The study of Translation

这是一篇关于The study of Translation的思维导图，主要内容有Translation Critiria、Classification of Translation、Classification of Text、Translation Strategy等。

The study of Translation

• Translation Critiria
  • 严复 “信，达，雅” Triple Principle of Translation: Faithfulness,expresiveness,elegance
  • 鲁迅：信faithfulness，顺smoothness
  • 林语堂：忠实faithfulness，通顺smoothness，美beautifulness
  • 傅雷：神似resemblance in spirit
  • 钱钟书：化境 sublimation/sublimity theory
  • 刘重德: 信faithfulness，达expressiveness，切closeness
  • 许渊冲：三重标准 three levels of critiaria,三美three beauty principles
  • Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of translation(idea, style, ease)
  • Eugene Nida: Functional Equivalence(Minimal & Maximal)
• Classification of Translation
  • Jakobson: Inter-lingual（语际）, Intra-lingual （语内）and Intersemoitic（符际翻译）
  • Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation(交际和语义)
  • Christiane Nord: Instrumental Trans & Documental Trans(工具性和文献性)
  • John Dryden: Metaphrase(逐字翻译)，paraphrase(释译), imitation(拟译)
  • J.C. Catford：Full translation & partial translation total translation & restricted translation rank-round translation & unbounded translation
  • Postgate: prospective translation & retrospective translation
• Classification of Text
  • Peter Newmark: expressive text, informitive text and evocative text(not absolute)
  • Katharina Reiss: informative, expressive and operative
• Translation Strategy
  • Han Vermeer: Foreignization &Domestication
  • Cultural and Linguistic Adaptation
  • Mediation
• The linguistic turn
  • Functionalist Theory
    • Theorist
      • Katherina Reiss
        • text type
          • informative
          • expressive
          • operative
      • Hans Vermeer
        • Skopos Theory
          • skopos rule
            • A TT is determined by its skopos
          • coherence rule
            • intra-textual
          • fidelity rule
            • inter-textual
          • adequacy
        • Importance of skopos theory
          • purpose and commission are determining factors
          • translate in accordance with principle of TT
      • Mary Snell-Hornby
      • Christiane Nord
        • functional plus loyalty
        • documentary translation &instrumental translation
        • pragmatic(功能性)Translation error
          • useless information are provided
          • useful information are deleted/omited
          • word for word
          • culture-specific iterms
      • Wolfram Wilss
      • Justas Holz Mantari
        • the translation actional theory
  • Translation equivalence
  • Translation shift
  • Theorist
    • J.C. Catford
      • divided translation into three types in terms of the extent, levels and ranks of translation
      • the idea of untranslatability
        • linguistic untranslatability
        • cultural untranslatability
    • Eugene A. Nida
      • dynamic equivalence & formal equivalence
    • Juliane House
      • complete pattern of translation quality assessment
    • Peter Newmark
      • Communicative translation & semantic translation
• Polysysterm
  • Itama Even Zohar
    • 1970s, borrowed from the Russian Formalist Czech structuralists
    • ealier stages
      • ①see translated literature as a system (what,how)
      • the position of literature translation
        • primary and central when: young,weak and in crisis effects: break TC conventions,set up new models
        • secondary/peripheral when: stable,self-sufficient effects: adhere to TC norms
      • hierarchical structure of different subsystems
        • canonized,non-canonized, translated literature
        • Competition:struggle for a more central position
        • 作用：lead to a dynamic, ongoing process of literary mutation and evolution
      • position determines strategy
        • primary: concerned with the linguistic and cultural features of the ST
        • secondary:emphasize the literary conventions and features of TT
  • Importance
    • literature is studied alongside other forces
    • the study of translation within the cultural and literary systems
    • non-descriptive definition of equivalence and adequacy allows for variations
  • Gideon Toury
    • rules, norms and idiosuncrasies(特异倾向)
      • Initial Norms Operative Norms:Matrical norms and textual-linguistic norms
      • 子主题
    • The Holmes'Map of translation studies
• The translator's turn
  • Douglas Robinson
    • somatic theory of Translation
      • Idiosomatic of Translation
        • Embodiment
        • Feeling equivalence
      • Ideosomatics of Translation
        • individual experience
        • collective experience
        • collective ideology
• The cultural turn
  • Theorist
    • Susan Bassnett
    • Andre Leferevre
    • Constructuring Culture: Essays on Literary Translation
      • Key terms: ideology, poetics, patronage
      • Translation as Rewriting
      • Translation and authority, legitimacy, power
  • Manipulation Theory
• The philosophical turn
  • Deconstruction(1960s)
    • Derrida
      • Relevant Translation:untranslatability
    • Lawrence Venuti
      • Foreignization &Domestication
    • Benjamin
      • After life/continue life
      • Pure Language
    • Roland Bartes
      • From Work to Text
    • Main idea
      • Dismantle "signified & signifier"
      • Decentering; challenges stabilized mening
      • Derrida's concept of "defference":differ and defer
      • Work & Text
    • Main Theory
      • 文本无意义，翻译不成立
      • 世界即文本，原作译作平等
      • 文本无意义，研究其他因素
      • 翻译的是语言，是拼凑碎片
  • Hermenuetics translation
    • Forerunner
      • Gadama
        • words produce worlds
        • Fundemental unity between language and human existence
      • Traditional, aristotelian Views
        • spoken words represent mental images, written words are the symbol of spoken words
    • George Steiner
      • trust,aggression,incorporation and restitution
    • Schleiermacher
      • alienating &naturalizing
      • concept of understandig
        • empathy
        • intuitive linguistic analysis
      • the interpretation highlights hidden motives and strategies
    • Dilthey
      • meaning are delineated by the author's world view. reflecting a historical period and social context
  • 子主题