英国史

这是一篇关于英国史的思维导图。到了近代，英国一跃而为在欧洲举足轻重的强国。在国际斗争中，它的代表纵横捭阖，折冲樽俎，各国统治者无不对之刮目相看。靠了日益富强的国力和强大的海军，英国先后在16、17、18世纪击败了西班牙、荷兰、法国，成为所向无敌的海上霸主。

英国史

• 750BC--12BC
  • The Celts (the Gauls, the Britons and the Gaels ）
• 55BC--410AC
  • Roman Britain
  • 55BC Julius Caeser invaded
  • 43AD Claudius I invaded
• 446AC--871AC
  • The Anglo-Saxon Conquest
  • 597 St. Augustine convert the Anglo-Saxon
  • late 7th C Roman Christianity became dominant relligion
• 793--1066
  • Viking and Danishing Invasion
  • 8th C seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms VS Vikings
  • 886 Alfred the Great recaptured London
• 1154--1485
  • The Plantagent
  • 1154 Henry II ascended the throne
    • reform the laws and the courts
  • 1199 John ascended the throne
  • 1215 6.15 Magna Carta 《大宪章》
    • regards as the foundation of British constitutionalism( 限制君主权力)
  • 1216 King Henry III
    • wages a series of wars on France to regain the Normandy
    • 1258 the Provisions of Oxford
      • Privacy Council
    • 1259 the Provisions of Westminster
      • 子主题
    • Privacy Council--- the modern idea of a representative parliament emerged
  • 1337--1453 The Hundred Year's War France VS English
    • It promoted the concept of English nationalism and the development of textile industry. It raised the social position of the Bourgeois class. All these factors contributed to the decline of feudalism in England.
• 1485--1603
  • Tudors
  • 1534 the Act of Supremacy 《至尊法案》Henery VII declared himself to be the Supreme Head of Church of England
  • English became a national state with an efficient centralized government （中央集权）and started changing from a medieval to a modern country
• 1558-1603
  • The Elizabthan Age
  • the church of England was consolidated
• 1603--1714
  • The Stuarts
  • 1629 King Charles I dissolved the Parliament
  • 1658 Cromwell died
  • 1660 Parliament restore Charles II
  • 1685 King James II reestablish Catholicism in England (×)
  • 1688 James left -->the Glorious Revolution （光荣革命）
    • The King ruled with an authority circumscribed by Parliament
  • 1689 the Bill of Rights 《人权法案》
• 1714--1830
  • Georgian Era
  • 1756--1763 the Seven Year's War
• 1837--1901
  • Victorian Age
  • 1840 the Opium War(鸦片战争)
  • 1842 Hong Kong was ceded
  • the end of 19th C: the British Empire included about a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world's landmass
    • an empire on which the sun never set (日不落帝国)
• Britain in the 20th Century
  • 1914.7.28 ---1918.11.11 The World War I
    • the Central Powers (同盟国)
    • the Allies (协约国）--Britain
      • Britain' position in the capitalist world was further weakened
        • lose manpower, sea supremacy, with a huge national debt ---became slack, plus Great Depression ---further weakened.失去劳动力，海上霸权，背负国债，大萧条时代背景--->英国国力衰弱
    • the Treaty of Versailles《凡尔赛和约》
      • Germany was required to relinquish all colonies and pay a vast sum in reparations. The Great Depression made things worse and led to the rise of fascism. Adolph Hitler embarking on an ambitious plan to conquer Europe. 战后赔款+经济困难-->法西斯主义
  • 1931.9.18 --- 1945.9.2 The World War II
    • a policy of appeasement (绥靖政策)
    • 1939.9.1 Poland be invaded
    • 1939.9.3 Britain and France declare war on Germany
    • 1940 Winston Churchill became Prime Minster
    • 1940.6 France surrendered-- Britain was in a dangerous position
    • 1945. 5.7 Germany surrendered
    • Britain--the fall on the empire1. many people be killed or missing2. forever lose its navy supremacy3. exhausted its reserves of gold, dollar and oversea investment4. deeply debt in USA5. most of Britain's colonies demanded and fought for independence
  • After The World War II
    • Diplomacy: Three Majestic Circles (三环外交)
    • 1949 joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
    • 1950 joined the Korean War
    • 1973.1.1 joined the European Economic Community
• 1066 (按时间线)
  • Edward the Confessor died
  • Harold of Wessex crowned the King
  • 9.27 William of Normandy crossed the English Channel
  • 10.14 batter of Hastings -->Harold be killed
  • 12.25 William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey
    • marked the establishment of feudalism
• 410AC Germanic barbarians end Roman Britain
• 1455--1485 The wars of the Roses
  • The House of York
  • The House of Lancaster
• 1642--1651 The Civil Wars
  • 1642 the first Civil Wars broke out the Cavaliers (保王党) VS the Roundheads（圆颅党）
  • 1646 Charles I surrendered
  • 1649 Charles I recaptured
  • 1651 Cromwell (leader of the New Model Army) destroyed Charles II's army ----end of the Civil Wars
    • Cromwell became the Head of Commonwealth
• The Industrial Revolution 1760--1850 工业革命
  • began in the textile industry, marked by a series of inventions
  • 1814: the steam locomotive
  • 1825: the first railway
  • the middle of 19th C:the industrial Revolution accomplished in Britain
  • the capitalist --- most important forcethe proletariat ---came into being