冠词

英语语法之冠词知识整理，包括：不定冠词、定冠词、名词的特指和泛指、虚词的一种、零冠词。

冠词

• 不定冠词
  • 形式
    • 在元音前用an, 读作/en/
      • 指音，不指元音字母
        • an honour
        • an honest man
        • an hour
    • 在其它情况下用a, 读作/e/
      • a university
      • a one-act play
  • 基本意义
    • 与数词 one 同源表”一个“
    • 只用于可数名词单数前
      • 为啥？
        • 证明你会数数：1是一个可数的对象，而且只是它自己一个，就是类似一个独立个体。
      • She is a nurse. She works in a hospital.
      • He is a English man, with an Irish wife.
  • 基本用法
    • 主要在可数名词单数前
      • 个数
        • 表”一个“/one
          • 数学上的1的思维， 但没限定子集， 或X是属于cup的任意一个元素
          • Rome was not built in a day.
          • I can only carry two at a time.
          • A thousand people attended the content.
          • A fifth of the population are young children
          • 可同于大量表数量的词组中
            • a cup of coffee.
            • four times a day.
        • 表”某一个“/ a certain
          • 也表1，但是限定了子集，因为是第一次说，或第一次的认知，所以没用the
          • 能确定唯一的实在，但语义上还没到特指程度上。
            • 一般应是第一次讲
          • 汉语中大部分仍译作一个
          • A car is waiting at the gate.
          • She told us an interesting story.
          • A scholar is comming to speak to us.
        • 若把这些语境中名词换成复数
          • a 可换做数词
            • 所以不定代词和数词其实也可看成某种意义上的不定冠词
              • 所以新的语言科学把它们一起归类为形容词
              • 旧语言学的划分标准太模糊有些没有实际价值
            • Two fifths of the population are women.
            • They ordered 3 cups of coffee.
          • a 可换成不定代词
            • A few scolars are comming to speak to us.
            • She told us some interesting stories.
      • 表某类人或物
        • 表示在一类用相同特质的群体中， 取一个元素。这些特质名词一般都已经很清晰， 所以不用加the了。
        • 可用于表语，同位语中
          • 他就是一个傻逼
          • She is a canadian(dancer).
          • Is this a planer or a lathe.
          • The book was writen by Dr.Cooper, a geneticist.
        • 可作主语， 表示整个这类人或东西
          • A child needs love.
          • An owl can see in the dark.
          • A rattlesnake is a poisnous American snake.
          • 一个无家可归的人需要爱
        • 译文中不带一字
        • 若把这些语境中名词换成复数
          • 前边不加任何限定词
            • 因为它不表示个数而表示一类人或物..
              • 出现了新的归类思维
            • Children need love.
            • Rattlesnakes are poisnous American snakes.
            • Are these planers or lathes？
• 定冠词
  • 读音
    • 形式
      • the
    • 读音
      • 在元音前读作/the/
      • 在其它情况读作/thi/
      • 特别强调或单念时读/thi:/
        • He was the/thi:/ greatest poet of the/thi/ age.
  • 基本意义
    • 与 this 和 that 同源表”这（那）个“但相对较弱
      • 有时也翻译成这些，那些
        • 但但很多时候在汉语翻译中并不出现
          • Put it on the table. 把它放桌上
          • Shut the door, please. 请把门关上
      • 表示一（几）个特定的人或东西
  • 基本用法
    • 1.在个体名词的单数或复数前，表示谈话中某个（些）特指的人或物。
      • 传达一种在后边名词集合中锁定指涉子集或子元素的思维过程
        • 提醒注意
        • 强调特殊性，纠错
          • 因为非专有名词的不确定性
      • 特指与非特指（泛指）的对比
        • Pass me the salt.
          • Give me some salt.
        • Take the medicine now.
          • You'd better take some medicine.
        • Here are the records I bought.
          • I bought two records for you.
      • 特指的较可靠判断标准
        • 第二次提到某物时， 基本都变成特指
          • He bought a TV and a video recorder, but he returned the vedio recorder.
          • 甚至与它相关的东西
            • She bought a bicycle, but when she rode it one of the wheels came off.
      • Where is(are) the other girl(s)?
      • Show the guest(s) to his(their) room.
      • Did you go to the opening ceremony?
    • 一些其它可靠的用The的判断
      • 2.在单数名词前，表示一种人或物。
        • 表强调那一种人和物，归纳归类，对特定群体产生刻板印象的思维， 而且指涉的是整个群体， 一个元素应用a。
        • The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.
        • The computer has changed our way of life.
        • The careful speaker should avoid this.
      • 3.在特定名词前，表示整个民族，阶级，阶层，一家人等。
        • 表强调人类社会群体性质（凝聚力）的思维
          • 听错了社会群体你有可能会被乱棍打死
        • The Chinese people are industrious and brave.
        • The Goncourts were careful artists.
        • The Thompsons arrived at 7 o'clock this evening.
      • 4.在某些形容词前
        • 表示一类人
          • 同2, 该形容词就是那个群体的刻板印象
          • He never envived the rich their luxurious pleasures.
          • Thus the privileged numbered less than 600,000.
