英国文学

英国文学：The 18th century启蒙主义时期，The finest mock epic poem in English仿英雄体讽喻诗

英国文学

• Part one early and medieval English literature
  • The making of England
    • The Britons
      • A tribe of Celts
      • Got its name of Britain, the land of Britons
      • Primitive people, a tribal society
    • The Roman conquest
      • In 55B.C.
      • Until 78 A.D. last for 400years
      • 410 A. D.
      • 影响
    • The English conquest
      • The angles
        • East midland
      • Saxons
        • Southern part
      • Jutes
        • Southeastern
      • 合并7th
        • Anglo-Saxon 古英语是现代英语基础，英国，英国人
    • The social condition and religious beliefs of the Anglo Saxons
      • A transition from tribal society to feudalism
      • Old mythology of Northern Eourpe
      • Were christianized in the 7th century
  • Beowulf700-900
    • Anglo-Saxon Poetry
      • English literature begin with its settlement in England 5th A D
      • Minstrels sang heroic deeds
        • Four are short fragments of long poems
        • Beowulf over 3000 lines
    • National-epic
      • Content
        • Denmark故事
      • Character
        • 伟大英雄、人民救星
        • 抗争自然
        • 智，力，勇
        • 领导者与追随者相互忠诚
      • Feature
      • Folk legends of primitive northerner tribes
        • The fights with monsters
        • 头相传6th 数百年,十世纪被写下
        • Brought by Anglos -Saxons from continental homes
      • A picture of the tribal society in British Island
    • 在混乱的世界中寻找秩序
  • Feudal England
    • The Danish invasion787
      • king Alfred the Great
        • The Anglo-Saxon chronicle
          • 促进古英语时散文发展
          • A-monument of Old English prose
      • Danes occupied the country in 1013 for 30 years
    • The Norman conquest
      • French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066
      • High hand
      • Language
      • 14th Normans and English intermingled
      • 封建制度建立
    • Social feature
      • landbods and peasants.……
    • The miseries of the peasants
      • Black Death
      • A statute of laborers
      • The war between England and France1337-1377
      • A poll-tax
    • The rising of 1381
      • Wat Tyler and John ball
      • Had shaken the feudal system in England to the root
    • Romance中世纪
      • Content
      • Cycles
        • The Death of King Arthur
          • Verse, metrical form
      • Class nature
  • Chaucer
    • Works translated from French: the Romaunt of the Rose
    • adapted from the Italian:Troilus and Criseyde
      • 完整长诗最伟大作品
      • Longest complete poem over 8000 Lines.
      • Taken from a poem by Boccaccio
      • A full and finished romance
      • Medieval romance lacked :人物与事件的有趣
    • Purely English: The Canterbury Tales
      • 最终的诗歌成就
        • 总序与24个故事
        • 每人讲2个故事
        • 讲了什么
      • Masterpiece
      • The whole poem is a collection of stories strung together with a simple plan
      • Spring evening, London bridge,
      • 30人 pilgrims Beguile the journey by story-telling
        • 巴斯夫人
      • contains all major types of medieval literature
    • 称号
      • The founder of English poetry
      • The poets' corner : Westminster abbey
      • 人文主义使者
        • A forerunner of humanism
      • 第一个现实主义作家
        • The founder of English realism
      • 英语语言大师
        • 中世纪英语
        • 从法国引进押韵诗节
          • Heroic couplet
      • The first great poet who wrote in the English language
      • Made the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech
    • 立场
      • 反教会反贵族反神职
      • 人文主义
  • 时代背景
    • 古英语时期450到1066
      • 罗马
      • 英国
    • 中世纪英语1066-1510
      • 丹麦
      • 诺曼
    • 英语语言的特点
