The study of Translation

这是一篇关于The study of Translation的思维导图，主要内容有Translation Critiria、Classification of Translation、Classification of Text、Translation Strategy等。

The study of Translation

Translation Critiria

严复 “信，达，雅” Triple Principle of Translation: Faithfulness,expresiveness,elegance

鲁迅：信faithfulness，顺smoothness

林语堂：忠实faithfulness，通顺smoothness，美beautifulness

傅雷：神似resemblance in spirit

钱钟书：化境 sublimation/sublimity theory

刘重德: 信faithfulness，达expressiveness，切closeness

许渊冲：三重标准 three levels of critiaria,三美three beauty principles

Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of translation(idea, style, ease)

Eugene Nida: Functional Equivalence(Minimal & Maximal)

Classification of Translation

Jakobson: Inter-lingual（语际）, Intra-lingual （语内）and Intersemoitic（符际翻译）

Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation(交际和语义)

Christiane Nord: Instrumental Trans & Documental Trans(工具性和文献性)

John Dryden: Metaphrase(逐字翻译)，paraphrase(释译), imitation(拟译)

J.C. Catford：Full translation & partial translation total translation & restricted translation rank-round translation & unbounded translation

Postgate: prospective translation & retrospective translation

Classification of Text

Peter Newmark: expressive text, informitive text and evocative text(not absolute)

Katharina Reiss: informative, expressive and operative

Translation Strategy

Han Vermeer: Foreignization &Domestication

Cultural and Linguistic Adaptation

Mediation

The linguistic turn

Functionalist Theory

Theorist

Katherina Reiss

text type

informative

expressive

operative

Hans Vermeer

Skopos Theory

skopos rule

A TT is determined by its skopos

coherence rule

intra-textual

fidelity rule

inter-textual

adequacy

Importance of skopos theory

purpose and commission are determining factors

translate in accordance with principle of TT

Mary Snell-Hornby

Christiane Nord

functional plus loyalty

documentary translation &instrumental translation

pragmatic(功能性)Translation error

useless information are provided

useful information are deleted/omited

word for word

culture-specific iterms

Wolfram Wilss

Justas Holz Mantari

the translation actional theory

Translation equivalence

Translation shift

Theorist

J.C. Catford

divided translation into three types in terms of the extent, levels and ranks of translation

the idea of untranslatability

linguistic untranslatability

cultural untranslatability

Eugene A. Nida

dynamic equivalence & formal equivalence

Juliane House

complete pattern of translation quality assessment

Peter Newmark

Communicative translation & semantic translation

Polysysterm

Itama Even Zohar

1970s, borrowed from the Russian Formalist Czech structuralists

ealier stages

①see translated literature as a system (what,how)

the position of literature translation

primary and central when: young,weak and in crisis effects: break TC conventions,set up new models

secondary/peripheral when: stable,self-sufficient effects: adhere to TC norms

hierarchical structure of different subsystems

canonized,non-canonized, translated literature

Competition:struggle for a more central position

作用：lead to a dynamic, ongoing process of literary mutation and evolution

position determines strategy

primary: concerned with the linguistic and cultural features of the ST

secondary:emphasize the literary conventions and features of TT

Importance

literature is studied alongside other forces

the study of translation within the cultural and literary systems

non-descriptive definition of equivalence and adequacy allows for variations

Gideon Toury

rules, norms and idiosuncrasies(特异倾向)

Initial Norms Operative Norms:Matrical norms and textual-linguistic norms

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The Holmes'Map of translation studies

The translator's turn

Douglas Robinson

somatic theory of Translation

Idiosomatic of Translation

Embodiment

Feeling equivalence

Ideosomatics of Translation

individual experience

collective experience

collective ideology

The cultural turn

Theorist

Susan Bassnett

Andre Leferevre

Constructuring Culture: Essays on Literary Translation

Key terms: ideology, poetics, patronage

Translation as Rewriting

Translation and authority, legitimacy, power

Manipulation Theory

The philosophical turn

Deconstruction(1960s)

Derrida

Relevant Translation:untranslatability

Lawrence Venuti

Foreignization &Domestication

Benjamin

After life/continue life

Pure Language

Roland Bartes

From Work to Text

Main idea

Dismantle "signified & signifier"

Decentering; challenges stabilized mening

Derrida's concept of "defference":differ and defer

Work & Text

Main Theory

文本无意义，翻译不成立

世界即文本，原作译作平等

文本无意义，研究其他因素

翻译的是语言，是拼凑碎片

Hermenuetics translation

Forerunner

Gadama

words produce worlds

Fundemental unity between language and human existence

Traditional, aristotelian Views

spoken words represent mental images, written words are the symbol of spoken words

George Steiner

trust,aggression,incorporation and restitution

Schleiermacher

alienating &naturalizing

concept of understandig

empathy

intuitive linguistic analysis

the interpretation highlights hidden motives and strategies

Dilthey

meaning are delineated by the author's world view. reflecting a historical period and social context

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