider, made...
5. 作定语
修饰物
We have a lot of things to do today.
Do you have any suggestions to offer?
I've got two letters to write tonight.
有时需用不定式被动形式
There are a lot of things to be done.
He is dead. There's nothing to be done now.
修饰人
He was the first guest to arrive.
He was the second man to hear the news.
He is not a man to bow before difficulties.
有时需用不定式被动形式
She was the first person to be awarded this prize.
She will be a suitable person to be given this job.
固定搭配：不少名词后可用不定式作定语
It's time to go bed.
There's no reason to doubt his word.
I haven't had a chance to think yet.
还有类似的名词：opportunity, way, need, efforts, wish, tendency, right, ambition.
有些名词常根不定式搭配作定语，是因为其同根词常和不定式搭配作定语
promise---promised
I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.
He promised to come for a visit.
其它同源例子
plan---plans
attempt---attempted
offer---offered
decision---decided
refusal---refused
failure---failed
ability---able
anxiety---anxious
eagerness---eager
willingness---willing
readiness---ready
有时一个不定式（短语）作定语的作用接近于一个定语从句（大多表示要发生的事）：
That will be right procedure to follow(=you should follow).
Soup, and then steak to follow, please.
That would be a rash step to take.
不定式还可和关系代词which联用作定语, 但前面需要加介词
She must have time in which to pack.
They would raise some money with which to by medicines.
在个别名词后可用不定式作同位语（说明这个词的内容）
Then came the order to evacuate the city.
They had recieved instructions to watch him.
6. 做状语
用于“be+形容词+不定式”这种结构
a. be+表示情绪的形容词+不定式：
She was eager to see her friends.
I am afraid to tell her.
I was sorry to hear that you were ill.
类似的表情绪形容词还有：pleased to, proud to, surprised to, disappointed to, ashamed to, keen to, glad to...
b. be+表示状态的形容词+不定式：
I'm not ready to go back to work yet.
Gray was prepared to leave the country.
He was determined to teach them a lesson.
类似的搭配还有： careful to, quik to, curious to, fit to, free to, lucky to...
c. be+表示品质等的形容词+不定式：
He was brave to act like that.
You were right to do what you did.
I was wrong to speak to her about it.
类似的搭配还有： be foolish to, be generous to, be interesting to, be amusing to, be easy to, be hard(difficult) to...
这类句子主语有时可是表示“物”的名词：
The fruit is not fit to eat.
It's seeds are particular good to eat.
Polyester is easy to iron.
用于直接状语表示：
a. 目的
A friend of mine came to see me last night.
A gentleman stopped to talk to me.
We slept together to keep warm.
b. 原因
I rejoice to hear that you are well again.
We jumped with joy to hear it.
To hear him talk in that manner, you would think he's a foreigner.
c. 结果
What have I said to make you so angry?
The curtains parted, to reveal a market scene.
He left, never to return.
用于特定句型中的状语
He was so carekess as to leave his car unlocked.
Go in quietly so as not to wake the lady.
He had sacrified so much in order to avoid pain.
His behavior is such as to make his friends angry.
Would you be good enough to close the door?
You are too young to understand.
有些不定式可作句子状语（Sentence Adverbial)，用于修饰整个句子。
To be honest, I just don't like him.
To be fair(to him), he wasn't entirely to blame.
He's a nice person, to be sure.
7. 作表语
不定式有时可作表语，说明主语的具体内容：
Her ambition was to be a film star.
Our aim is to make the students' speech comprehensible.
Mary's task is to set the table.
不定式作表语还可表示其他东西（如目的等）：
This wall is to keep people out of the garden.
The thing now is to get ahead.
The problem was to find the right people for the job.
不定式的动词特点
a.可以有自己的宾语
They asked to see my passport.
b.可以有自己的状语
She told me to go home.
不定式的不同形式
一般式
主动形式
to do
被动形式
to be done
完成式
主动形式
to have done
被动形式
to have been done
当不定式表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生需用
a.在句中构成谓语
I happened to have been there once.
b.充当主语
What a mistake it is to have come here!
c.宾语
They claimed to have shot down five planes.
d.状语
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.
e.构成另一类复合谓语，即复合宾语的被动结构
He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee.
