导图社区 英语词汇学
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英语词汇学
英语词汇学，汪榕培的教材lexicology，高亮部分是我们考试的重点（我不是英语专业的，只是选修的这个），可以帮助快速查找相关内容。
编辑于2022-06-23 16:47:16- 考研英语
- 英语词汇学
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英词文
chapter 1 English words and lexicology-Basic Concepts
understanding words
word
written form
oral form
semanticist
sound and meaning
arbitrary
conventional
grammarians
the physical structure of the word
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of language
root
the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without totalloss of identity,which generally carries the main component of meaning in a word
affixes
prefixes
suffixes
compounding
conversion
the semantic structure of the word
grammatical
lexical
conceptual
dictionary/ denotative/ cognitive
associative
connotative
emotional association
stylistic
affective
collocative
vocabulary
definition
related words
lexis
lexicon
lexeme
classification of words
use frequency
basic word stock
all national character
stability
productivity
polysemy
collocability
nonbasic vocabulary
terminology (technical terms)
jargon
slang
argo
dialectal words
archaisms
neologisms
notion
content/ notional words
functional/ empty/ form words
origin
native words
Anglo-saxon origin
the mainstream of the basic word stock
borrowed words (loan words)
denizens
aliens
translation-loans
semantic-loans
understanding lexicology
study what
academic disciplines
morphology
semantics
etymology
stylistics
lexicography
how to study
diachronic
synchronic
chapter 2 the growth of the ehglish vocabulory——sources
the language family of english
the Indo-European language family
eastern set
wastern set
from old ehglish to modern english
old english
anglo-saxon
latin words
scandinavian words (ON)
middle english
french
dutch
modern english
early
renaissance
shakespeare
bible
the american revolution
colonization
late
the industrial revolution and technology
the rise of the british empire and the growth of global trade
the origins of english words
anglo-saxon elements
loan words
french
the middle english period
french
law and goverment administration
military affiairs
religion
clothing
food
art
literature
science
the modern english period
colonization and the industrial revolution
latin
germanic period
old english period
the middle english period
modern english period
greek
scandinavian
other european elements
italian
celtic
german
chinese
chapter 3 the growth of the English vocabulary-British and American
british&american
world Englishes
the spread of English
globalization process
four phases in globalization
17th-18th
the development of the colonies
18th-19th
industrial revolution
the new science and technology
20th
the two world wars
the late 20th
the american innovation of information technology
features of English as a global language
three concentric circles
the inner circle
the outer circle
the expanding circle
tool
lingua franca
locatization process (nativization)
affected by the local cultures
own English dictionaties
British English
dialects and accents
southern English dialects
midlands English dialects
northern English dialects
scottish English and related dialects
the changing British English vocabulary
Anglo-Saxon
French
Latin
borrowing of words from non-English languages
American English
history
the colonial period
the national expansion period
post-cavil war period
British and American English
in vocabulary
in spelling and pronunciation
in grammar
Englishes in other English speaking countries
Canadian English
pronunciation
spelling
vocabulary
Australian English
culture-loaded words in Australian English
slang in Australian English
abbreviation
special words and expressions
humor
New Zealand English
South African Eglish
the futher of English
Chinglish
Indian English
Singlish
chapter 4 New words
definition od neologisms
neologisms
a newly coined words
existing words or phrases which have been assigned new meanings
sources of English vocabulary
to develop from ancestral languages
to create via word formations
to borrow from other languages
Latin and Greek
French
other languages
glocalization
the rapid development of modern science and technology
political, economic and social changes
study of new words
history
the late 20th
reasons
new words reflect the culture of the language
enable us to predict a future
reasons of growth
influence of other languages
the foreign borrowings
denizens
aliens
translation-loans
semantic loans
social and cultural reasons
science and technology
elestronics and digital techniques
biology
psychology
medical sectors
environment
politics and finance
international struggle
internal political struggle
education and sports
media and the internet
social changes
sources for new words (formation)
by word-formation
affixation
shortening
compounding
blending
by adding new meanings to existing words
by borrowing words from other languages
French, Modern Greek, German, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Italian
by analogy (contrast)
by creating completely new coinages
chapter 5 the formation of English words-major types
notions of morphological formation
morpheme
the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms
allomorphs
free and bound morphemes
classifications of English words
by origin
native words
Anglo-Saxon/Old English
formed the majority of the basic words stock
loan words
loan words borrowed words borrowings
other languages
by notion
function words
closed class words
grammatically
content words
open class words
by level of usage
common words
common literary
neutral
common colloquial
special literary words
terms
archaic words
poetic words
special colloquial words
slang
jargon
argot
technical words
derivational and inflectional morphemes
