英语话题

英语话题知识点总结，包括教育。现代科技和大众传媒，全球化及影响，平等，环境保护，动物话题，犯罪话题，征服话题，文化与习俗，社会生活等等。

英语话题

• 教育 (education)
  • 学校教育 schooling
    • 教育目的/本质
      • 兴趣爱好
        • 交朋友
        • 提高交际能力
      • 就业
        • 高文凭
        • 专业和系统的知识
    • 课程/学科
      • 选课
        • 自主选课
          • 权力和自由
          • 主动探索
        • 政府选课
          • 指导专业知识
          • 就业平衡
      • 具体学科的重要性
        • 培养爱好
        • 激发创造力
    • 课外活动(extracurricular activities)
      • develop well-rounded individual student.
        • impact students' emotional development.
        • influence one's affective and cognitive development
        • learn to negotiate, manage conflict and cooperate with fellow students
        • students understand the importance of critical thinking skills.
      • improving their social skills
        • better awareness of of their abilities, talents and career goals
        • feel socially connected with others and the university as their community.
    • 学校设施和环境（facilities and environment in school）
      • increase the number of sports facilities
      • take other measures to make people's lives healthier
        • The government should spend more money on making people more involved
    • 学生的学习方式（lecture & distance learning）
      • 小组学习group study
        • 小组讨论，集思广益In comparison with studying alone, group study could, to large extent, be extremely time-saving because one can exchange and share views with fellow students when confronting with academic problems. 当遇到学习困难时，小组学习者可以交流和分享观点，因此，小组学习节省时间。
        • 良好的学习氛围，可以帮助缺乏自律性的孩子们专注于学习zero in on academic study = concentrate on learning专注学习
        • 有效的方式结实新朋友，锻炼人的口才，交流能力以及团队精神。……could cultivate one’s teamwork spirit and awareness of cooperation 培养团队精神和合作意识
      • 自己学习
        • 培养独立思考以及解决问题的能力，学习上不会产生过度的依赖Compared with the independent self-learners， those who are accustomed to group learning， in some cases， might become overly dependent on other assistance. 习惯于自己学习者，可能对于他人的帮助过度依赖
        • 培养分析性思维，理性思维和辩证思维的能力。
  • 家庭教育 upbringing (parenting)
    • 家庭教育主要探讨父母对于孩子的成长、生活或学习上的初期教育的作用
      • 启蒙指导作用（elementary educational instructions）：有责任，年纪小没有辨别是非的能力（ability to tell right from wrong）
      • 孩子需要独立自主
  • 远程教育 tele-education
    • 在线学习，适应特殊群体，例如残疾学习者，忙碌企业家以及生病的学生，因为远程教育不仅仅克服了地域的障碍，也节省了往返的麻烦。 　　2. 远程教育提高了学习灵活性，尤其适合喜欢按照自己的节奏安排学习的学生。 　　3. 在线教育费用较低。网络资源丰富，音频视频文件根据学生需求选择，同时，教学资源可反复学习。
    • 1. 课堂教育营造良好的学习氛围，老师的监督和同龄人的压力可以帮助没有自律性的学生专注于学习。相反，网络教育的使人懈怠，失去学习的兴趣和耐心。 　　2. 课堂教育中积极的课堂互动，小组讨论，面对面的交流可以激发学习热情，提高学习效率。(例证展开) 　　3. 老师不仅仅是传授知识，还能关注学生的道德教育和性格培养，这些是网络教育无法实现的。(细节展开)
  • 素质教育 quality-oriented education
    • 分数衡量优秀,学习成绩 academic performance
    • 心灵健康
  • 小（中、大）学教育 primary(secondary, tertiary) education
    • 大学
      • 帮毕业生找到工作
      • 对个体和社会有更广泛的益处
  • 男女同校 co-education(segregated education)
    • single-sex education are alternatives, and both are extensively used around the world
    • mixed-sex education to argue for one or other
  • 获取知识 acquire knowledge
    • the resources of knowledge or information
    • students themselves and the environment in which they lear
    • some students can learn well from both resources, while others fail in either.