进行式
主动形式
to be doing
当不定式表示一个正在进行的动作时需用
a.谓语
He seemed to be dreaming.
b.主语
It's strange to be sleeping in this house again.
c.宾语
The man pretended to be weaving.
d.定语
I was pleased to be talking with them.
e.状语
He is believed to be living in Mexico.
完成进行式
主动形式
to have been doing
He appears to have been waiting a long time.
被动形式
可构成
a.谓语
She ought to be praised for her heriuc needs.
b.主语
It's an honour to be awarded a scholarship,
c.宾语
She asked to be given an opportunity to try her method.
d.定语
These are the major problems to be discussed at the meeting.
e.状语
She went to the hospital to be inoculated.
逻辑主语（Logical Subject）
不是一定是真正的主语，而是意思上履行不定式动作的人或物.
逻辑主语可能是句子的
主语
I had a lot of letters to write.
宾语
I'll give you something to read.
判断逻辑主语的意义-----判断是否用被动形式
当不定式和其逻辑主语有被动关系时，不定式需要用被动形式.
当句中没有适当的词可作不定式逻辑主语时， 不定式前面有时有一个由介词for引导的短语，来表示它的逻辑主语.
Here are some books for you to read on the way.
这种短语在句中可以和不定式一道起作用，如：
作主语
It won't be easy for you to find a new job.
作定语
It's time for you to reconsider your decision.
作状语
He stood aside for her to pass.
作表语
The simplest thing is for him to resign at once.
在少数情况下可用of引导的短语，表示不定式的逻辑主语
但只限于那些作表语的形容词能修饰人时，才能在不定式前用of领导的短语作状语
It was kind of you(You were kind) to help us.
不定式结构的特殊情况
不定式动词的省略
为了避免重复，有时不定式中的主要动词可以省略，只剩下to
Would you like to come with us? ----Yes, I'de love to.
在个别情况下to既可以保留也可以一道省略
She may go if she likes (to).
但在used to, be going to, mean to, ought to, try to, plan to等结构后，当不定式省略时，to通常是保留的
当不定式作表语时，to有时也可以省略
All I did was (to) press the button.
并列的不定式
当有两个或更多不定式并列使用时，通常只在第一个不定式前加to, 在后面的不定式前to常省略.
We ought to read more and have more practice.
但如果两者有对比关系，每个不定式前都应该带to.
To go or not to go, its a question.
分裂不定式（Split Infinitive)
有时to和后面的动词间可插入一个副词：
They have started a drive to further improve the miners' working condation.
在口语中常避免，如果可能，可以把副词放后面去
to improve the miners' working condation further.
在个别情况下，可用不定式构成或引导一个句子：
a.不带to的不定式
Why not wait for a couple more days?
b.带to的不定式
To think he would come to anything like that!
动名词
起名词作用的动词
介于名词和动词之间的词，只占有名词会占有的句子结构
但有部分时态，语态变化
而且其自身有其对应的宾语和状语
都有+ing
定义：起名词作用的动词的-ing形式。
作为名词
动名词在句中可承担：
a.主语
Dancing bored him
有时可用先行词it作主语，而把动名词主语放到句子后面去
这种句子都是系表结构，作表语的是
a.形容词
It's nice seeing you again.
b.名词
It's a wonder meeting you here.
"There is + no" 后可以用动名词作主语，表示“没法..."
There was no knowing what he could do.
b.表语
Her hobby is collecting stamps.
c.宾语
固定搭配
许多动词用动名词作宾语
I suggested bringing the meeting to an end.
还有如：admitted, enjoy, avoid, Fancy, couldn't help, considered, detest, dread, loves, like, hate, stopped, finished, kept, risk, practising, denied, prefer, proposed, advised, continued, loathed, mind, meas, recall, recollect, resist, needs, wants...
+doing
许多成语动词用动名词作宾语
He has given up playing football.
还有如： put off, carried on, keep on, left off, went on, burst out, cut out...
+doing
在（be) worth 后也可跟动名词作宾语
His suggestion is worth considering.
也可用不定式作宾语？
有些动词即可用动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语
I remember telling you about it.
Remember to tell him about it.
有时两者意思相同
在begin, start, intend, continue和cease后跟动名词或不定式都可以
有时意思上没什么差别
It has started raining(to rain)
有时有微妙差别
在begin, start和cease后
不定式多表示情况发生变化
Suddenly it strated to rain.
而动名词表示有意识地开始或停止
Then the little girl started singing.