    • 文学特点
      • 古
        • 诗歌，英雄事迹
        • 头韵、隐喻，保守陈述
      • 中
        • 基督教义
        • 封建等级
        • 骑士精神
          • 传奇文学
        • 民谣
          • 农民的文学
• Part two the English Renaissance
  • Old England in transition
    • The New monarchy
      • The Hundred year's War with France1337-1453
      • The war of Roses1455-1485
      • Tudor dynasty a centralized monarchy
    • The reformation
      • A political movement in a religious guise
    • The English Bible
    • The enclosure movement
    • The commercial expansion
    • The war with spam
    • The Renaissance and humanism
    • William Caxton
      • The first English printer
    • The beginning of the English Renaissance
  • Thomas more
    • Utopia
      • book 1 society
      • Book 2 an ideal communist society
      • 英国最伟大的人文主义学者
  • The flowering of English literature 16 th 上半期
    • Edmund Spenser
      • The shepherd's calendar
      • The faerie Queen
      • 称号
        • The poet's poet
        • Spenserian stanza ababbcbc
        • A model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets
    • Francis bacon
      • Advancement of learning
      • New instrument
      • Inductive method of reasoning
      • Essays
      • 称号
        • The founder of English materialist philosophy
        • The founder of modern science in England
        • The first English essayist
    • Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard
      • Sonnet from Italy to England
      • 首创韵脚ababcdcdefefgg
      • 翻译埃涅伊德用了无韵诗
    • Sir Philip Sidney
      • Critical essay ：Apology for poetry
      • Sonnet sequence：Astrophel and Stella
      • Prose romance：Arcadia
  • Drama
    • 类型
      • mistery，miracle, morality, Interludes, classical plays
    • 观众
    • 剧场
    • 剧作家
  • Christopher Marlowe
    • Tamburlaine
      • 野心
    • The Jew of Malta
      • 财富贪欲：Barabas— Shylock
    • Doctor Faustus
      • 知识道德教训 悲剧
    • 马洛戏剧的社会意义
      • 新兴资产阶级精神
        • 知识、自尊、权力、反传统教条
      • 歌颂个性人类解放从中世纪
      • 个人主义带来破坏
    • 文学成就
      • 第一次用无韵诗
    • 称号
      • The most gifted of the University wits
      • The greatest of pioneers of English drama
      • Who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama
      • Paved the way for theplays of the greatest English dramatist shakespeare
  • William Shakespeare
  • Ben Jonson
    • Every man in his humor
      • 人占主导地位的激情讽刺
    • Volpone
    • The alchemist
    • Bartholomew-fair
      • 下层人写照
    • 称号
      • In his later years became the literary king
      • A forerunner of classicism in English literature
      • 1616年成第一位桂冠诗人 poet-laureate
  • 时代背景
    • 封建贵族向新兴资产阶级时过渡
    • 享七都铎亨八宗改
      • 强化资产阶级
    • 伊丽莎白统治时期
      • 工业发展 贸易扩张
      • 1588打败西班牙无敌舰队
      • 经济和国际影响力
    • 文艺复兴运动14c到17c中期和人文主义
      • 反叛封建制度和教会
      • 人文活动与古典文学
        • 拉丁
        • 希腊
      • 中世纪到现代社会过渡
      • 14c后半期乔叟
    • 印刷术
    • 圣经与戏剧
• Part three the period of the English bourgeois revolution
  • The English Revolution and the restoration
    • The weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoisie
    • The clashes between the king and parliament
    • The outburst of the English Revolution
    • The split within the revolutionary camp
    • The bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration
    • The religious cloak of the English Revolution
      • Puritanism
    • Literature of the revolution-period
      • 统一精神与爱国主义
  • John Milton
    • 作品
      • Paradise lost
        • A long epic divided into 12 books
          • Satan
        • Taken from Bible： the old testament—The tragedy of Adam and Eve Theme—The Fall of man