  • 传授知识 impart( inculcate) knowledge
    • the most important lessons in life come from our own experiences.
    • knowledge gained from books
  • 灌输高尚的道德观 instill high moral values
    • 诚实
    • 团结
  • 教学方法 teaching method
    • 小班教学
      • contribute to the effectiveness for learners when learning a foreign language
      • improve the quality of classroom interaction
    • 班级人数重要
  • 受过良好教育 well-educated
    • larger contribution higher education makes to a person's success in life
    • receiving a university education is dispensable regarding helping people succeed
  • 学科 discipline
    • academic courses should be given the priority over music and sports, because the former is practically more helpful and beneficial
    • non-academic courses should remain, in terms of their irreplaceable benefits.
      • sharpening some virtues of children
      • help to cultivate children’s willpower and challenging spirit
      • relieving stress in school education
  • 死记硬背 learn things by rote
    • inevitably restrain students from developing their critical thinking skills
    • eliminate people’s passion towards education.
    • have a basic idea as for what the knowledge is and therefore better learn how to put it into practice
    • memorized the primary information can be firmly mastered
  • 创造力 creativity
    • Creativity is a part of us
    • a part of how we express ourselves in our daily life
  • 塑造性格 shape(mould) one's character
    • genetic characters have a significant effect on a person’s identity.
    • other people believe that experiences in life have more influence in our life than genetic characters
  • 评价老师的教学 evaluate teachers' performance
    • students can put forward their ideas and suggestions towards the lesson, it will be of great help for teachers to upgrade the teaching projects.
    • trying to evaluate teachers’ lesson is particularly beneficial for students’ academic and career development in the future.
    • disturb the class and negatively affect both teaching and learning outcomes
    • students will suffer a loss in terms of knowledge and other learning content.
  • 学生的反馈 students' feedback(input)
    • speak highly of pre-course information and teaching quality constitute the same percentage
    • While the percentage of students who favour printing resources
  • 理论知识 theoretical knowledge
    • learning from theory in relevant academic discourses to identify established knowledge allows us to gain a professional insight
    • students acquire knowledge more easily when given relative theoretical examples to build upon
    • students could find themselves reading tedious and monotonous academic papers
    • interest can be stimulated through empirical research in class.
• 现代科技和大众媒体(modern science and mass media)
  • 信息时代 information age(era)
    • web-based tuition is the lack of guidance by professional educators
    • virtual learning is the difficulty to remove distractions in the home environment.
  • 不断进步的技术 advancing technology
    • crimes again us have become more serious and caused greater losses to people.
    • teenage people are particularly vulnerable to adult materials and information violent in nature
  • 做些厌倦和复杂的工作 do some tiring(drudgery)and complicated work
    • repeating the same type of tasks for years, the initial passion and curiosity necessary for professional development can be lost, ultimately undermining workers' sense of purpose and fulfilment.
    • Not wanting to deal with difficult supervisors and coworkers, not the desire to start the next chapter from scratch, is often a strong motivation for job hopping.
  • 大众媒体 mass media
    • the news media (新闻报道 coverage)provides people with vast amounts of information in various forms.code of ethics[道德准则] 　　-eg: Being honest is the important content of professional code of ethics in journalism.; 　　newsworthy[有新闻价值的] 　　-eg: It's newsworthy because it reflects a cultural attitude.; 　　trustworty[值得信的] 　　-eg: TV News should be trustworty.
    • presented to us in certain ways, using specific words to try to control our feelings and thoughts
  • 缺乏感情交流 be lack of emotional exchanges(Mobile phone and computer users are possibly not able to detect the emotions of other people in a conversation and show empathy
    • heavy users of electronic devices may not show patience or skills in a long, face-to-face conversation
    • electronic means of communication may not pose a threat to all communication skills
  • 了解国内外发生的一切 learn what is happening at home and abroad——the question depends on how much time you have.
