导图社区 第十四课上The Importance of Being Kind a
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第十四课上The Importance of Being Kind a
第十四课下Why We Walk in Circles为什么我们会走："Pin the Tail on the Donkey" is always fun when you're watching rather thanpinning. It is somewhat surprising to see how the blindfolded performers act.
编辑于2022-09-06 05:43:01
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The Importance of Being Kind and Polite 待人亲切礼貌周到是很重要的
课文
"Frankly, I think you're boring." Why do we seldom hear people speak so honestly? Unless you want to end a relationship, you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps, yawning when a golfer tells you about that great shot he made on the 14th hole, or falling asleep when friends show pictures from their last trip to Sault Ste. Marie are all things that educated people try not to do. This is what manners are about: acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstanding, friction, and conflict.
"公开跟你讲，我觉得你很讨厌。"为什么我们几乎听不到人们会这样非常直来直去的讲话呢？除非你要终止与对方的关系，要不然你不会跟对方说出你对她或他有这种不好的想法。对你的朋友集邮的成就无动于衷；当一个高尔夫球手兴兴高采烈地告诉佻，他的第 14穴打得很精彩时，你却在打哈欠；当你的朋友们兴致勃勃地给你看他们最近到苏圣玛丽去旅游拍下的那些照片时，你却酣然入睡了--这一切都是有教养的人所尽力避免的。一切行动都按市民能接受的懂礼貌的方式去做，避免误会，避免磨擦，避免冲突--这才是合乎礼貌的言行举止（注：高尔夫球，海外华人称"穴"，车内称"洞"--译者注）。
There are no laws enforcing respect. Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior, rules that are set by some form of social consensus. These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable. Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow. For instance,because they talk at home while the television is on, many people think they can talk at movies as well. They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.
根本就没有强迫你来尊敬别人的那种法律。可是，如果没有一定的道德行为的准则，人们互相间就无法交往了。这些准则是以社会上一致赞成的公德的形式确定下来的。这些道德行为准则代表着大多数人所能接受的和他们认为所不能接受的做法。那些行为举止根本不新生大多数人所遵守的规则的人都是粗野的人。例如，因为许多人在自己家里一边看电视一边高谈阔论，他们就认为在电影院看电影时也可以高声喧哗。他们甚至没意识到，这种习惯会使其他一些电影观众感到讨厌。
Restaurants have smoking and non-smoking sections, and most smokers are polite enough to ask, "Do you mind if I smoke?" before lighting up. Restaurants should also have cellular-phone and no-cellular-phone sections. A new class of rude people has been born: the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs. Sometimes, it is better to remain unknown than to make people hate you.
饭店里都设有吸烟室和非吸烟区，大多数烟民在没点着香烟之前，都会很有礼貌的问一声在旁边就座的人："我吸烟的话，您介意吗？"饭店里本来也都应该设有手提电话区和非手提电话区。现在又冒出来一族新的粗野人，即看我有多神气地打着手提电话的一族。这些人在电话上的那些无聊的谈话，对我们心理健康的危害，和吸烟对我们的肺部健康的危害是同样严重的。有时，做一个默默无闻的人倒比让人恨你、讨厌你更好一些。
There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable. They swear no matter who is around them, they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them. Indifferent parents who refuse to discipline their children are not helping them. Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later. When they join the work force, their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals. When they lose a few contracts because they talk with their mouth full, or when they say "Bob" to someone who should be "Mr.Johnson," these grown-up kids, because of their ignorance, will never understand why others are getting ahead and they are not.
有很多人家的子女和一些小青年的行为是一般人所不能接受的。他们动不动就开口骂人，也不管旁边有什么人在场。在教师同他们谈话时，他们还在听他们的随身听所播放的节目。凡是那些不能用行为道德准则来约束自己的孩子，对孩子的品德漠不关心的父母，其实并不是在爱护孩子，对孩子的成长没好处。凡是不懂礼貌为何物的孩子，迟早要为此付出代价的。在他们参加工作以后，他们的雇主和在工作中与之打交道的那些人都会一致意识到这些粗野的青年人的所作所为都和野兽的行为很接近，而不像规规矩矩的市民。当这些已经变成了成人的大小伙子，因为跟领导谈话时嘴里还嚼着食物，或者因为他们没大没小，把本应尊称为"约翰逊先生"的人，随便直呼其名为"鲍博"，这样几次被解除了合同之后，他们永远也不能理解为什么别人都跑到自己前头飞黄腾达，而自己却不能。
Every little bit of kindness helps. With manners, the best rule is the one that works. It is easier to look and sound attractive when we are nice to other people. Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge. Why do we need an edge? Success in life often starts with a job we like, and since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression, it is always a good idea to be kind and polite.
每当你表现出一点点和蔼可亲都会很有帮助。至于说有礼貌，最好的一条原则就是能办成事，能起好作用。当我们对待别人很友善，那么就比较容易地让人愿意接近你，愿意听你的话。待人彬彬有礼，事事尊敬别人就能使我们占优势。我们要占优势干什么？一个人一生事业的成功经常是始于我们所喜欢的工作，而要得到自己所喜欢的工作，经常要靠给人留下良好的印象。待人和蔼可亲彬彬有礼总是上策。
New words
礼貌
polite
[pəˈlaɪt]
adj. 有礼貌的; 应酬的; 上流的;
来自拉丁语politus,擦亮的，优雅的，来自拉丁语polire,装饰，使整洁。 词根词缀： -polit-抛光→精炼 + -e 同源词：polish
polish
[ˈpɒlɪʃ]
n. 擦亮剂; 抛光; 擦光的面; 完美; 文雅;
v. 擦光; 修改;
polish（磨光）和polite（有礼貌的）不但整体相似，而且的确同源，都来自拉丁语polire"使光滑"。磨光是对粗糙边角的修饰，礼貌是对粗陋言行的修饰。PIE*pel,推，击打，驱动，踩踏，词源同impel,compel,fuller(漂洗工，洗衣工)。
坦率
frank
[fræŋk]
adj. 坦白的，直率的; 清楚表明的; 明显的;
to be frank 说实话；老实说；坦率地说
They gave us a frank reply.
(他们给了我们一个坦率的回答。)
vt. 免费寄（邮件）; 盖免费邮寄公章; 盖邮戳; 便于使（人）自由地来往;
They have franked these letters.
(他们已经给这些信件盖了邮资已付的邮戳。)
We are trying to frank him through customs.