derivational affix
a specific meaning
affective meaning
inflectional affix
grammatical meanings
plurality, tense, genitive case and the comparative or superlative degree
does not form a new word
does not change the word-class of the word
smaller and stable
seven
plural marker
-s, -es
the verbal endings
-s
-ing
-(e)d
comparetive degree
-er
superlative degree
-est
the genitive case
's
apostrophe
s
roots, stems and affixes
roots
carries the main component of meaning in a word
free roots and bound roots
bound roots
carries the fundamental meaning
Latin or Greek
stems
root+affixes
affixes
derivation(affixation)
features of prefixes and suffixes
prefixes do not changethe part of speech of the original word
suffixes in many cases change its parts of speech
conversion
converting words of one class to another class
functional shift/zero-derivation
compounding
joining two or more stems
characteristics of compounds
orthographically
syntactically
semantically
phonetically
classification of compounds
chapter 6 the formation of English words-minor types
clipping
acronym (initialism)
blending
network abbreviations
back-formation
onomatopoeia
reduplication
eponyms
chapter 7 the meanings of English words-types of meaning
arbitrariness, conventionality, motivation
the relationship between sound and meaning: arbitrary and conventional
arbitrariness
motivation
definition
motivation refersto the connection between word-symbol and its sense
three major ways
phonetic motivation (sound)
the cries of animals
echoic/ nonmatopoeic words
morphological motivation (form)
semantic motivation (meaning)
a kind of mental association
aspects of meaning (types of word meaning)
grammatical meaning
word-class/ part of speech
inflectional paradigm
lexical meaning
denotation and reference sense相当于connotation抽象 reference相当于denotation具体 denotation meaning: the central meaning/ definition in the dictionary relative stable some technical words have only denotative meaning sense----inherent meaning of the linguistic form (word-to-word) reference----the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience (word-to-world) denotative referential descriptive cognitive logical conceptual dictionary
denotative meaning
a word's primary signification or reference
exact and literal meaning of a word
invariant and context-independent
non-denotational meaning
connotative meaning
emotional association
pertains to individual
pertains to a group
context-dependent
affective meaning
emotive meaning/ evaluative meaning
the expression of feelings and attitudes
the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in question
two categeries
appreciative
pejorative
varies from individual to individual, from culture to culture``````
social/ stylistic meaning
the appropriateness of language
the social relationship between speakers and correspondents
the specific occasion
the subject matter
the mode of discourse
degrees of formality
frozen
formal
consultative
casual
intimate
collocative meaning
part of the word meaning is closely related to the words it co-occurs with
change of meaning
causes ofmeaning change
extra-linguistic causes
historical reason
psychological reason
euphemism
linguistic causes
borrowing
addition or disappearance of words
shortening
types of meaning development
extension/ generalization
from specific to general
from concrete to abstract
from technical terms to general words
from proper nouns to common nouns
narrowing/ specification
more common
from general to specific
from common nouns to proper nouns
from material nouns to names of objects
from general words to tachnical terms
elevation/ amelioration
words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance
degradation/ pejoration
words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense
meaning transfer/ shift
associated tansfer
metaphor
metonymy
transfer between abstract and concrete meanings
transfer between subjective and objective meanings
transfer of sensations (synaesthesia)
mechanisms for meaning change
radiation
concatenation
chapter 8 the meanings of English words-sense relations
synonymy (similarity)
definition
kinds
complete/absolute synonyms
relative synonyms/ quasi-synonymous words
in shade of meaning
in affective meaning
in stylistic meaning
in collocation and distribution
synonymous patterns
double scale pattern
triple scale pettern
antonymy (contrast)
types of antonyms
classifications based on morphological structure
root antonyms
derivational antonyms
classifications based on semantic contrast
gradable antonyms/contraries
complementary/ contradictery antonyms
conversives/ converses (relational opposites/ relative terms)
antonyms & markedness theory
use of antonyms
polysemy (one-many)
homonymy (many-many)
hyponymy (inclusion)
taxonymy (classification)
meronymy (part-whole relation)
chapter 9-10 lexical chunks-collocations and idioms
chapter 9 collocation
lexical chunking
definition
lexical chunks at different levels
letters
morphemes
words
collocations
idioms
the advantages and disadvantages of chunking
collocation
definition
tend to occur
collocations vs. idioms
meanings of collocational ranges
chapter 10 idioms
definition of idioms
loaded with the native cultures and ideas
characrteristics of English idioms
semantic integrity/ unity
structural stability
rhetorical features
phonetic manipulation
alliteration
rhyme
lexical manipulation
reiteration (duplication of synonyms)
repetition
juxtaposition (of antonyms)
figures of speech
simile
metaphor
metonymy
synecdoche
personification
euphemism
stylistic features
colloquialisms
slang
literary expression
classification of English idioms
major sources of English idioms
bible
Greek and Roman mythology
literary works
use of English idioms
idiomaticity