    • electronic media can, to some extent at least, satisfy their need to learn about exotic destinations
    • Travel enthusiasts most likely find their own journeys more memorable than watching documentaries or video blogs about their favourite destinations, given the tastes, touches and smells unique to the trips
  • 收视率 audience ratings
    • Eg.It is also 36 percent lower than the rating for the Salt Lake Games four years ago, but a domestic Olympics is always a magnet for viewers.
    • Eg.The Games are a valuable franchise for NBC Universal, which has committed $5.7 billion for the Olympic television rights from 2000 to 2012, including $613 million for the rights to carry the Turin Games.
  • 有教育意义的 instructive
    • going to higher education and eventually getting a good job
    • need to develop skills other than intellectual ones, and the best way to do this is through activities such as sports, games and playing with other kids
  • 接触不良信息 have access to (be exposed to )some negative information
    • they may lead a sedentary life, lacking proper exercise. In the end, they are likely to suffer from eye fatigue, headaches, and backaches.
  • 跟上科学的发展 keep ahead of scientific advances
    • making people's life more comfortable and at the same time less human.
    • be our servants forever or eventually could become our masters.
  • 广告 advertising
    • are of great aesthetic value and can present the audience or the spectators a sense of enjoyment。essential to the economy and should be given free rein
    • an effective way which can proliferate information and narrow the gap between those who intend to send out the right information and the corresponding recipients
    • 虚假广告 false (cheating) advertisingoccasional occurrence of misleading and deceptive information.掩盖真相 mask (cover up, gloss up, whitewash)the truth
    • 有误导性的 misleading(misrepresented, distorted):the individuality of consumers is likely to fade away as the commercials endorsed by some celebrities will make consumers buy some similar products without considering their own needs.
    • result in a significant drop in life satisfaction
  • 名人 celebrities
    • -名人奢华生活方式过度曝光，对年轻人的生活实际产生不利影响，名人的财富.对年轻人财富观、劳动观产生不良影响 -年轻人过多关注明星，大概率荒废了自己的学业，自己的事业，愿意投入这些领域的年轻人也会更少。这对于整个社会和国家的发展是不利
    • 明星本身已经成为了一个很好的宣传渠道。所以政府和社会可以打造明星或者通过明星去传播积极的价值观，带来的效果可能会比传统意义课堂教授会更好。 -名人，明星中也有很多正名形象，对年轻人有着正面榜样作用，例如：姚明等。 -对于明星的不良行为甚至违法行为，政府可以进行处罚，也可以在媒体上进行批评，这样可以树立一个反面教材去告诉年轻人禁止做同样的行为，起到了一个正面引导的作用。
  • 丑闻 scandal
    • Religious cult 邪教fallen under the spell of a religious cult
    • Corruption 腐败
    • Resignation or impeachment 辞职还是弹劾
    • Emergency arrest 临时逮捕/紧急逮捕under emergency detention without a warrant
  • 侵犯隐私 violate(invade, infringe on, intrude on)one's privacy
    • many of them would breed an idea of imitating this process of offence in a real world by themselves, and a higher rate of such crimes would be expected in the future.
    • reporting crime details is improper, because it contains some sensitive private information.
    • the basic rights of human privacy would be challenged and disrespected ruthlessly, and these victims would be hurt again by the media.
  • 获取最新的信息 acquire the latest messages
    • news now can be read in a cheaper and faster way.
    • eaders also could enjoy the speed and immediacy of online news,
    • people can compare different sources of information
    • could be available to keep readers more informed.