(我们正努力使他免检通过海关。)
法兰克人（Frank）是欧洲民族大迁徙时期入侵罗马帝国的日耳曼民族的一支，因为最初居住在莱因河北部法兰西亚（Francia）地区而得名。 法兰克人性格粗犷豪放，对人坦诚，说话直言不讳。
frankly
[ˈfræŋkli]
adv. 直率地（说），坦诚地; 真诚地; 坦白地; 平心而论;
He frankly admitted that he had made a mistake.
(他坦率地承认自己犯了个错误。)
admit
[ədˈmɪt]
v. 承认; 招供; 准许…进入; 接纳; 收治;
She asked me to tell her frankly what I wished to do.
(她让我坦率地告诉她我希望做什么。)
Frankly, he is not easy to get along with.
(坦率地说，他这个人不好打交道。)
Quite frankly, I don't care about what they may say.
(坦率地说，我不在乎他们会说什么。)
frankness
[fræŋknəs]
n. 率直，坦率，坦白; 襟怀坦白;
使人厌烦
bore
[bɔː(r)]
v. 使厌烦; 钻; 凝视;
n. 令人厌烦的人; 口径; 钻孔; 激潮;
bore←古英语borian（钻孔、穿透）←原始日耳曼语buron（穿透） 英语单词bore的本意是“钻孔”词源同break.
Sam is such a bore that no one wants to have anything to do with him.
(山姆是个很令人讨厌的人，谁都不想与他打交道。)
bored
[bɔːd]
adj. 感到厌倦的，烦闷的;
I am bored. I don't have anything to do.
(我无事可做，感到乏味。)
Most of the book had bored him, with the exception of one chapter.
(除了其中的一章，这本书的大部分内容使他感到乏味。)
exception
[ɪkˈsepʃn]
n. 例外; 除外;
boring
[ˈbɔːrɪŋ]
adj. 令人厌烦的，无聊的;
It was such a boring journey that he didn't want to say anything about it.
(这次旅行很乏味，他什么也不想提及。)
journey
[ˈdʒɜːni]
n. 旅行;
v. 旅行;
boredom
[ˈbɔːdəm]
n. 讨厌，令人讨厌的事物; 无聊，无趣; 厌倦;
She seems so depressed by the boredom of her city life.
(城市生活的乏味似乎令她沮丧。)
诚实
honor
[ˈɒnə]
n. 尊敬; 敬意; 荣誉; 光荣;
vt. 尊敬，给以荣誉;
来自拉丁语honor,尊贵，荣誉，名声。引申词义光荣，荣幸等。
honest
[ˈɒnɪst]
adj. 诚实的; 坦诚的; 真诚的; 勤劳的;
来自拉丁语honestus,尊敬的，荣誉的，来自honos,尊敬，荣誉，词源同honor.引申词义正直的，高尚的，诚实的等。
to be honest 老实说；说实话
To be honest with you, he often speaks evil of you behind your back.
evil
[ˈiːvl]
adj. 邪恶的; 有害的; 令人作呕的;
n. 罪恶; 坏处;
He is honest, he doesn't tell lies.
(他是老实人，不说谎。)
First of all, you should be honest about why you want the money.
(首先，你应该坦率地说为什么要这些钱。)
honestly
[ˈɒnɪstli]
adv. 诚实地; 正直地; 确实;
Honestly, I don't know what you're talking about.
(说实在的，我不知道你在讲些什么。)
You have to answer the following questions honestly.
(你得诚实地回答下列问题。)
We have no doubt as to his honesty.
(对他的诚实我们毫不怀疑。)
doubt
[daʊt]
n. 怀疑;
v. 不能肯定; 怀疑; 不相信;
honesty
[ˈɒnəsti]
n. 诚实; 正直
Honesty is the best policy.
I didn't tell anyone, honestly, I didn't.
dishonest
[dɪsˈɒnɪst]
adj. 不诚实的，不老实的; 不正直的; 狡猾的，阴险的; 不可靠的;
How can you believe such a dishonest person.
(你怎么能相信这样一个不诚实的人？)
He got his money in dishonest ways.
(他以不正当的方式搞钱。)
敬佩
press
[pres]
v. 压; 按; 把…塞入; 紧握（手或臂）; 推搡着移动; 催促; 坚持; 压平; 熨烫; 压榨; 压制; 用力踩; 极力要求; 困扰; 硬给;
n. 报纸; 新闻记者; 印刷机; 出版社; 榨汁机; 挤压; 拥挤的人群; 衣柜;
press = to press （压）
press 来自拉丁动词pressare,意为to press （压），其动名词pressum 的词干也是press,所以不存在异形根。
impress
[ɪmˈpres]
v. 使敬佩; 给…深刻印象; 使铭记; 使…意识到; 给…留下…印象;
im-,进入，使，press,压，按。即压进去的，引申词义使留下印象。
I was greatly impressed by his speech.
The book didn't impress me at all.
What I saw and heard there impressed me deeply.
(那儿的所见所闻给我留下了深刻的印象。)
I was impressed by his high efficiency.
(他的高效率给我留下了深刻的印象。)
efficiency
[ɪˈfɪʃnsi]
n. 效率; 〈物〉功率;
ef-, 向外。-fic, 做，词源同fact, effect.
impression
[ɪmˈpreʃn]
n. 印象; 影响; 印象画; 感觉; 滑稽模仿; 外观; 压痕; 重印本;
My advice seemed to make no impression on him.
(我的劝告似乎对他不起作用。)
She made a very good impression on her employer.
(她给雇主留下了极好的印象。)
impressive
[ɪmˈpresɪv]
adj. 令人赞叹的; 给人深刻印象的;
The impressive scene will be always in his mind.
(那个难忘的场面将永远留在他的脑海中。)
scene
[siːn]
n. 地点，现场; 场面; 镜头; 圈子，坛; 景色; 风景画; 争吵;
depress
[dɪˈpres]
v. 使抑郁; 使萧条; 按下; 减少;
de-向下 + -press-压
收集
lig有“绑”、“选”、“光”的意思，但是他们的来源完全不一样
lig, leg, lect=choose,gather,表示"选择,收集"
来源于拉丁文legere含义是“选择”。
lec ( let ,lic,lig) = to entice诱惑; 怂恿;
来自拉丁语的lec意为to entice,它的变形为let,
lig (li,leag,ly) = to bind,to tie 绑
词根lig来源于拉丁语 ligare 绑 / 约束；
同义词根
源于拉丁语的cinct,nect/nex,strain/strict/string/stress等
有来和来源于盎格鲁-撒克逊语的bond
lust（lig,light)=light(光）
源于拉丁语 lustrare 表示“光”
collect
[kəˈlekt]
v. 收集; 收藏; 领取; 接走; 积累; 聚集; 募捐; 收款; 赢得; 获得;
adj. 受话人付费的;
I will call London collect.