有时两者意思有微妙差别
如在like, love, prefer, hate, dread等动词之后，动名词多表示一般情况，不定式多表示即将发生的事。
like
love
prefer
hate
dread
但有时两者可换用，意思上没有差别
He hated thinking(to think) about it.
Do you like reading?你喜欢看书吗？
I should like to hear others' views.我愿意听听别人的意见。
在以-ing结尾的动词后不宜再用动名词，以避免-ing的重复
He was beginning to miss her.
注意：stop后面有时跟不定式，但它并不是宾语而是状语，用于说明stop的目的
He stopped to talk to us.
d.介词宾语
固定搭配
有很多由介词构成的成语动词后可以跟动名词作宾语
She insisted on writing at once.
还有： persist in, keep from, object to, thought of, dreamed of, believed in, aim at, set about, feel like, succeeded in, refrain from, consists in, complained about, restorted to, looking forward to.
+doing
有很多”be+形容词+介词“的结构后也常可用动名词作宾语
Are you interested in going with us?
I was afraid of making them uneasy.
I'm used to dealing with matters of this sort.
be+
found of, good at, keen on, angry about, excited at, surprised at, responsible for, tired of, accustomed to, capable of, used to, sick of, fed up with...
+doing
在”及物动词+宾语+介词“这类结构后，也常客跟动名词作宾语
They accused him of playing his radio too loudly.
accused...of, charged...with, suspected...of, Thank...for, Excuse...for, Forgive...for, Pardon...for, prevent...from, keep...from, stop...from, dedicated...to, devoted...to.
<sb/sth
+doing
在How about后也常用动名词做宾语
How about coming with us to the club?
许多介词可以跟动名词构成状语
Bass waited a little while before making up his mind.
After standing in the queue for an hour, we got 2 tickets.
in, on, for, besides, by, without, since, from
+doing
还有一些由介词构成的短语，后面可跟动名词作宾语
Instead of going to New York, we got off at Boston.
prior to, for fear of, with a view to, in the hope of
+doing
有些介词可以和动名词构成定语
He is good at the art of making friends.
It's a device for opening bottles.
at, for, in, to
+doing
间或介词也可和动词一道构成表语
I'm for doing nothing till the police arrive.
I'm in habit of reading the newspaper at breakfast.
e.合成词
许多合成名词由”动名词+名词“构成
Swimming pool
Drinking water
Waiting list
还有一类合成词由”形容词（名词）+动名词“构成
water-skiing
food poisoning
roller skating
f. 告示牌
No smoking.
有些动名词（名词化动词）已经完全接近名词，它们：
He could not analyze his feelings.
名词化动词（Verbal Nones）
有些为可数名词
有些甚至经常以复数形式出现
findings, savings, earnings
ending, warning, painting, meaning
有些为不可数名词
dancing, surfing, bowling
a. 有复数形式
b. 前面可加冠词
c. 有定语修饰
作为动词
动名词有几种形式
一般式
主动形式
doing
被动形式
being done
完成式
主动形式
having done
被动形式
having been done
被动形式的动名词可作：
动词的宾语
He hates being interrupted.
介词的宾语
I object to being spoken to like that.
He hoped to get out without being seen.
主语
Being lost can be a terrifying experience.
完成形式的动名词可作：
动词的宾语
He denied having been there.
介词的宾语
He accused me of having broken my word.
He was ashamed of having failed to past the test.
动名词可以有它的
宾语
He was foud of playing tennis.
状语
She is thinking of going home this summer.
逻辑主语
He disliked her working late.
动名词的逻辑主语通常为代词或名词所有格
逻辑主语经常用在
主语前
your coming to help is a great encouragement to me.
宾语前
I hate your going away,
I don't remember my mother's complaining about it.
介词宾语前
I strongly object to your saying that.
用名词所有格显得比较文气，在口语中常把‘s省略掉。
在口语中，有时用名词或人称代词宾格表示名词的逻辑主语
He didn't mind Flora(her) leaving home.
现在分词
定义：做除了动名词外的其它动词ing形式
在句中可用作：
a.构成(主要是进行时态的）谓语
They are doing some pattern practice.
b.构成不定式的进行时态
He seems to be worrying about something.
c.作表语
主要是那些表示情绪的现在分词
The dirty street is disgusting.