• 全球化及影响(globalisation and its effect)
  • 双赢局面 win-win situation
    • business
      • 游客或者移民都具备经济利益和价值(commercial interest and economic value); 而外同人的停留时间是和东道国的合作密切相关的(The length of stay depends on the cooperation of the host society.)。
      • 吸引外资 attract foreign capital。扩大出口 expand export。融入国际贸易 participate in the world trade开拓全球市场 explore the global market
    • culture（Increasing travels between countries enable people to learn different cultures or to increase tension between people from different countries） 　　外来人口的增加有利于文化的交流：
      • 文化多元化 cultural diversity
        • 文化冲击 cultural shock.促进文化的融合 promote cultural integration(融入新的文化 merge into new culture。）接受不同的文化和价值观 embrace different cultures and values。面对面交流 face-to-face communication
        • 友好和好客 be friendly and hospitable.相互认同 mutual acceptance
      • 文化同一性 cultural uniformity
        • 主流文化 dominant culture：可以接受不同的文化和价值观(embrace different values and cultures),可以和平共处(create motivation to coexist peacefully), 并促进对"多元文化的理解 (promote multi-cultural understanding)
        • 对其他的文化和人民更为了解(a better understanding of other cultures and other peoples),改变人们对其他民族和文化的态度(alter one's attitudes towards another people or culture);人们因此可以接受不同的文化和价值观(embrace different values and cultures),可以和平共处(create motivation to coexist peacefully)
  • 子主题
  • 变得西方化 become westernised
    • culture
      • 违反当地的习俗会激怒当地人(breach of local customs can irritate the locals);
        • 不同文化的人看待同一事物总有不同的角度(harbour different perceptions),并给予不同的解释(different interpretations)，比如对手势、衣服、言行举止有不同的理解;举止不当会引起当地人意想不到的反应(provoke unanticipated responses);
    • business
      • 外国游客增多会对当地环境造成压力，甚至破坏环境，而移民增多可能导致工作机会减少，致使竞争更加激烈，这些都有可能引起当地人的反感(cause resentment in local communities)
      • .对国内企业构成威胁 pose threats to domestic enterprises
    • social
      • 加大贫富差距 widen the gap between the rich and the poor
• 平等(inequality)
  • 男女平等 gender equality (equality between the sexes)
    • 女性擅长护理，艺术和语言 show more talents than men in nursing, arts and language There is no need for them to get super well-groomed为妇女保留高水平工作比例 reserve a percentage of high-level jobs for females
    • 性别（公开）歧视 sexual (overt)discrimination
      • 自尊 self-respect(esteem)特权 privilege
      • 离婚率 divorce rate
    • 男女搭配，干活不累 when men and woman work together, neither of them will feel tired
    • 男女生来就平等 men and woman are born equal。享受平等的权利 enjoy(share) equal rights 与男性享有同样的权利 share the same right as men具有同样资格 be equally qualified
      • 经济独立 be financially independent
      • 追求事业 pursue a career
  • 工资平等
    • 高工资 high salary differential between salaries
      • 付出更多的努力 exert more efforts than
      • 对做出很大贡献 make great contributions to
    • 创造财富 create wealth
    • 评价社会地位 value social status
      • 拥有财富的量 owe the amount of monetary wealth
• 环境保护 (environmental protection)
  • 环境污染 environmental pollution污染严重 highly polluted
    • 无污染的燃料 pollution-free fuel
  • 不可弥补的损失 irreparable damage浪费自然资源 squander natural resource
    • 子主题
  • 不卫生的做法 unsanitary practice ( resources, pollution)
    • 子主题
    • 有毒的烟雾 poisonous smoke废气（液）waste gas(liquid)二氧化碳 carbon dioxide
  • 水资源缺乏 water shortage, the scarcity of water resource in need of water water waste ( resources, pollution)节约用水 save (economise)water
    • 节约用水 save (economise)water
  • 自然进化过程 a natural evolutionary process自然选择 natural selection适者生存 survival of the fittest
• 动物话题(animal)