(我将给伦敦打一个对方付费的电话。)
col-, 强调。-lect, 收集，选出，词源同elect, college.
词根 lect = 言
词根lect 有来源于拉丁文legere的同形异义词根lect 含义是“选择”。
He likes collecting stamps.
(他爱好集邮。)
I have to go and collect my daughter.
(我得去接女儿了。)
A large crowd collected in front of the building.
(那座楼前聚集了一大群人。)
collection
[kəˈlekʃn]
n. 收藏品; 作品集; 一堆/群; 系列时装; 收集; 聚集; 募捐;
He has a large collection of books.
(他有大量的藏书。)
The collection of butterfly specimens takes up all his spare time.
(他所有的业余时间都用于采集蝴蝶标本了。)
butterfly
[ˈbʌtəflaɪ]
n. 蝴蝶; 蝶泳; 无常性的人;
specimen
[ˈspesɪmən]
n. 样品; 范例; （化验的）抽样; 某种类型的人;
理解
stand
[stænd]
n. 台，看台; 立场; 停止; 抵抗;
vi. 站立，起立; 竖直放置; 保持看法; 停滞;
vt. 使站立; 忍受; 抵御; 承担责任;
vt.& vi. 站立，（使）直立，站着;
原始印欧语sta-(站),进入日耳曼语为sta-, sto-,进入拉丁语为stare(站立),进入英语为词根-st-, -sta-, -stat-(站立)。 词根词缀： -sta-站立 + nd
st,sta,,stat,stit,sist,stitut = to stand（站立）
st本身就是个词根，源自于印欧语族的STA(=to stand)，加上in,it,at,or等形成了st,sta,stan,stin,stab,stal,stor,stat,stit,sist,stitut一系列词根，实际上都是sta的变化形式。sist是两个st的重复，看起来更像st与is的组合。衍生而为“静止”、“持续”、“固定”、“隐忍顺从”之意
sist
①来源于拉丁语 sistere (v.) 站立；
②来源于希腊语 histanai 设置 , 使站立；
③sist = st (stand) 站，它是词根 st 的变体，
stitut 属于富贵词根，古代社会为更好的区分社会等级，专门编造的专供富人使用的词根有同形异义词根： st(i),ste,sto,stand,stat 站。
反义词根有来自拉丁语的sed,sid,sess等。
understand
[ˌʌndəˈstænd]
v. 明白，理解; 了解; 得知; 默认; 领会; 懂（某种语言）;
是由under和stand组成的复合词。站在某事物下面意味着离它最近、对它比较了解。 词根词缀： under-在下 + stand站
I can't understand why he shows no respect for the rules the majority follows.
我不明白他为什么不尊重大多数人遵守的规则。
understanding
[ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ]
n. 了解; 理解; 互相理解; 协议; 领会;
adj. 善解人意的;
misunderstand
[ˌmɪsʌndəˈstænd]
v. 误解;
He is not happy because his wife always misunderstands him
She misunderstood what her friend said, and went away in a fury.
(她误解了她朋友所说的话，怒气冲冲地走了。)
fury
[ˈfjʊəri]
n. 狂怒; [罗神]复仇三女神之一; 暴怒; 激怒者;
Don't misunderstand us, we are here to help, not to make trouble.
(别误解我们的意思，我们是来帮忙的，不是惹麻烦的。)
misunderstanding
[ˌmɪsʌndəˈstændɪŋ]
n. 误解，误会; 意见不一，争执;
We should do everything possible to clear up the many misunderstandings between us.
They had a misunderstanding, but they have become friendly again.
(他们曾有过争执，不过又言归于好了。)
I don't hope the minor misunderstanding will affect our friendship.
(我不希望这点小误会会影响我们的友谊。)
摩擦
friction
[ˈfrɪkʃn]
n. 摩擦; 冲突，不和; 摩擦力;
来自PIE*bher, 磨擦，转，词源同bore. -ct, 过去分词后缀。
frica-, frict-, -frice= a rubbing, to rub
Constant friction caused the rope to break.
(不断的摩擦使绳子断了。)
The efficiency of the machine is higher because there is less friction.
(由于摩擦力较小，这台机器的效率更高了。)
Family frictions can interfere with a child's schoolwork.
(家庭中的争吵会影响孩子的学业。)
interfere
[ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r)]
v. 干涉，妨碍;
inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-fer,击，打，钻孔，词源同bore,perforate.引申词义干扰，干涉。
The friction between the two countries is getting more and more serious.
(两国之间的摩擦在加剧。)
serious
[ˈsɪəriəs]
adj. 严重的; 令人担忧的; 重要的; 严肃的; 认真的; 庄重的; 大量的;
fricative
[ˈfrɪkətɪv]
n. 摩擦音;
rub
[rʌb]
v. 摩擦，涂抹; （使）加深痛苦; 惹恼;
n. 抹; 困难;
争执
词根 flict = to stike 打击
来源于拉丁语 fligere 打击,异形同义词根有来源于拉丁语的bat,cuss,fend/fens(fenc,fest),plain,lid/lis,plaud/plaus(plod,plos,plex) 和来源于盎格鲁-撒克逊语的sla等。
conflict
[ˈkɒnflɪkt,kənˈflɪkt]
n. 争执; 矛盾心理; 冲突; 严重分歧;
v. 冲突;
con-, 强调。-flict, 鞭子，击打，词源同flagellate(鞭笞), afflict.
The conflict between the two villages lasted for years.
(两个村子之间的冲突持续了数年。)
They came into conflict over the ownership of the house.
(他们就房屋的所有权问题产生了激烈的争执。)
My idea might conflict with his.
(我的观点，可能会与他的观点相冲突。)
His statement conflicted with what his friend said.
(他的说法与他的朋友所言截然不同。)
afflict
[əˈflɪkt]
vt. 使受痛苦; 折磨; 使苦恼;
强迫
force
[fɔːs]
v. 强迫; 强行; 把…强加给; 用力推动;
n. 暴力; 力量; 影响力; (物理学)力; 风力级数; 军事力量; 警察机关;
fort,forc = strong
来自拉丁语的fortis, forte, fortiori(强壮的,有力的),=strong由法语force进入英语。。同义词根有来自拉丁语的bil,firm,rob,val/vail等。
enforce
[ɪnˈfɔːs]
v. 强制执行; 强迫;
en-向内;使... + -forc-力量 + -e
People were dissatisfied with the government's inability to enforce its law.