其它的此类的词如：amazing, alarming, amusing, annoying, astonishing, appalling, boring, charming, confusing, distressing, disappointing, discouraging, encouraging, frightening, exciting, pleasing, puzzling, touching, thrilling....
也可是一些表示状态，品质的现在分词
The photograph is missing.
She is always very obliging.
The reason he gave was not very convincing.
其它的类似词： misleading, rewarding, inviting, refreshing, tempting, pressing, promising, striking.
d.作定语
所有能作表语的分词都可以做修饰名词的定语
Mary is an appalling cook.
Those relations of his are boring people.
He is a promising new painter.
有一些不及物动词的现在分词，不能用作表语，却可用作定语
developing countries
The remaining days.
growing doubts.
这类定语和构成合成词的动名词是有区别的。
现在分词做定语往往表示所修饰名词的动作
sleeping beauty
睡美人
a living language
活的语言
a walking dictionary
活字典
由动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的目的目的，用途等
sleeping pills
安眠药
living standard
生活水平
a walking stick
手杖
现在分词还可构成合成形容词作定语
far-reaching design
远大的计划
an easy-going man
好说话的人
never-ending work
没完没了的工作
现在分词（短语）还可以用在名词后作定语，作用接近于一个定语从句。
省略关系代词的定语从句
把分词短语改为定语从句时，从句谓语可以是
a.一个一般时态的动词
China streches across a vast area covering(=which covers) the cold, temperate and tropical zones.
Here is a leaflet giving (=that gives) full particulars of the plan.
b.一个进行时态的动词
Who is the woman talking(=who is talking) to Jim?
There were 220 children studying(=who were studying) in the art school.
e.构成复合宾语
固定搭配
现在分词在特定的动词后面构成复合宾语
I see him passing may house every day.
hear, smelt, watched, caught, found, feel, notice, keep, have, set, left, start, listen to, look at.
sb/sth
doing+
在listen to和look at后也可跟这种复合宾语
I listen to the band playing in the park.
Just look at the rain pouring down!
有些谓语动词后即可跟现在分词也可跟不定式
表示动作正在进行时用现在分词
He saw her working in the garden.(She was working in the garden)
表示动作完成时用不定式
He saw her enter the room. (She entered the room)
有时两者都可以用
I saw the rain coming(come) into the station.
很多固定搭配多可变为被动形式，这时句中可说包含了一个复合谓语
He was found lying on the floor.
有些介词后有时也可以跟包含现在分词的复合宾语
This is a picture of an old woman kneeling in a temple.
还有介词如like, for, with, in等
下面这类“名（代）词+现在分词”结构也可说是一种复合宾语
I can't imagine Grandma riding a motor-bike.
I remember him(my father) telling me about it.
f.做状语
用现在分词（短语）做状语的固定搭配
在某些动词后
He spent a lot of money modernizing the house.
wast, go, come, sat, stand, lie, busy, left, approach, ran
doing+
doing+sth/sb+或
复合谓语后
The girls are busy making artificial flowers.
She was in the kitchen preparing supper.
Have you been around seeing places?
The students were assembled in the school hall celebrating the occasion.
有时现在分词（短语）表示一个同时发生但次要的动作，常用逗号把它和句子主干分开
分词短语放在
a.句首
Following Tom, they started to climb.
b.后部
I got home, feeling very tired.
c.插在中间
An old peasant, bringing his own food, volunteered as guide for us.
现在分词表示的是句子主语的动作，句子主语是分词的逻辑主语
分词短语可表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句
分词短语放在
a.前面
Being a student(=As he was a student), he was naturally interested in museums.
b.后面
They sent us an open letter, hoping to get our support.
c.中间
Many of us, being so excited, could not go to sleep that night.
分词短语可表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句
a.表示一个动作已发生，另一个动作随即发生（相当于when引导的从句）
Turining around(=When she turned around), she saw an ambulence driving up.
b.表示在做某事的过程中，发生某事或做某事，这是前面仍保留连词when和while.
有时也不带连词when和while.
Coming(=While he was coming) down the mountain, he met Tom on the way.
Don't mention this while talking to him.
有时由动名词和介词构成的短语中，介词会省略，这短语也可看作是分词短语.
I'm fortunate (in) having you with me.
分词短语偶尔可表示结果
Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with 5 children.
有些表示状态或条件的从句，可省略一些词，只剩下现在分词和连词一道构成状语
She paused for a while as though (she was) waiting for a reply.
