Molecular Biology of Introduct

ntroduction Molecular biology as a discipline was defined with the convergence of biochemical and genetic techniques. Technologies that enabled manipulation of genetic material and introduce it into cells- genetic engineering and recombinant DNA.

Molecular Biology of Introduction

• The basis and history of molecular biology
  • Molecular Biology
    • It is the subject that research gene strcuture and function at the molecular level.To explain the priciple of development,metabolism,heredity,variation and aging at the molecular level.It grew out of the subjects of genetics and biochemistry.The history of molecular biology bagan in the 1930s with the combination of various biological disciplines:biochemistry,ganetics,microbiology,and virology.
  • DNA and protein,the central dogma
    • Beadle and Tatum
      • demonstrated the precise relationship between genes and proteins(1940)
    • Avery
      • genes are made up of DNA(1944)
    • Hershey and Chase
      • confirmed that the genetic material is made up of DNA(1952)
    • Watson and Crick
      • double helical structure of the DNA molecule(1953)
    • Crick
      • laid out the "Central Dogma"(1957)
    • Jacob and Monod
      • the existence of an intermediary between DNA and its protein products-mRNA(1961)
    • Monod and Jacob
      • how the regulative proteins,located on the genes and control the transcription(beginning of the 1960s)
    • 1961-1965
      • genetic code was found between DNA and protiens.It represent the birth of molecular biology.
  • Classical genetics
    • consists of the theory and methodologies of genetics prior to the birth of molecular biology.
• The major area and development of molecular biology
  • Research area
  • Major concepts and achievements in molecular biology
    • human genome project:an international scientific reseatch project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20000-25000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functiongal standpoint.
    • restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)
      • A variation from one individual to the next in the number of cutting sites for a given restriction enzyme in a given genetic locus.
    • simple sequence length polymorphism(SSLP)
      • minisatellite DNA
        • is a section of DNA that consists of a short series of bases with 10-60bp core sequence.These occur at more than 1000 locations in the human genome.
      • micrisatellite DNA
        • is a section of DNA that consists of a short of bases with 1-12bp core sequence.One common example of a microsatellite is an repeat,"n"is variable.
    • single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)
      • is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide-A,T,C,orG-in the genome
  • model organism
    • Most of living organisms share conservation on metabolic and development pathways related genetic material during the evolution.
    • Non-human species,model organisms are extensively studied to understand patticular biological phenomena,the discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
  • bioinformatics
    • Bioinformatics is a subject which build and manipulate of biological databases. The most complex of these databases contain the DNA sequences of genomes. Bioinformatics is essential to understand the structure and the function of DNA, RNA and Protein, as well as the relationships of biological molecules.
  • -omics
    • Genomics
      • involves all the information of the sequence of the complete genome
    • Transcriptomics
      • is the systematic and quantitative analysis of all the transcripts present in a cell or a tissue
    • Proteomics
      • is the total set of proteins expressed from the genome of a cell.
    • Metabolomics
      • is the study of all the small molecules, including metabolic intermediates (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars etc.) that exist within a cell.
    • Environmental genomics
      • to predict how an organism or organisms will respond, to changes in their external environment at the genetic level.
    • Nutrigenomics
      • to explores the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome and metabolome
  • systems biology
    • Interactions between the components of biological systems, and how these interactions give rise to the function and behavior of that system (for example, the enzymes and metabolites in a metabolic pathway). Systems biology is about putting together rather than taking apart, integration rather than reduction.