(人们对政府无力执行法律十分不满。)
dissatisfy
[dɪs'sætɪsfaɪ]
vt. 使不满意，使不满足; 使失望;
-satis-足,饱,满 + -fy动词词尾
The president of our university said time and again that it was necessary to enforce the school regulations.
(我们大学的校长一再说执行校规很有必要。)
Very often parents enforce their own will on children.
(父母常常把自己的意愿强加给孩子们。)
Illness enforced him to lie in bed.
(疾病迫使他卧床。)
You need to enforce you arguments by producing facts and figures.
(你需要提出事实与数据来加强你的论点。)
argument
[ˈɑːɡjumənt]
n. 理由; 论据; 讨论，辩论; 异议; 争论;
n. [计]参数，更多的表示实参，在部分翻译中被叫做引数;
交流
act
[ækt]
n. 行为，行动; 法案; （戏剧等）一幕; 表演; 假装; 演出者;
v. 行动，表现; 奉行; 假装; 扮演（角色）; 充当; 起作用; 代表;
来源于拉丁语动词ago, agere, egi, actus(行动)的过去分词词干-act-。 -act-行动 → act
act,ag = to do,to drive （做，驱使）
来自拉丁动词 agere 的词干部分，意思相当于英语的 to do （做）或to drive（驱使）。act 是个英语核心单词，其实它的前身 act 是ag的同源异形词根，来自agere（过去分词actus） 的动名词形式 actum 的词干部分，基本含义也是to do 或to drive。
interact
[ˌɪntərˈækt]
v. 交流，互动; 相互作用;
inter-,在内，在中间，相互，act,行动，作用。
Mothers and babies interact in a complex way.
(母婴以一种复杂的方式相互交流。)
Students are encouraged to interact in class in English by the teacher.
(老师鼓励学生在课堂上用英语互动。)
interaction
[ˌɪntərˈækʃən]
n. 一起活动; 合作; 互相影响; 互动; 交流，沟通;
There is a need for more interaction between parents and children.
(父母和孩子之间需要更多的相互交流。)
They are doing some research on the interaction between seawater and lava.
(他们正对海水与溶岩的相互作用进行研究。)
lava
[ˈlɑːvə]
n. 熔岩; 火山岩;
inter-是一个前缀，表示“相互”；“在…中间”。
interchange (互换)；
intercommunicate(互相联系；互相通信)；
interdependent (相互依赖，互相依存)；
international (国际的)；
interstate (州际的)；
interuniversity (大学间的)
共识
sense
[sens]
n. 感觉官能（即视、听、嗅、味、触五觉）; 感觉; 天赋，悟性; 理智，判断力; 好处; 意义; 看待…的角度;
sent,sens = to feel感觉
分别来源于拉丁语 sensum/sentire(sentire 的过去分词sensus) 意为to feel感觉，它们属于一对同源异形根 。
同义词根有来自希腊语的path,pati,(a)esthes/(a)esthet 和来自拉丁语的pat/pass。
consensus
[kənˈsensəs]
n. 共识，一致看法;
con-, 强调。-sens, 感觉，词源同sense, sentiment.
There was a kind of unspoken consensus between them.
(他们之间有一种默契。)
The consensus was to abandon the project.
(大多数人的意见是放弃该项计划。)
abandon
[əˈbændən]
v. 抛弃，舍弃; 中止，放弃; 放纵;
n. 放任，放纵;
It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on what they are going to do.
(要就他们将要进行的事情达成大致意见是很困难。)
You have to build a consensus with them if you really want to get their help.
(如果你真想得到他们的帮助，你得与他们达成一致意见。)
sentiment
[ˈsentɪmənt]
n. 感情，情绪; 情操; 意见，观点; 感伤;
指南
guide
[ɡaɪd]
n. 指南; 导游; 准则; 指导的事物;
v. 给…当导游; 指导; 阐明; 搀扶…走; 带…参观; 给…带路; 驾驶;
日耳曼语系中的w在罗曼语系中会变为g(u)。guide来源于日耳曼语中的wit-(知道,--英语wise, wit, witness的词源),wit-派生了witan,进入古法语(属于罗曼语系)为guider,并被英语借用。 同源词：wise, wit, witness
guideline
[ˈɡaɪdlaɪn]
n. 指导方针; 指导原则;
guide指南 + line线
They are going to adopt new guidelines for national economy.
(他们将采取新的国民经济指导方针。)
adopt
[əˈdɒpt]
v. 领养; 采用; 正式通过; 移居; 承袭; 提名为候选人;
ad（去）+ opt（选择）→选择然后采用→采纳
Today the moral guidelines are not as obvious as they were.
(现在的道德准则不再以前一样明确了。)
moral
[ˈmɒrəl]
n. 道德; 寓意;
adj. 道德的; 道义上的; 有道德的; 能辨是非的;
来源于拉丁语中名词mos, moris, m(习惯)派生的moralis(道德的)。 词根词缀： -mor-习惯 + -al形容词词尾
obvious
[ˈɒbviəs]
adj. 明显的; 当然的; 平淡无奇的; 不必要的;
The chemical additives still exceed guidelines set to protect public health.
(化学添加剂仍然超过了为保护公众健康而确定的标准。)
chemical
[ˈkemɪkl]
adj. 化学的; 化学反应的; 用化学方法生成的;
n. 化学品; 化合物;
additive
[ˈædətɪv]
n. 添加剂; 添加物; [数]加法;
exceed
[ɪkˈsiːd]
v. 超过; 超越;
表现
have
[hæv,həv]
aux. 用以构成完成式及完成式的不定式，表示已经…;
vt. 有，具有; 拿，取得; 从事; 必须，不得不;
n. 〈口〉有产者，有钱人; 富国; 〈英俚〉欺骗，诈骗;
来源于史前日耳曼语khaben,与现代英语heave、拉丁语capere(拿取)共源于原始印欧语kap-。have与拉丁语habere(拥有)并没有词源上的关系。 -cap-拿取 → have 同源词：heave
behave
[bɪˈheɪv]
v. 表现; 举止得体; 作出反应;
be-动词前缀,完全 + have占有 → 把自己拿在手里 → 控制自己的行为
behavior
[bɪ'heɪvjə]
n. 行为；态度；（机器等的）运转状态；（事物的）反应;
接受
accept
[əkˈsept]
v. 接受，接纳; 同意，相信; 承认，承担; 忍受;
She received a gift from him, but she didn't accept.