        • Adam and Eve— good and evil
      • Paradise Regained
        • 基督教的美德战胜了邪恶
      • Samson Agonistes
        • A blank verse tragedy
      • Lycidas
        • Pastoral elegy
      • Areopagitica
      • …………
    • 生平
    • 地位
      • The greatest poet and pamphleteer in middle 17th century England
      • The greatest English revolutionary poet of the 17th
      • Political in both his life and art
      • Wrote the greatest epic in English literature
      • A master of blank verse
      • A great stylist
        • Grand style
      • has been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression
      • Two patterns of English verse，with Shakespeare
  • Metaphysical poets
    • John Donne
      • The founder of the physical school of poetry
        • The youthful love lyrics
          • Songs and sonnets
        • Scared verses
          • Devotions upon Emergent Occasions
        • Use of conceit— elaborated metaphor
    • George Herbert
      • Wrote his poems by drawing comparisons from the Bible and the liturgy
      • His poems has a deep religious devotion, linguistic precision, metrical agility and ingenious use of conceit
      • The Temple宗教诗集
      • The Altar祭坛
      • Virtue, poem
    • Andrew Marvell
      • To His Coy Mistress
      • The seizing of erotic pleasure before the onsetinevitable death
    • Henry Vaughan
    • Richard crashaw
    • Mysticism in content and fantasticality in form
  • Cavalier poets
  • John Dryden
    • Advocated and carried outin practice the literary theories of neo-classicism
    • All for love
    • An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
    • Poet, critic, playwright
  • 时代背景
    • 1642-1649资产阶级革命，内战结束建立共和政体
    • 1660查理二世复辟
    • 1688光荣革命，荷兰威廉，封建制度结束
    • 文学
      • 深奧晦涩学问领域
      • 诗歌主导，最著名弥尔顿
      • 小说散文以班扬的《天路历程》Bunyan Puritan write,The Pilgrim’s Progress , allegory 为代表
        • 写作技巧religious allegory
        • Christian人物
        • The novel Vanity Fair，its subtitle is a novel without a hero
      • 简单，清晰，规则
      • 约翰德莱顿成为最重要的诗人和评论家
• The 18th century启蒙主义时期
  • The enlightenment and 18th century England
  • Classicism
  • Richard Steele
  • Joseph Addison
  • Alexander pope
    • The finest mock epic poem in English仿英雄体讽喻诗
      • The Rape of the lock
    • enlightenener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century
    • Master in the art of poetry and was the greatest of his age
  • Jonathan swift
    • Gulviver's Travels
    • A Tale of a Tub
    • The Battle of the Books
    • A Modest Proposal
  • Daniel Defoe
    • English novelist
    • Pamphleteer
    • Journalist
    • 作品
      • Robinson Crusoe
      • Capital singletion
      • Moll Flanders
      • Captain Jack
  • Samuel Richardson
    • Pamela, or virtue rewarded书信体
  • Henry fielding
    • Writer,playwright,journalist
    • Founder of the English Realistic school with Sameul Johnson
    • Comic epic poems散文体的滑稽史诗
    • The History of Tom Tones, A foundling
      • Adventures and misadventures of a roguish hero
      • The picaresque tradition流浪汉冒险题材
      • Expose the hypocrisy and depravity of the ruling class， the poverty of working class
      • 18th century England— social conditions
  • Samuel Johnson
    • poet，essayist, critic, journalist, lexicographer, conversationalist
  • Sentimentalism
    • Thomas gray
    • George grabbe
    • William Cowper
  • William Blake
    • British poet, paint, visionary mystic, engraver
    • proclamied the supremacy of the imagination over the rationalism and materialism of the 18th century
    • First book of poems, Poetical sketches.