作为动词，它可以有自己的
宾语
He stood there for two hours watching the game.
状语
I saw her speaking to a neighbour.
表语
Feeling tired, I went to bed.
现在分词的形式
一般形式
主动形式
doing
被动形式
being done
完成形式
主动形式
having done
被动形式
having been done
用完成形式时，说明其动作在主要谓语表示的动作之前发生，这类短语是作
a.时间状语
Having found a hotel, they began to look for a resturant.
b.原因状语
Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak.
独立结构（Absolute Construction）
即当现在分词有自己的逻辑主语时
The day being fine(=As the day was fine), we decided to go swiming.
独立成分（Independent Element）
现在分词做句子状语，说明说话人看法而并不表示句子主语的动作的时候
Strictly speaking, that school is not very old.
过去分词
过去分词在句中可以
因为其能做定语和状语
所以你之前把ed读音同源成汉语”的“是有意义的
定义：不做过去式的动词ed（仅限规则）形式
构成谓语
所有完成时和被动语态的过去分词都属于谓语
a.和have一道构成完成时态或非谓语动词的完成时态
I haven't been out much recently.
I'm sorry not to have given you enough help.
b.和be一道构成被动语态或非谓语动词的被动形式。
The letter has been opened!
He ought to have been told about it.
用作表语
其中很多已变成形容词
He was amazed and enchated at sight.
其它作表语的如：annoyed, bored, confused, convinced, pleased, covered, disappointed, astonished...
有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词
I'm ashamed of my self for it.
其它的例如：gifted, indebted...
注意和被动语态的差距："be+表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一种动作。
be+表语结构（表示状态)
客观事实，没有强调改变的过程
The shop is closed now.
The window is broken.
被动结构（表示动作）
强调动作，改变的行为
It's usually closed at 8 o'clock.
It was broken by Tim.
“be+表语”结构都包含be或其它系动词加过去分词，而被动结构必须与其相应的主动结构在时态上一致
Tim broke the window.
用作定语
很多是表情绪的过去分词
Mr. Knight gave a satisfied smile.
其它搭配若： frightened glance, worried look, pleased look, confused sorrows, embarrassed manner, agitated voice, puzzled expression.
许多其它的作定语的过去分词
printed matter, cooked food, fried eggs, dried fruit, united front, required courses, a forced smile.
许多是由过去分词构成的合成形容词
air-conditioned rooms
a simply-furnished apartment
hand-made goods
strongly motivated students
绝大多数过去分词都有被动的意思，但有少数过去分词有完成的意思。
有些以-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变来的形容词。
有些合成形容词也是由“名词+ed”构成的
absend-minded
cold-blooded
kind-hearted
open-minded
short-sighted
armoured cars
skilled workers
a gifted boy
escaped prisoners
a retired professor
The risen sun(=the sun that has just risen)
an exploded bomb(=a bomb that has exploded)
faded flowers
swollen eyes
fallen leaves
有些过去分词短语跟在所修饰词后面，作用接近于一个定语从句.
就是定语从句省略了关系代词
What's the language spoken(=that is spoken) in that country?
Is there anything planned for tonight?
跟在名词后的可能是一个单一的过去分词，而不是短语.
They didin't allow us to make the alterations suggested.
Is there anybody injured?
作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作，若要表示现在正在进行的动作，要用过去分词的进行形式，也就是现在分词的被动形式：being done.
What do you think of the summit meeting being held in Vienna?
构成复合宾语
固定搭配
在某些动词后可用过去分词构成复合宾语.
We'll get her X-rayed.
I've recently had my appendix removed.
还有类似结构：heard ....done, seen...done, watched....done, 还有wished, want, felt, Keep, made, like, found, declared, acknowledged, consider...等词
介词with后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语.
He sat with his arms clasped round his knees.
做状语
过去分词有时可用作状语，修饰谓语（多放在句首，也可放在后面或插在中间）
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
Convinced that they were trying to poison her, she refused to eat anything.
She entered, accompanied by her mother.
有时一个单独的过去分词也可用作状语
depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
过去分词有时和连词一起用
I went on talking, though continually interrupted by George.
在少数情况下，过去分词可以引导一个句子状语
分词前有时还有一个逻辑上的主语
Everybody, myself excepted, said no.
Judged by ordinary standards, he was reliable.
过去分词只有一种形式，且大多数情况下都有被动的意思