ac-来 + -cept-拿 → 接受
cept,cap,capt,ceiv(ceit,cip,cup) = to take,to seize 拿，抓，
来源于拉丁语 capere意为 to take,to seize。可以追溯到原始印欧语根*kap-,have同出此源h-c互换，p-v互换=“只有抓住了，才能称得上是拥有”
单词capable 由cap 加上形容词后缀-able构成，表示“能够取得的，能够抓住的”，所以表示“有能力的，能干的”。
根据元音弱化规律，cap衍生出了ceive 这个词根
cap加上字母t,演变成了capt/cept。capture （捕获）和captivate（迷惑）同源，所谓“迷惑”，也就是你的心被他或她“捉住”。
单词concept 表示‘概念、观念’，前缀con-表示全部，cept是抓，这里引申为接受，概念就是大家都接受的东西。
名词conception还有怀孕的含义，把精子和卵子“抓”到一起来，不就怀孕了吗？
单词incetion还有“开始”的含义，就是“拿在手里，开始着手做”的意思。
像ceiv- 的拼法是由拉丁语到法语，再由法语到英语的。
同义词根有来自拉丁语的prehend/prehens,pris,empt/em,rap/rav,sum/sumpt,lab/lep 等。其中 cap(cip)还有head 的含义。
They didn't accept the invitation to attend the evening party.
(他们没有接受出席晚会的邀请。)
acceptance
[əkˈseptəns]
n. 接受，接纳; 相信，承认; 容忍; 〈金融〉承兑;
acceptable
[əkˈseptəbl]
adj. 可接受的;
If you think the plan is acceptable, you should do it according to the plan right now.
This is a proposal that is acceptable to all sides.
(这是一个各方面都能接受的建议。)
unacceptable
[ˌʌnəkˈseptəbl]
adj. 不能接受的; 不受欢迎的; 难答应的; 不中意的;
He is angry with her because her words are totally unacceptable.
It is entirely unacceptable to break the law for the sake of money.
(为了钱而犯法是完全不可接受的。)
entirely
[ɪnˈtaɪəli]
adv. 全部地; 彻底地
sake
[seɪk]
n. 缘故; 理由; 日本米酒; 目的;
The proposal was unacceptable.
(这个建议是不能接受的。)
粗鲁
rude
[ruːd]
adj. 粗鲁的; 下流的; 突然的; 简陋的;
来自拉丁语 rudis,粗糙的，粗鲁的，词源不详。可能来自 PIE*kreue,生肉，带血的肉，词源 同 raw,crude.
rudely
[ˈru:dli]
adv. 粗鲁地; 不礼貌地; 猛烈地; 突然地;
麻烦
pother
['pɒðə]
n. <文>喧闹，骚动，混乱;
vt. （使）紧张不安，（使）焦虑;
vi. 喧闹，忙乱;
bother
[ˈbɒðə(r)]
v. 麻烦，操心; 使苦恼; 打扰，纠缠; 使疼痛;
n. 麻烦，困难; 令人烦恼的事/人;
int. 真讨厌（表示对某人/事烦恼）;
同pother, 忙乱。来自put, 推。-er, 表反复。
bothersome
[ˈbɒðəsəm]
adj. <旧>引起麻烦的，困扰人的，令人讨厌的; 淘神; 伤脑筋;
辨析
bother 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
disturb 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
trouble 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
irritate 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
vex 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
青少年
adolescent
[ˌædəˈlesnt]
n. 青少年;
adj. 青少年的; 青春期的;
ad（去）+ olesce（生长）+nt（后缀）→正在长身体的→青少年
al,ol,ul = to nourish（滋养）
来自拉丁语的al,ol,ul意为 to nourish。同义词根有来自拉丁语的nutrl,troph。
He was afraid that his son had anything to do with the adolescent gang.
(他担心他儿子与青少年犯罪集团有牵连。)
gang
[ɡæŋ]
n. 帮派，团体; （盗贼等的）一帮; （工具，机械等的）一套; 〈美俚〉棒球队;
This film aimed at adolescents.
(这部电影专为青少年拍摄。)
aim
[eɪm]
v. 旨在; 决定; 力求达到; 针对; 瞄准;
n. 目标，意图; 瞄准; 准确性;
adolescence
[ˌædəˈlesns]
n. 青春（期）;
His adolescence was not a happy time for him.
(他的青春期过的不快乐。)
Before his parents could realize it Tom had already reached the age of adolescence.
(父母还没意识到这个问题，汤姆已到了青春期年龄。)
adult
[ˈædʌlt]
n. 成年人; 成年动物;
adj. 成年的; 成熟的; （因涉及色情或暴力）仅限于成人的;
来源于拉丁语动词adolescere(生长)的过去分词adultus(长大的)。 词根词缀： ad-来,临近 + ult长大的
old
[əʊld]
adj. （多少）岁; 年纪大的; 陈旧的，古老的; 从前的; 原来的; 结识久的; （表示亲昵）老…;
来自古英语ald,来自PIE*al,生长，成长，词源同adult,adolescent,elder.-d,过去分词后缀。即长大了的，变老的。
咒骂
swear
[sweə(r)]
v. 咒骂; 郑重承诺; 发誓; 肯定地说; 使发誓;
PIE*swer,说，讲。 引申词义咒骂，诅咒。
She swears on her honor.
What is she swearing about?
Don't swear in front of the children.
(别在孩子们面前骂人。)
Will you swear that you were not on the scene?
(你愿意起誓说你当时不在现场吗？)
I swear that I will never trust him any more.
(我保证再也不相信他了。)
He swore by his honor that he would return the money in two weeks.
(他以自己的名誉发誓保证在两周内还钱。)
They refused to swear on a Bible.
(他们拒绝手按圣经发誓。)
Don't take his swear seriously.
(别拿他的誓言当真。)
seriously
[ˈsɪəriəsli]
adv. 严肃地; 认真地; 非常;
不在乎
differ
[ˈdɪfə(r)]
v. 有区别; 有分歧;
dis-, 分开，不同。-fer, 携带，含有，词源同bring, infer. 即不同的，分开的。
fer = to carry（拿）,to bring（带来）,to bear（负担）
来源于拉丁语 ferre 的不定式词干，词根lat与fer 都来源于拉丁语的ferre,lat 来自该词的不规则过去分词。
同义词根有来源于拉丁语的ger/gest,port,veh/vect 等和来源希腊语的phor/pher等。
different
[ˈdɪfrənt]
adj. 有差别的，分别的; 各种的; 与众不同的;
She is wearing a different dress every time I see her.
difference
[ˈdɪfrəns]
n. 差别，差额; 变化; 分歧;
There are big differences between the two languages.
indifferent
[ɪnˈdɪfrənt]
adj. 漠不关心的; 一般的;
I'm indifferent to whether you go or stay. To be honest with you, I don't care.