          • These seats are for the disabled.
        • 表示某种品质
          • 其实也同2，这里指表抽象精神元素组成的群体， 因为是虚的所以不能用名词
          • I was weak, afraid to venture the unknown.
          • Their aim was to discover the good, the beautiful, and the true.
      • 5.还可以在有些独一无二的专属名词前用
        • 这个更多是表示唯一对恒定巨大自然现象的一种敬畏。
          • 即使专属名词没有指涉不确定性，但是有一部分为了强调其专属性还用
          • 可能只限于部分专属名词，表示敬重或处于纠错中
            • 毕竟专属名词是少数有些还不常用
            • Subtopic
        • Do you know how big the universe is?
        • There was a rainbow in the sky.
        • The moon had risen.
        • The air was full of butterflies.
        • The solar system, the equator, the tropics, North pole.
        • 地理，天文的专属名词
• 名词的特指和泛指
  • 名词根据语境有特指和泛指两种形式
    • 不改变单词拼法
    • ex。
      • Take a seat.
      • Is the seat taken?
      • A gentleman is asking to see you.
      • Ask the gentlemen to come in.
    • 冠词区别（general)
      • 特指所有的名词都需加定冠词the
        • 功能：特指
          • 更具体点就是：把非专有名词的指涉对象再进一步具体化，等于that等指示代词
          • 毕竟非专有名词是指涉非常广泛的一类刻板印象，无数个个体，不缩小范围很难表达很多事
        • the book
        • the books
        • the sugar
      • 泛指视名词类型决定
        • 功能：泛指
          • 更具体点的是，a指一个该巨大刻板印象集合（名词）中的元素, 而some,any指若干个元素
        • 在可数名词单数前加不定冠词a(n)
          • It was a lovely garden.
          • She sent me a postcard.
        • 在可数名词复数前可以不加冠词， 但可加some,any 等做定语的不定代词, 表一个（些）
          • These are new words.
          • She sent me some flowers.
        • 在不可数名词前一般什么都不加， 但有时可加some, any等不定代词， 表一个（些）
          • It's lovely weather.
          • It's pure silk.
• 虚词的一种
  • 不独立担当成分
    • 不太喜欢虚词的分类
      • 冠词的意会作用对构成语境，缩小指涉范围，消除歧义非常重要
    • 必须附着在名词前以帮助说明其意义
    • 其实很多美国语法学家把冠词归纳为形容词，因为其只能修饰名词
• 零冠词
  • 即名词前不加(省略）冠词的情况
  • 不加冠词
    • 泛指时的可数名词复数和不可数名词不加冠词
    • 部分职称
      • 当一个名词作表语或同位语，表示一个领导职称时，前边不加冠词
        • In 1993 Bill Clinton became (the) president of the United state.
        • He is still head of the organization.
        • He succeeded his father as president of the company.
      • 某些普通员工职称也有不加冠词的趋势
        • I‘m comming back to take the job of foreign editor.
        • She worked as correspondent to a local newspaper.
    • 在有些动词后边的名词
      • turn（所有后边的表语）
        • He was a conservative but he turned Socialist.
      • title(大部分）
        • I prefer the title of reporter.
      • rank(大部分）
        • That officer holds the rank of captain.
    • 个体名词抽象化后的词
      • 个体名词抽象化？
        • 大学指的不是哪一座物体大学建筑，而是指一种“教育”，没有实体的抽象物
        • 同样bed指的是“睡”，是一种很难摸到实体的抽象物。
          • 抽象名词不可数，而且除了有限定性定语修饰外不加任何冠词
            • 否则加the
      • 包含大量短语的名词前
        • 这些在短语中的个体名词都已经抽象化了
        • from beginning to end.
        • in place of.
        • in case of
        • on foot
        • make room for
      • They decided to send their son to university.
      • We were at school together.
      • It was too early for bed.
    • 季节，月份，日期的名词前
      • 原因：这些虽然为专有名词
        • 但任何人都会，不必要强调和纠错而加the
      • spring was at hand.
      • She was born in April.
      • He is arriving on Monday.
      • 但有限制性定语修饰时，加定冠词
        • Nanchang Upspring took place on the 1st of August, 1927.
        • It happened in the summer of 1937.
    • daybreak, dust, dawn, noon, midnight, sunset, sunrise前
      • The attack came just before dawn.
      • The workers ate fast food at noon.
      • It's getting on for midnight.
      • 偶尔加定冠词
        • The dawn here in the mountain is beautiful.
        • One cannot see very far in the dusk.
    • 在呼语，家人及亲属名秤后
      • Be quiet, children!
      • Thank you, sir.
      • Can I help you, ma'am?
      • 看做家庭成员不必要纠错了。
    • 在一些并列名词前
      • mother and child are doing fine
      • tit for tat
      • hand in hand
  • 省略掉冠词
    • 1. 新闻标题
      • (The) City Congress (is) to be in session Friday.
      • (A) Hotel Fire Disaster.
    • 2. 通知说明
      • (The) lift (is) out of order.
      • Cut along (the) dotted line.
    • 3. 提纲
      • (The) Algerian Crisis led to (the) down fall of (the) French goverment in May 1958.
    • 4. 剧本提示
      • Exit into garden.
    • 5. 书名
      • (An) Outline Political History of the Americas.