    • Songs of innocence
    • Songs of experiences
      • The Tiger, poem
        • 用儿童视角看世界寓意成人经验
    • prophetic books
  • Robert burns
    • first poem
      • 主题：Scotch and women
    • My luve is Like a Red Red Rose
      • Famous love song
    • Auld Lang Syne往昔时光
  • 时代背景
    • 议会成为领导者
    • 海上霸主
    • 资产阶级权力与欲望
    • 科技发展
    • 文学
      • 启蒙主义思想，理性主义，说教道德，大众教育
      • 理性、知识，教育，道德，社会秩序．公正以及人类尊严
      • 新古典主义
      • 感伤主义
• Part five romanticism
  • 湖畔派诗人 Lake poets, lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England较早的浪主诗人， conservatives
    • Wordsworth
      • 生平
        • The orphan was taken in charge by relatives
        • Cherished a love of nature
        • He joined the moderate republicans in France
          • Revolt against social iniquities
          • A sympathy for the poor
        • His sister Dorothy induced him to transform his observation of the landscape into the revelation of the beauty of nature in poetry
        • With the establishment of the Jacobin dictatorship and the rise of Napolenon in France———give up his former political enthusiasm
      • 地位
        • Poet laureate桂冠诗人，a great poet of nature
        • The representative poet of the early romanticism
        • A masterhand in searching and revealing the feelings of the common people
      • 写作特点
        • things of everyday，the lower classes in the English countryside
        • Searching and revealing the feelings of the common people
        • Poem—rural life and the lower classes in English countryside，His poetry is simplicit and the purity of language，Back to nature and the patriarchal system of the old time宗法制度
        • 思想日趋保守 decline and fall
      • The Recluse, long poem
      • The Prelude序曲，masterpiece，growth of pot’s mind
        • Autobiographical poem in 14books
        • Show the development of his own sentiment and thought
      • 1798Lyrical Ballads with Coleridge
        • The Preface序言
          • 诗歌创作前提-表达人情感 individual sensations ——all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling
          • 浪漫主义诗歌宣言 the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry
        • The beginning of the Romantic revival in England，Marked the break with classicism
      • 热爱自然
        • Lines written in the Early spring 早春遣句
        • To the cuckoo 致杜鹃
        • I wandered lonely as a cloud， The Daffodils
          • The harmony between nature and the poet himself
          • Written in iambic tetrameter，ababcc
        • My heart leaps up我心雀跃
        • Intimations of immortality 永生颂
        • Lines Composed a few miles above Tinter Abbey 丁登寺杂咏
          • Short poem
          • lyrical hymn of thanks to nature
      • 农村
        • The solitary reaper
        • We are seven
        • Michael
        • The ruined cottage
        • Simon Lee
        • The old Cumberland beggar
        • Lucy
          • A series of short pathetic lyrics
          • Harmony between humanity and nature
    • 受资产阶级剥削，将大自然作为精神避难所，要求回到封建主义，反对工业革命，消极逃避现实的浪漫主义者
    • Samuel Taylor Coleridge
      • 写作特点
        • supernatural, Romantic
      • 地位
        • Poet and critic
        • A literary critic, good at giving lectures
          • Notes and lectures on Shakespeare
        • The first critic of the Romantic school
        • A highly gifted man and a great dreamer
        • 日趋保守
      • 作品
        • The fall of Robespierre
          • With Southey, a poetical drama in three acts
          • Set up a utopian agricultural community, the Pantisocracy，—They are dreamer
        • Lyrical Ballads，with Wordsworth
        • Frost at Midnight, conversation poem,literary criticism
        • Best poems
          • Kubla Khan
            • Dream poem，54 lines，or A vision in a Dream
          • christabel
            • Unfinished poems
            • A sorcerer casts a spell over a pure girl
          • The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
            • Long poem in the form of ballads about sin and its expiation
            • One of the masterpieces of the romantic poetry
            • The poem introduces the reader to a supernatural realm, but it manages to create a sense of reality
            • Included in the lyrical Ballads
            • 自然与超自然平凡与非凡的结合
    • Robert Southey
      • 地位
        • The underdog— his poetry is hard to read
        • The Satanic撒旦派 school as Southey called Byron and Shelley