你是走是留，我都无所谓。说实话，我不在乎。
If parents are indifferent to their success, children will fail to make progress.
(如果父母漠视孩子的成功，孩子就不会进步。)
He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries.
(他对别人的痛苦漠不关心。)
absolutely
[ˈæbsəluːtli]
adv. 完全地，彻底地; （用于强调）确实地，绝对地;
misery
[ˈmɪzəri]
n. 痛苦; 不幸; 穷困; 悲惨的境遇;
indifference
[ɪnˈdɪfrəns]
n. 不重视，不在乎，漠不关心; 中立，中性; 冷淡; 无差;
He put on an air of indifference.
(他摆出了一副满不在乎的神气。)
She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her.
(她儿子对她的冷漠态度令她恼怒。)
annoy
[əˈnɔɪ]
v. 使生气; 惹恼;
纪律
disciple
[dɪˈsaɪpl]
n. 信徒，追随者; 门徒，弟子; 耶稣的信徒; [宗]耶稣十二门徒之一;
来源于拉丁语动词discere(学习)。 同源词： discipline
discipline
[ˈdɪsəplɪn]
n. 训练; 纪律; 自制力; 行为准则; （尤指大学的）学科;
v. 训练; 惩罚; 自我约束;
英语单词discipline来自拉丁语disciplina，指的就是古罗马的这种教育，字面意思是“指导、教学”，由此延伸出“学科”之意。由此延伸出“学科”之意。由于古罗马的教育强调纪律和惩戒，因此discipline又产生了“纪律、磨练、管教”的含义。与它同源的单词有disciple（门徒、弟子）。
The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good.
(艰苦工作的磨练会对你大有好处。)
The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom.
(那个年轻的教师无法维持课堂秩序。)
Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem.
(许多学科的科学家们将一道来解决这个问题。)
They must learn to discipline themselves.
(他们必须学会锻炼自己。)
He was disciplined for being late.
(他因迟到而受罚。)
雇用
employ
[ɪmˈplɔɪ]
v. 雇用; 采用; 利用;
The factory is going to employ 20 more workers.
em-向内 + -ploy(= -plic-)折叠，词源同deploy, imply, implicate.即成为其中的一份子。
plic, ply, pli, ple, plex, plo = to flod（倍, 重, 折叠）来源于拉丁语的plicare
-plex-来源于拉丁语动词plecto, plectere, plexi, plectus(重叠,编织)。可追溯至原始印欧语pl-(折叠)。
-plic-和-ply-来源于拉丁语动词plic.o, plic.are, plic.avi, plic.atus(折叠,卷绕);
employer
[ɪmˈplɔɪə(r)]
n. 雇用者; 雇主;
She has been working for the same employer for 20 years.
employee
[ɪmˈplɔɪiː]
n. 受雇者; 雇员;
The total number of office employees almost doubled.
double
[ˈdʌbl]
adj. 两倍的; 成双的; 双重的; 连续两个的; 供两人用的;
adv. 成双地;
v. (使)加倍; 击出二垒安打; 对折;
n. 两倍; 酷似的人; 双份的酒; 双人房;
employment
[ɪmˈplɔɪmənt]
n. 工作; 雇用; 利用;
He left his hometown to look for employment in a big city.
complex
[ˈkɒmpleks]
adj. 复杂的; 复合的;
n. 综合建筑群; 相关联的一组事物; 复合体; 情结; 忧虑;
个体
divide
[dɪˈvaɪd]
v. （使）分开; 分配; 除以; 分隔; （使）产生分歧;
n. 明显差异; 分界线，分水岭;
di-, 分开，来自dis-变体。-vid, 分开，词源同wide, widow.
词根 divid,divis = 分 ,来源于拉丁语 dividere 分开，两者属于一对同源异形根。
-divis- 也可以理解为是根据辅音的交替规律由 -divid- 变来的，属于单辅音交替规律，如：divisible 可分开
[ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl]
adj. 单独的; 个人的; 独特的;
n. 个人; 某种类型的人;
n-,不，非，divide,分开，分割。即不可分割的，原指耶稣的圣父，圣灵，圣子三位一体不可分开，后用来指单个的人，个人，个体。
individual
[ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl]
adj.
单独的
Each individual leaf on the tree is different.
(树上的每一片叶子都各不相同。)
个人的
The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk.
(他在讲话中十分强调个人的自由。)
emphasis
[ˈemfəsɪs]
n. 强调，重要性; 重读;
Handwriting varies from individual to individual.
(每个人的笔迹都不相同。)
独特的;
There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek.
(他除了右脸颊有条深疤外别无特征。)
n. 个人; 某种类型的人;
individualize
[ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəlaɪz]
v. 赋予个性，个别地加以考虑;
individuality
[ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuˈæləti]
n. 个人; 个性; 个人特征;
wide
[waɪd]
adj. 宽的; （笑容）灿烂的; 张开很大的; 广泛的; 巨大的;
adv. 充分地;
n. （板球）歪球;
来自 PIE*weidh,分开，词源同 widow,with,divide,即分开的，宽的，进一步来自*dwi,二，词 源同 di-,two,*dhe,放置，词源同 do,cred-,心，信任。即两边放置，分开。
window
[ˈwɪndəʊ]
n. 窗户; 窗口; 陈列窗; 空当;
屋顶和墙壁上开凿一些细长的缝隙。长是为了多进光线和空气，窄是为了抵御恶劣天气，还可以抵御敌人的进攻。由vind（wind）+auga（eye）构成，字面意思就是“wind eye，风眼”。
仁慈
kin
[kɪn]
n. 亲戚; 家属; 亲属;
来源于原始印欧语-gen-,在日耳曼语中为kunjam(种族,亲属),在古英语中为gecynde(出生,来源,自然,种族),在中古英语早期前缀ge-消失。 同源词：kind, king, -gen-
kind
[kaɪnd]
n. 种类; 同类人;
adj. 体贴的; 仁慈的;
词源同kin,亲属，亲戚。即同民族的，同种族的，引申词义同类的，相似的，以及友好的，亲切的。
kindness
[ˈkaɪndnəs]
n. 仁慈，善行; 友好的行为;
Intensive reading
Unless you want to end a relationship, you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.
unless 在本句中的意思是“if not” (除非，如果不)
You will fail the exam unless you study harder.
