chapter 1 English words and lexicology-Basic Concepts
understanding words
the physical structure of the word
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of language
root
the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without totalloss of identity,which generally carries the main component of meaning in a word
the semantic structure of the word
lexical
conceptual
dictionary/ denotative/ cognitive
classification of words
use frequency
nonbasic vocabulary
terminology (technical terms)
notion
functional/ empty/ form words
origin
native words
the mainstream of the basic word stock
borrowed words (loan words)
chapter 2 the growth of the ehglish vocabulory——sources
the language family of english
the Indo-European language family
from old ehglish to modern english
modern english
late
the industrial revolution and technology
the rise of the british empire and the growth of global trade
the origins of english words
loan words
french
the middle english period
french
law and goverment administration
the modern english period
colonization and the industrial revolution
latin
the middle english period
chapter 3 the growth of the English vocabulary-British and American
british&american
world Englishes
the spread of English
globalization process
four phases in globalization
17th-18th
the development of the colonies
18th-19th
industrial revolution
the new science and technology
the late 20th
the american innovation of information technology
features of English as a global language
locatization process (nativization)
affected by the local cultures
British English
dialects and accents
southern English dialects
midlands English dialects
northern English dialects
scottish English and related dialects
the changing British English vocabulary
borrowing of words from non-English languages
American English
history
the national expansion period
British and American English
in spelling and pronunciation
Englishes in other English speaking countries
Australian English
culture-loaded words in Australian English
slang in Australian English
special words and expressions
chapter 4 New words
definition od neologisms
neologisms
existing words or phrases which have been assigned new meanings
sources of English vocabulary
to develop from ancestral languages
to create via word formations
to borrow from other languages
glocalization
the rapid development of modern science and technology
political, economic and social changes
study of new words
reasons
new words reflect the culture of the language
enable us to predict a future
reasons of growth
influence of other languages
social and cultural reasons
science and technology
elestronics and digital techniques
politics and finance
internal political struggle
sources for new words (formation)
by adding new meanings to existing words
by borrowing words from other languages
French, Modern Greek, German, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Italian
by creating completely new coinages
chapter 5 the formation of English words-major types
notions of morphological formation
morpheme
the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms
classifications of English words
by origin
native words
Anglo-Saxon/Old English
formed the majority of the basic words stock
loan words
loan words
borrowed words
borrowings
derivational and inflectional morphemes
inflectional affix
grammatical meanings
plurality, tense, genitive case and the comparative or superlative degree
does not change the word-class of the word
roots, stems and affixes
roots
carries the main component of meaning in a word
free roots and bound roots
bound roots
carries the fundamental meaning
derivation(affixation)
features of prefixes and suffixes
prefixes do not changethe part of speech of the original word
suffixes in many cases change its parts of speech
conversion
converting words of one class to another class
functional shift/zero-derivation
compounding
joining two or more stems
characteristics of compounds
classification of compounds
chapter 6 the formation of English words-minor types
chapter 7 the meanings of English words-types of meaning
arbitrariness, conventionality, motivation
the relationship between sound and meaning:
arbitrary and conventional
motivation
definition
motivation refersto the connection between word-symbol and its sense
three major ways
phonetic motivation (sound)
echoic/ nonmatopoeic words
morphological motivation (form)
semantic motivation (meaning)
a kind of mental association
aspects of meaning (types of word meaning)
grammatical meaning
word-class/ part of speech
lexical meaning
denotation and reference
sense相当于connotation抽象
reference相当于denotation具体
denotation meaning:
the central meaning/ definition in the dictionary
relative stable
some technical words have only denotative meaning
sense----inherent meaning of the linguistic form (word-to-word)
reference----the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience (word-to-world)
denotative
referential
descriptive
cognitive
logical
conceptual
dictionary
denotative meaning
a word's primary signification or reference
exact and literal meaning of a word
invariant and context-independent
non-denotational meaning
affective meaning
emotive meaning/ evaluative meaning
the expression of feelings and attitudes
the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in question
varies from individual to individual, from culture to culture``````
social/ stylistic meaning
the appropriateness of language
the social relationship between speakers and correspondents
collocative meaning
part of the word meaning is closely related to the words it co-occurs with
change of meaning
causes ofmeaning change
linguistic causes
addition or disappearance of words
types of meaning development
extension/ generalization
from concrete to abstract
from technical terms to general words
from proper nouns to common nouns
narrowing/ specification
from common nouns to proper nouns
from material nouns to names of objects
from general words to tachnical terms
elevation/ amelioration
words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance
degradation/ pejoration
words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense
meaning transfer/ shift
transfer between abstract and concrete meanings
transfer between subjective and objective meanings
transfer of sensations (synaesthesia)
mechanisms for meaning change
chapter 8 the meanings of English words-sense relations
synonymy (similarity)
kinds
complete/absolute synonyms
relative synonyms/ quasi-synonymous words
in collocation and distribution
antonymy (contrast)
types of antonyms
classifications based on morphological structure
classifications based on semantic contrast
gradable antonyms/contraries
complementary/ contradictery antonyms
conversives/ converses (relational opposites/ relative terms)
antonyms & markedness theory
taxonymy (classification)
meronymy (part-whole relation)
chapter 9-10 lexical chunks-collocations and idioms
chapter 9 collocation
lexical chunking
lexical chunks at different levels
the advantages and disadvantages of chunking
collocation
meanings of collocational ranges
chapter 10 idioms
definition of idioms
loaded with the native cultures and ideas
characrteristics of English idioms
semantic integrity/ unity
rhetorical features
lexical manipulation
reiteration (duplication of synonyms)
juxtaposition (of antonyms)
classification of English idioms
major sources of English idioms
Greek and Roman mythology
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