        • Poet laureate
        • Revolutionist to a Tory
        • Hard worker
      • his works A little old fashions but it reflects modern ideas
      • 作品
        • Thalaba the Destoryer，epic
        • Inspired by the French Revolution
          • Joan of Arc, epic
          • Wat Taylor，drama
        • The Fall of Robespierre ，drama，with Coleridge
        • Tory Quarterly Review，a leading contributor
        • A Version of Judgement, a poem
        • 诗人
          • The Inchcape Rock
          • The Battle of Blenheim
          • My days among the dead are passed
        • 散文家
          • The Life of Nelson
        • 浪漫诗歌， irregular rhmeless verse，liberate romantic prosody from 18th century restraints
          • Thalaba the Destoryer
          • Madoc
          • The Curse of keharma
          • Roderick, the last of Goths
  • 年轻一代浪主诗人
    • George Gordon Byron
      • Hours of Idleness， lyrical verse
        • 还是学生
        • First collection of poems
        • Childhood,friendship
      • English Bards and Scotch Reviewers，讽刺长诗
        • Caused great shock in the upper classes
        • Leave England
      • 地位
        • A staunch champion of people's cause
          • Songs for the Luddites支持被镇压的工人
        • Spoke in defence of the English proletariat
        • romanticist and a realist
        • His leaving England for good marked his spilt with the reactionary British government and the hypocritical English high society—去了 Switzerland
        • 1788法国大革命前一年出生，1824, died of fever in Greece
      • The first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage，long poem
        • 一夜成名
      • Oriental tales，the Byronic heroes
        • Giaour
        • The Bride of Abydos
        • The Corsair
        • Lara
        • Parisina
        • The Siege of Gorinth
      • Hebrew melodies, lyrical pieces
      • She Walks in Beauty, Chosen from Hebrew melodies
      • In Switzerland，the influence of Shelly
        • Prometheus
        • Sonnet on chillon
        • The prisoner of Chillon， a narrative poem
      • Manfred, philosophical poetic drama
      • In Italy
        • The third and forth cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
          • Contains four cantos, long poem
          • The spenserian stanza，ababbcbcc
          • 恰尔德年轻贵族周游欧洲
        • Don Juan，masterpiece in this age，poetical drama, in Italy
          • 16000 lines long in 16 cantos written in ottava rima，八行诗 ，each stanza containing 8 iambic pentameter lines rhymed abababcc
          • Spanish youth of noble birth
          • Epic-satire，历史讽刺诗，a satire on abuses of the present state of society
        • Cain,poetic drama from biblical story
        • The prophecy of Dante
      • 和中国
        • At the end of the Qing Dynasty，introduced
        • The May 4 Movement in 1919, translated
        • One of the best-known English poets in China
    • 建立一个没有压迫和剥削的社会，年轻积极浪漫主义者，不满资本主义
    • Percy bysshe Shelley
      • Queen Mab，first important poem
        • An allegorical poem he attacks kings, priests, statesman and human institutions
        • Contains almost all his major social and political ideas
        • Written in the form of a fairy tale dream
      • 生平
        • Glorified freedom, exposed tyranny and his sympathy for the oppressed
        • Gentle and kind by nature, can't stand any injustice
        • Influenced by the utopian-socialist doctrines of William Godwin
        • Scandal, leave England for Italy
      • The Necessity of Atheism, anti-religious pamphlet, expelled from the Oxford university
        • Religion was an instrument of oppression
      • Address to the Irish People
        • Struggle against British domination
      • Allegorical poem
        • The Mask of Anarchy, peterloo massacre
      • The Revolt of Islam
        • 英统治阶级压迫、讽喻，his political and aesthetic ideas
        • Long poem,revolutionary epic
      • Lyrical dramas
        • Prometheus unbounded，masterpiece,Greek mythology
          • 心灵高尚的革命者
      • The cenci
        • A historical tragedy on an Italian subject
      • Peter bell the third, dramatic satire
      • Hellas, lyrical drama
      • Adonais, an elegly on the death of Keats
      • A Defense of Poetry, an essay
        • Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world
      • Lyrical poem
        • Ode to the West Wind