(你若不更加努力学习，考试会不及格。)
We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens.
(如果不发生意外，我们将继续试验。)
unforeseen
[ˌʌnfɔːˈsiːn]
adj. 未预见到的，无法预料的; 意外的，偶然的;
foreseen
[fɔːˈsiːn]
v. 预知，预见( foresee的过去分词 );
foresee
[fɔːˈsiː]
vt. 预知，预见; 有先见之明;
fore- + see=to look out, to plan
I will not go to the party unless he invites me.
(如果他不邀请我，我就不去参加聚会。)
Nothing, unless a miracle, can save him.
(除非出现奇迹，他无法得救。)
end 在本句中用作动词，意思是“结束”
The meeting did not end until midnight.
(会议开到半夜才结束。)
The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945.
(抗日战争于 1945 年结束。）
anti
[ˈænti]
adj. 反对的
n. 反对者，反对论者
He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner.
(他不愿以这种方式结束为期四周的旅行。)
tour
[tʊə(r)]
n. 旅行，观光; 巡回演出; 任职期; 轮班;
vt. 到…旅游; 在…巡回演出;
vi. 观光; 巡回;
Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps, yawning when a golfer tells you that great shot he made on the 14th hole, or falling asleep when friends show pictures from their last trip to Sault Ste are all things that educated people try not to do.
本句中三个并列的动名词短语做主语，整个句子是一个“主语+系动词+表语”的句型。
Smoking is not good for your health.
(吸烟有害你的健康。)
Making experiment is one way of learning.
(实验是学习的一条途径。)
be impressed by 意思是“给…深刻印象”。
I was impressed by his talent.
(他的才干给我留下了深刻的印象。)
talent
[ˈtælənt]
n. 人才，天才; 天资，天赋;
辨析
ability 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
capacity 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
genius ： 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
talent 着重指人某方面具有可发展和培养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
competence 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
faculty 指特殊的才能或智力。
gift 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
aptitude 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
He was impressed by the gorgeous sunset.
(绚丽的夕阳给他留下了深刻的印象。)
gorgeous
[ˈɡɔːdʒəs]
adj. 华丽的，艳丽的; 极好的，称心的; 美丽动人的，光彩夺目的; 令人愉快的，令人享受的;
sunset
[ˈsʌnset]
n. 日落（时），薄暮; 晚霞; 黄昏;
adj. 定期废止的;
v. （使）定期届满废止;
golfer 意思为“高尔夫球运动员”，这个词是由 golf 加后缀-er 构成的，英语中这一类词很多。
baker (面包师傅)，gardener (园丁)，miller (磨坊主)，singer (歌唱家)，user(使用者。)
He tried not to let out the secret.
(他试图不泄露秘密。)
secret
[ˈsiːkrət]
adj. 秘密的，保密的; 隐秘的; 神秘的;
n. 秘密，机密; 诀窍; 奥秘;
We tried not to be misled by them.
(我们努力不被他们误导。)
fall asleep 入睡；睡着
fail to do 失败；未做成
This is what manners are about: acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstanding, friction,and conflict.
这就是礼节所包含的内容：以文明的方式行事，防止产生误解、摩擦和冲突。
in a …way 以某种方式
avoid doing sth 避免干某事
There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.
whose behavior
There are no laws enforcing respect.
本句是一个 There be + noun + V-ing 结构，表示存在（有），there 失去表示场所的意义
There was a fire burning in the fireplace.
(壁炉里火在燃烧。)
There were two bulldozers knocking the place flat.
(两台推土机把那儿夷平。)
bulldozer
[ˈbʊldəʊzə(r)]
n. 推土机; 恐吓者，威胁者;
flat
[flæt]
n. 公寓; 平地; 平面; 瘪的轮胎;
v. 住公寓;
adj. 平坦的，扁平的; 水平的; 浅的，瘪的; 断然的; 停滞的; 平淡的; 无泡的; 没电的; 降半音的;
adv. 平躺地; 断然地; 比标准音低地;
enforce 是一个及物动词，意思是“实施；强制”。如：
It is necessary to enforce discipline in the army.
(在部队里执行纪律是必要的。)
He strongly objected to enforcing obedience on children.
(他强烈反对强迫儿童服从。)
obedience
[əˈbiːdiəns]
n. 遵守; 顺从; 服从; （教会的）权威;
obedient
[əˈbiːdiənt]
adj. 顺从的，服从的; 忠顺的; 孝顺的; 驯良的;
ob为前缀，表示"to"；词根edi和词根audi 同源，表示“听”。audi-算是常见词根了，同根词比如：audience（听众）、audible（听得见的）、auditorium（礼堂）等。什么话都“听”你的，就是“服从，听从”了。动词形式obey（服从，听从）。
These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.
represent
[ˌreprɪˈzent]
v. 代表; 象征; 维护…的利益; 相当于; 描绘; 正式提出;
re-,表强调，present,出具，呈现，给予。
在本句中做及物动词用，意思是“代表；体现”
These views don't represent the real thinking of the local residents.
resident
[ˈrezɪdənt]
n. 居民; 旅客; 住院实习医生;
adj. 居住的;
(那些观点并不反映当地居民的真实思想。)
The blue lines on the map represent rivers.
(地图上的蓝线代表河流。)
句中 what 引导的是宾语从句
I will always remember what my mother said to me before I went to college.
(我将永远记住我上大学前妈妈对我说的话。)
I didn't see what they were doing there.
(我没看见他们在那儿干什么。)
His idea couldn't represent what the ordinary people really liked.
(他的想法不能代表普通百姓真正所喜欢的东西。)
consider 是一个常用动词，通常有以下几种用法：
consider
[kənˈsɪdə(r)]
v. 认为，考虑; 体谅，顾及; 端详;
consider + 宾语
He had no time to consider the matter.
(他没有时间考虑这件事。)
consider + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
Some people considered the attack a mistake.
(有人认为那次进攻是个错误。)
attack
[əˈtæk]
v. 攻击; 抨击，打击; （疾病）发作，侵袭; 着手处理;
n. 进攻; 冲击，抨击; 处理; （疾病）发作，侵袭; 进攻队员; 损害，伤害;
at-方向 + -tack-钉 → 钉向…
consider + that 从句
We consider that the young man is not guilty.
