Grammar in Use初级Appendices_15

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Grammar in Use初级 Appendices_15

• Appendix 1 Active and passive
  • will/can/must/have to etc.
• Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs
  • Irregular verbs
  • It can be regular or irregular
• Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups
  • The past simple and past participle are the same
    • cost→cost; put→put cut→cut; shut→shut hit→hit; let→let hurt→hurt;
    • lend→lent; send→sent; smell→smelt spend→spent; build→built; lose→lost burn→burnt; learn→learnt; shoot→shot get→got; light→lit; sit→sat keep→kept; sleep→slept; feel→felt leave→left; meet→met; dream→dreamt mean→meant
    • bring→brought; buy→bought fight→fought; think→thought catch→caught; teach→taught
    • sell→sold; tell→told find→found; have→had hear→heard; hold→held read→read; say→said pay→paid; make→made stand→stood; understand→understood
  • The past simple and past participle are different
    • break→broke broken choose→chose chosen speak→spoke spoken steal→stole stolen wake→woke woken
    • drive→drove driven ride→rode ridden rise→rose risen write→wrote written beat→beat beaten bite→bit bitten hide→hid hidden
    • eat→ate eaten fall→fell fallen forget→forgot forgotten give→gave given see→saw seen take→took taken
    • blow→blew blown grow→grew grown know→knew known throw→threw thrown fly→flew flown draw→drew drawn show→showed shown
    • begin→began begun drink→drank drunk swim→swam swum ring→rang rung sing→sang sung run→ran run
    • come→came come become→became become
• Appendix 4 Short forms
  • When we write short forms, we use ' (an apostrophe)
    • 'd = would or had
    • 's
      • 's = is or has
      • let's = let us
      • my brother's car = his car
    • Do not use 'm/'s/'d etc. at the end of a sentence
      • "Yes, I am"
      • She isn't tired, but he is.
    • But we can use short forms with other words too
      • Who's your favourite singer? (=Who is)
      • What's the time? (=What is)
      • There's a big tree in the garden. (=there is )
      • My sister's working in London. (=My sister is working)
      • Paul's gone out. (=Paul has gone out)
  • Short forms
  • Negative short forms
• Appendix 5 Spelling
  • Words + -s and -es
    • noun +s(plural)
    • verb+s(he/she/it -s)
    • after -s/-sh/-ch/-x +es
      • also
        • potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes do→does go→goes
    • -f/-fe → -ves
  • Words ending in -y
    • -y → -ies
    • -y → -ied
    • -y → -ier/iest
    • -y → -ily
    • -ay/-ey/-oy/-uy
      • Not change y to i
      • but say→said; pay→paid
  • -ing
    • Verbs that end in -e → -e×+ing
    • Verbs that end in -ie →-ying
  • Vowels and consonants
    • Vowel letters:
      • a e i o u
    • Consonant letters:
      • b c d f g k l m n p r s t w y
    • If a word ends in a vowel + a consonant, before -ing/-ed/-er/-est, p/g/t etc. become pp/gg/tt etc.
    • But ... not happen
      • The word ends in two consonant letters (C+C)
      • The word ends in two vowel letters + a consonant letter (V+V+C)
      • longer words of the last part is not stressed
      • The word ends in -y or -w
• Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs
  • on
    • carry on = continue
      • go/walk/drive on etc. = continue going/walking/driving etc.
    • come on = be quick
    • get on = manage(in a job, at school, in an exam etc.)
    • hold on = wait
  • off
    • take off = leave the ground(for planes)
    • go off = explode(a bomb etc.) or ring (an alarm etc.)
  • up
    • give up = stop trying
    • grow up = become an adult
    • hurry up = do something more quickly
    • speak up =speak more loudly
    • wake up = stop sleeping
    • wash up = wash the plates etc. after a meal
  • down
    • slow down = go more slowly
    • break down = stop working(for cars, machines etc.)
  • over
    • fall over = lose your balance
• Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object
  • in/out
    • fill in/ fill out a form = complete a form
  • out
    • put out a fire, a cigarette etc.
    • cross out a mistake, a word etc.
  • on
    • try on clothes = put on clothes to see if they fit you
  • up
    • give up something = stop doing it
    • look up a word in a dictionary etc.
    • turn up the TV, radio, music heating etc.= make it louder or warmer
    • wake up somebody who is sleeping
  • down
    • knock down a building = demolish it
    • turn down the TV, radio, music, heating etc. = make it more quiet or less warm
  • over
    • knock over a cup, a glass, a person etc.
  • away
    • throw away rubbish, things you don't want
    • put something away = put it in the place where you usually keep it
  • back
    • pay somebody back = give back money that you borrowed
  • round/around
    • show somebody round/around = take somebody on a tour of a place