国际贸易实务

国际贸易实务：Terms of Commodity、Cargo transportation、International Payment、Cargo Insurance……

国贸

• Classification of international trade
  • According to the direction of commodity flow.
    • Import trade
    • Export trade
  • According to the forms of the commodity
    • trade in goods
      • visible trade
    • trade in services
      • invisible trade
  • According to the countries involved in the trade
    • direct trade
    • indirect trade
  • According to the payment instrument in the trade
    • barter trade
      • Buy or sell goods or services without the use of money
    • Free-liquidation trade
      • Use money, currency in the trade
  • Some terms related to international trade
    • International business
    • Balance of internation trade(国际贸易收支)
      • forvorable balance/ trade surplus
      • unfavorable balance ／trade deficit
    • Balance of payment(国际收支差额)
      • money inflow ＞ money out flow
        • favorable balance of payment(国际收支顺差)
      • money inflows < money outflow
        • unfavorable balance of payment(国际收支逆差)
    • Dumping(倾销)
      • lead to monopoly(垄断)
• International Trade policy
  • Policies on export
    • export policy
      • export tax rebate
      • export subsidies
  • Polices on import
    • import policy
      • import tariff(进口关税)
        • tax on import
        • tarrif rate(税率)
        • tariff levied(征税)
          • specific duties(从量稅)
          • Advalorem duties(从价税)
      • Non-tariff barriers to imports
        • import quota (进口配额)
          • Absolute quota(绝对配额)
          • Tariff-rate quota(关税率配额)
        • import license(许可执照)
• International Trade Procedure
  • Prepare for the international trade
    • Find potential customer
    • Learn about the reputation of the customer
    • Apply for export or import license (if necessary)
  • Negotiate and establish the contract
    • Inquiry / Enquiry询盘
    • Offer发盘
      • Firm offer(实盘)
        • time of validity
      • Non-firm offer(虚盘)
        • offeror没有义务履行发盘条件
    • Counter- offer还盘
    • Acceptance接受
    • Establish the contract
      • Contract
        • Sales contract
          • Drafted by seller
        • Purchase contract
          • Drafted by buyer
      • Major contract clauses in international trade
        • clause of delivery terms
        • clause(条款) of payment
        • clause of goods
        • clause of shipment
        • clause of insurance
        • clause of inspection
        • clause of claim ＆arbitration
  • Implement the contract
    • For seller
      • Deliver the qualified goods on time
    • For buyer
      • Make the payment on time
  • Deal with the dispute (if any)
• International Delivery (Trade) Terms
  • The function of international delivery terms
    • give the price formation
    • regulate the both parties' responsibilities and risks .
  • Symbolic Delivery
    • Seller delivers goods against documents
    • Buyer pays against documents
    • Documents
      • Shipping document: BIL(提单)
      • Insurance document(保单)
      • Goods documents
  • Physical Delivery
    • Seller delivers the physical goods,
    • Buyer pays against physical goods.
• Cargo Insurance
  • Terms about insurance
    • Insurer:保险人
      • insurance company
    • Insured
      • 被保险人／投保人
        • the one who buys insurance from the insurer
    • Claimant/beneficiary
      • 索赔人／受益人
        • the one who is entitled to get the damages from insurer.
    • subject matter insured:保险标的
  • Calculation about insurance
    • Insurance amount （保额）
      • Is the maximum payment paid by insurer to the claimant.
        • Insurance amount = CIF value x(1+10%)
          • 10%: markup rate(保险加成率)
    • premium(保费)
      • insured → insurer
        • money paid by the insured to the insurer to buy the insurance.
          • Premium= insurance amount x premium rate
  • Insurance coverage(保险险种)
    • Basic Risks
      • FPA平安险
      • WPA水渍险
      • All Risks:一切险
    • Additional Risks
      • General Additional Risks
      • Special Additional Risks
        • War Risks
        • Strikes Risks罢工险
• International Payment
  • Bill of exchange ／ draft（支付使用的工具）汇票
    • What is BlE?
    • The parties of BIE
      • Drawer出票人Drawee受票人Payee收款人
    • The classification of BIE
      • Sight BIE
      • Time BlE
  • Three payment modes支付方式
    • Letter of credit信用证
    • Collection托收
      • What is collection?
      • Parties and procedures of collection
        • Drawer (exporter)出票人
        • Drawee (importer)受票人
        • remitting bank托收行
        • collecting bank代收行
      • The classification of collection
        • DIP付款交单
        • DIA (accept) 承兑交单
    • Remittances汇款
      • Pay in advance
      • Pay on delivery/ open account赊销
• Cargo transportation
  • Ocean transport
    • Advantage
      • Large capacity
      • Low freight
    • Disadvantage
      • Slow speed
      • Limited by weather conditions
    • Classifications of ocean transport
      • Liner transport(班轮)
      • Charter transport(租船运输)
    • Liner transport(班轮)
      • Characteristics of liner transport
        • Four fixed
          • fixed routed
          • fixed timetable
          • fixed freight
          • fixed ports
        • Loading /unloading cost covered in freight(不交装卸费)
      • The Freight of Liner transport
        • basic freight
        • surcharges(附加费)
    • Charter transport(租船运输)
      • Voyage charter(程租船)
      • Time charter(期租船)
  • Shipping document
    • Bill of loading(提单)
      • What is bill of loading
      • The function of bill of loading
      • The information of bill of loading
      • The classification of bill of loading
        • According to whether the goods have been loaded on board
          • Shipped BlL(装船提单)
            • Loading date （装船日期）
            • Name of the vessel(装的船的名字)
          • Received for shipment BIL(备运提单)
        • According to the condition of outer packages
          • Clean BIL(清洁提单)
          • Unclean BIL
        • According to the address of consignee
          • Straight BIL记名提单
          • Bearer BIL不记名提单
          • Order BIL (指示提单)
    • Enclorsement(背书)
      • Special endorsement:记名背书
      • Blank endorsement空白背书
• Terms of Commodity
  • Quality of Commodity
    • sale by sample
      • representative sample(原样)
      • duplicate sample(复样，留样)
      • counter sample(回样，对等样品)
    • sale by description
      • sale by specification
      • sale by grade(等级)
      • sale by standard(标准)
  • Calculation of weight
    • By gross weight(毛重)
    • By net weignt(净重)
    • Gross for net以毛作净
    • More or less clause （短溢装条款）
  • Packing and marking goods
    • Types of marks
      • Shipping marks运输标记
      • Indicative marks指示标记
      • Warning marks警示标记
    • Shipping mark
      • consignee's name (abbreviation)
      • Destination(目的港)
      • Package number(包装号)