  • 栖息地 habitat破坏自然环境（平衡）destroy(disrupt) natural environment (balance)保护濒危的动物物种 preserve endangered animal species濒临灭绝 border on extinction，be in imminent danger of extinction(dying out), be on the verge of extinction保持生态平衡 maintain the ecological balance
  • 孩子的替代 surrogate(substitute)for children消除孤独 dispel (reduce)one's loneliness忠实和温顺的伴侣 loyal and obedient companion陪伴某人 keep somebody company
  • 染上传染病 contract (catch)some infectious disease预防接种 inoculation
  • 逃脱不了被残杀的厄运 cannot escape the活体解剖 vivisection adversity of being killed拿动物做实验 perform experiments on animals (subject animals to experimentation)
    • 剥夺动物的生存权利 deprive the survival(existent) rights of animals
    • 电脑模拟 computer simulation
  • 子主题
  • diet
    • 素食主义者 vegetarian， antivivisectionist
    • 均衡饮食 a balanced diet
      • 满足人们的胃口 satisfy people's appetite
• 犯罪话题(crime)
  • 净化社会环境 purify the social environment社会安全和稳定 social security and stability
  • 犯罪分子 criminal犯罪 commit a crime惩罚 give punishment关进监狱 put into prison有罪 be guilty of
  • 误入歧途 go astray (lead somebody astray)青少年犯罪率上升 a rising juvenile delinquency rate抵挡不住诱惑 fail to resist the lure滋生犯罪 breed crimes
    • 暴力和色情 violence and pornography
    • 单亲家庭 single-parent family
      • 监护人 guardian (supervisor, custodian)缺乏家庭关爱 the lack of parental love
      • 宠爱孩子 spoil the child家长的溺爱 parental permissiveness (excessive care)监管不严 slack supervisiont分辨是非 distinguish right from wrong
    • 家庭暴力 domestic violence
• 政府话题 (government)
  • 有关当局 authorities concerned政府投资 investment of the government
  • 经济援助 financial assistance摆脱贫困 get rid of (shake off)poverty
    • 国外
      • 人道主义援助 humanitarian aid
    • 国内
      • 消减开支 curtail expenditure on
      • 增加税收 increase revenues
      • 减少预算 cut budget
  • 武器 arms(weapons, armaments)
  • 提高国际地位 upgrade the international status
  • 基础设施 infrastructure
    • 符合公众利益 be in keeping(line) with general interest
  • 空间探索 space exploration
  • 医疗保健 health care system
    • 健康的生活方式 healthy lifestyle
  • 公共交通 public transport
  • 丰富人们的精神生活 enrich people's spiritual life高尚的精神追求 lofty spiritual pursuit
  • 视觉享受 visual enjoyment
• 文化与习俗` (culture and customs)
  • 外来文化
    • 旅游观光的风景区 tourist attraction风土人情 local customs and practices促进当地经济的发展 boost the growth of local economy
    • 接受外来文化 embrace exotic culture吸取精华，去其糟粕 absorb the essence and discard the dross和平共处 coexist in harmony相互交流文化 exchange mutual culture消除偏见和敌意 dispel(remove) prejudice and hostility跨文化交流 cross-cultural communication文化同化 cultural assimilation缩短文化差距 bridge cultural gaps
  • 本土文化
    • 文化习俗的象征 symbol of cultural customs本土语言 indigenous language.不知不觉地消失 fade unconsciously
    • 传统文化 traditional culture文化遗产 cultural heritage展示光辉灿烂的文化和悠久的历史 display the brilliant culture and long history民族自豪感 a sense of national pride归属感 a sense of belonging
• 社会生活(social life)
  • 雄心壮志的 be ambitious(aspirant)展示才能 display one's talent
  • 提高某人能力 improve one's capabilities。人际交往技能 interpersonal skills。学会竞争与合作 learn to compete and cooperate
  • 丰富一个人的社会经历 enrich one's social experience具有挑战性的工作 a challenging job收入颇丰 a fat salary
  • 城市扩张 urban sprawl。人才流动 personnel flowf
  • 涌进大城市 flood into large cities。人口激增 population explosion
  • 监控摄像头 surveillance camera缓解交通压力 ease the traffic pressure
  • 下岗 lay off第三产业 tertiary industry
  • 更好的医疗服务 better medical services。保持身体健康 keep physical fitness
  • 积极参加体育锻炼 be physically active(take an active part in physical exercises)