          • Death and rebirth
          • In the first 3 stanzas the dynamic force of the west wind is manifested in its power on the land, air, sea in deterrent seasons
          • West wind is the destroyer and preserve it destroys the old world and herald in a new one
          • In the fourth stanza Shelley wishes that he were a leaf, acbud and a wave so that he could feel the power of the west wind
          • aba, bcb, cdc,ded,ee
        • To a Skylark
          • a magniticient psalm of man's ideal of liberty
    • John Keats
      • Long poems 5
        • Endymion, long allegorical poem
          • The love between a Greek shepherd and the moon goddess
          • Love of beauty
          • Splendid apprentice work
        • Isabella
          • Based on Boccaccio's Decameron
          • The wealth of the rich was earned by the blood and sweat of the working people
        • The Eve of St.Agnes
          • Narrative poem written in Spenserian stanzas
          • Love for sensuous beauty and ability of painting exact word pictures
        • Lamia
          • A story from Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy
          • 中国白娘子传奇a praise of faithful love—the appreciation of sensuous beauty
        • Hyperion
          • long epic unfinished, greatest poetry
          • The victory of life and youth over the forces of decay and retrogression， The passing of an old order of things and the coming of a new
      • Short poem
        • Create a beautiful world of imagination asopposed to the sordid reality of his day
        • Leading principle is Beauty in truth
        • The-most important are his sonnets and odes
          • Bright Star, sonnet
          • When I have fear
            • 对其早亡的悲哀预见
          • Show personality in his odes
            • Ode to Autumn, Melancholy, a nightingale
            • Ode on a Grecian Urn
      • 地位
        • Poor obscure, brutally attacked during his short lifetime, he became well known after death
        • Beauty in truth,truth in beauty
        • One of the great English poets
        • One of the brilliant trio of active romanticists in England英国积极浪漫主义杰出三斗士之一
  • Lamb
  • Walter Scott
    • The only great novelist in this period
    • Combined a romantic atomosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common people's life
    • He marked the transition from romanticism to realism
    • Ivanhoe,masterpiece
  • 时代背景
    • 18世纪未至19世纪30年代1798-1832 nature is our soul, advocate a return to nature
    • 浪漫生义盛行的标志
      • Wordsworth and Coleridge published the Lyrical Ballads
    • 浪漫主义时代的来临
      • 1800 Wordsworth The Preface抒情歌谣集第二版序言
        • 对浪漫主义诗人革命理想最重要的记述
    • 结束
      • 1832沃特 司各特的逝世
    • 原因
      • 工业革命导致社会问题激增Industrial Revolution-complicated contradictions
        • Old aristocracy was pushed to the background
        • Capitalists ruined the peasants
        • A new class, the proletariat came into existence
      • 1775年美国独战争强调个人的平等权利和自立
      • 1789法国大革命是对漠视平民的旧有社会秩序的反抗
        • Liberty, equality and fraternity
    • Political writings
      • Edmund Burke, the Whig Pubuicist
        • Reflections on the Revolution in France，pamphlet
        • Reconstruct society by revolution and lamented over the downfall of the royalty in France
      • Thomas Paine
        • The Right of Man
        • Politice were the business of the whole common people
      • William Cobbett
        • Weekly -Political Register
        • Voiced the woes of the dispossessed peasants in the countryside and denounced who robbed the poor
        • 地位：A peasant, a master of clean English prose, the spokesman of the common people
    • Romanticism
      • The romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social-strata who were discontent with the capitalism
      • Two schools
        • The elder generation of romanticists or escapist romanticists
          • protest against capitalist development
          • Frightened by the industrialism
          • Turned to the feudal past
        • The younger generation of romanticists or active romanticists
          • Expressed the aspirations of classes-created by capitalism
          • Held out an idea, though a vague one，of a furture society free from oppression and exploitation
      • Writing feature
        • A dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society
        • Strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures
        • Symbolic-methods
        • Pay great attention to spiritual and emotional life of man
      • The Romantic Periood was one of poetical revival
      • Romantic prose
        • Lamb
        • Hazlitt
        • De Quincey
        • Hunt
      • The only great novelist
        • Walter Scott
          • Combine romanticism with realism
          • He marked the transition from 浪漫-现实
    • 本质
      • 对人类的本能和感情的宣扬，对自然的敬仰和对于再造新世界的理想
      • 反权威和传统
    • 写作
      • 对深入其心或创造想像的人景事进行描写
      • 强调人的感情，想象，直觉—主观主义subjectivism
        • 诗歌繁盛的时代
        • 无韵体取代英雄双韵体
      • 热爱大自然
        • 赞扬独立自由
      • 对社会、独裁、资主、建压迫不满
      • 对已逝的，非凡的，陌生的，古怪和迷人的事物的浓厚兴趣
    • 文学特点
      • 哲学家和思想家
        • 卢梭法
          • 浪漫主义父
          • 浪漫主义萌发的种子
            • 1761《新爱洛伊斯》
            • 1762《爱弥尔》
        • 埃德蒙柏克
        • 托马斯潘恩
          • 1791《人权宣言》
• Part six English critical realism
  • The rise of critical realism in England
    • Social background
      • 维多利亚日时期19世纪大部分时间 1836-1901
      • 封建和资产阶级冲突-劳动和资本
        • The struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in English social life
        • England became a typical capitalist country
      • 社会问题-贫富差距，工人和资本家
        • An upsurge of labour movements
      • 殖民扩张，国外矛盾
        • Strengthened it policy of colonial expansion in all parts of the world
      • Thomas Hood， show his sympathy for the workers and against the exploitation, but still cherished the illusion that the enlightened members of the ruling classes might do something to alleviate the sufferings of the poor
        • The song of the shirt
          • Voiced the great misery of the women workers
        • The Bridge of Sighs
    • Chartist movement
      • 1836，工人阶级与资产阶级之间矛盾的必然结果，伦敦，1860失败 signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history
      • 1834, the establishment of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union marked a new stage of the English worker’s movement
      • 英国工人阶级作为独立政治力量出现，第一次无产阶级政治运动
      • The struggle of the proletariat for its rights
      • The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature— the struggle of the proletariat for its rights
        • The greatest of the Chartist poets is Ernest Jones. 出生贵族支持无产阶级，革命浪漫主义followed the tradition of the revolutionaryromanticism of Byron and Shelley
          • The Revolt of Hincostan, the new world
          • An epic of class struggle
        • the last of the Chartists- Thomas Cooper, ordinary worker
          • Signified the first attempt to create the literature of the working class by the ordinary workers themselves
        • William James Linton, a well known agitator
          • Blade-time Will come, revolutionary lyrics
    • English critical realism
      • 19th century 40/50, In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel entered a stage of decline
      • 写作
        • The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint
        • The greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes are contrasted with the lower classes,use humor and satire
      • 作家
        • The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens
          • Creates pictures of bourgeois civilization, the misery of the common people
        • William Makepeace Thackeray, critical realist
          • Satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society
      • 以小说形式创作-（资产阶级社会的史诗）道德说教批判社会不公腐败和痛苦
      • 用辛辣讽刺怪诞风格批判资产阶级，对普通大众的同情
      • 缺点—-作品为改革不是革命，找不到消除社会罪恶的方法， they didn't find a way to eradicate social evils，The chief tendency in their works is not of revolution but rather of reformism
      • 主要贡献—对小说的发展和完善perfection of the novel，showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals.
      • The 19th century realistic novels become the epic of the bourgeois society 资产阶级社会的史诗
    • Women's problem
      • 科技发展-意识形态和宗教信仰改变
      • 1859《进化论》
  • Charles dickens
  • Thackeray
    • The book of snobs
    • vanity Fair名字来于天路历程班杨的, masterpiece,小标题a novel with out hero，satirical portrayal
  • Women novelists
    • Jane Austen
      • Pride and prejudice,first impression
    • The Brontë sisters
    • Mrs. Gaskell
    • George Eliot
• 名词解释
  • 头韵
  • 隐喻
  • 保守陈述
  • 史诗
  • 传奇
  • 骑土精神
  • 无韵诗
  • 人文主义
  • 十四行诗
  • 斯宾塞诗节
  • 三一律
  • 诗节
  • 挽歌
  • 清教主义
  • 古典主义
  • 浪漫主义
  • 讽刺
  • 拜伦式英雄