(我们认为那个年轻人无罪。)
consider + V. + ing
He considered changing his job.
(他考虑换一份工作。)
consider to be/as
They consider themselves to be very lucky.
(他们认为自己很幸运。)
He is considered to be an authority.
(他被认为是权威。)
They considered the house as beautiful.
(他们认为那房子很美。)
在上面的三个例句中，to be 和 as 都可以被省略，因此三例句可以改写为：
They consider themselves lucky.
He is considered an authority.
They consider the house beautiful.
They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.
aware 这个形容词很常用，需好好掌握
aware
[əˈweə(r)]
adj. 知道的; 意识到的; 警觉的; 有…意识的;
前缀a-同ad-. 词根ware, 看，见ware, 留意，词源同ward, 看。
be aware of 知道
If you were aware of all that, you would change your mind.
(如果你知道了那一切，你会改变主意的。)
be aware that 意识到
He was aware that he had drunk too much.
(他知道他喝的太多了。)
bother 在本句中做动词用，意思是“打扰”。在 bother 后用不定式则表示“费心去做某事”
Don't bother me, I have to finish the work in an hour.
(别打扰我，我得在一小时内做完这个工作。)
Don't bother to talk to him. He has no interest in anything.
(别费心跟他讲话，他对什么都没兴趣。)
audience (观众，听众)当一个整体看待，用做单数；当各成员看待，用做复数。
The audience was (were) enjoying the performance.
(观众在欣赏演出。)
That book has a large audience.
(那本书有广大的读者。)
A new class of rude people has been born: the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.
as + adj + to sb + as 比较对象
Reading is as important to us as it is to you.
look-at-me 是作者自造的复合形容词，意思是“看我多神气”。
as dangerous…as…形容词的同等比较，意思是“与……同样危险”。
这句话的意思是“如同吸烟有害我们的肺一样，‘那些瞧我多神气'的移动电话使用者的无聊谈话有害我们的精神健康。”
conversation
[ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn]
n. 交谈，谈话;
con-加强意义 + -vers-转 + -ation名词词尾
英语学习中，经常会有不善区别现在分词做形容词和过去分词做形容词的用法和词意的情况
interested--- interesting
He is interested in that book.
The book is interesting
excited --exciting
We were very excited on hearing the news.
The exciting news was soon spread all over the country.
spread
[spred]
v. 开展; 伸开; 传播; 涂; 分摊;
n. 散布; 广泛; 酱; 范围;
excite
[ɪkˈsaɪt]
v. 使激动; 引起; 刺激;
ex-, 向外。-cit, 呼喊，移动，词源同cite, cinema. 后用于心理学，指唤醒，兴奋。
bored-- boring
The audience was bored by the speaker's empty talk.
The boring lecture made my sleepy.
…they listen to their walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.
listen 是一个不及物动词，后面必须加介词 to 才可以跟宾语，
听音乐（listen to music），听收音机（listen to the radio）,听天气预报（listen to the weather forecast）
请注意，不能丢掉介词 to。
listen
[ˈlɪsn]
v. （注意地）听; 留心听; 听从;
n. 听;
walkman 指随身听。注意其复数形式是在后面加-s，而不是把 man 改成 men。
Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.
Kids 主语，will pay 谓语；the price 宾语
who have no idea what being polite means 定语，包含一个宾语从句
being polite 是宾语从句的主语。
have no idea of sth. 意思是“对……不理解”“无法预料“后面接从句，常可省去of
He had no idea what was likely to happen next.
(他无法预料接下去会出现什么情况。)
I have no idea why she left.
(我不知道她为什么离去。)
polite 是形容词，前面必须用系动词，而在 what 从句中，做主语用的系动词 be 则要变成 being。
Being honest means telling no lies.
(诚实意味着不说谎话。)
句子中的 who 引导的是一个定语从句，修饰 kids，而 what 则引导了一个同位语从句， 对 idea 的内容加以解释。
I have no idea what will turn up.
I have no idea how soon they will arrive.
Word came that they had succeeded.
pay the price 意思是“付出代价”
They will pay the price for their ignorance.
(他们将为自己的无知付出代价。)
sooner or later 意思是“迟早”
You will understand me sooner or later.
(你迟早会理解我的。)
When they join the work force, their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized people.
associate 在本句中做名词，意思是“同事”
associate
[əˈsəʊsieɪt , əˈsəʊʃieɪt]
v. 联想，联系; 使与（某个组织、事业或观点）有关系; 公开支持; 与…交往;
alike
[əˈlaɪk]
adj. 相同的; 相似的
The two brothers are very much alike.
(这两兄弟非常相象。)
adv. 相似地; 同等地; 两者都
Teachers and students alike will have a 3-week holiday.
(老师和学生一样将有为期三周的假期。)
The book is interesting and instructive alike.
(这书既有趣，也有教益。)
instructive
[ɪnˈstrʌktɪv]
adj. 有益的; 教育性的;
in-,进入，使，-struct,建造，建设，词源同structure,destruct.引申词义教导，训练，指示，吩咐等。
句子中的第一个 that 引导的是一个宾语从句。第二个 that 则用来替代前面出现过的名词 behavior，意思是“这些粗鲁的年轻人的行为更接近动物的行为。”
be closer to that of animals 其中 that 代表 behavior
By 1990, production in the area is expected to double that of 1980.
预计到1990年，这个地区的产量将是1980年的两倍。
The weather in Shanghai is milder than that of Beijing.
mild
[maɪld]
adj. 温柔的; 温暖的; 轻微的; （味道）不浓的;
n. 淡味麦芽啤酒;
来自PIE*mel,软的，词源同mill,meld,melt.引申词义温和的，温柔的，轻微的等。
Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge.
edge
[edʒ]
n.
边线; 刀锋; （危险）临界点;
影响力; 尖锐声调;
优势
The edge was with our team.
(优势在我们队这边。)
Since he obtained the edge, he was sure to win.
(既然他取得了优势，他一定会赢。)
obtain
[əbˈteɪn]
v. 得到; 存在;
have an edge over sb.
(胜过某人)
maintain a nuclear edge
(保持核优势)
maintain
[meɪnˈteɪn]
v. 维持，保持; 坚称; 维修，保养; 供养;
v. 缓慢地移动; 给…加边; 略微增加（变好）;
advantage
[ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ]
n. 有利条件; 优势; 优点，好处;
v. 有利于; 有助于; 使处于有利地位;