外语教学第一单元思维导图

emphasise the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place:the number of studentss,the kind of input learners receive,and the atmosphere.

Unit 1 Language and Language Learning

• Views on language
  • 1.What is language?
    • No authoritative answer
  • 2.Structural view
    • 作者：Larsen-Freeman &Long 1991/a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:phonology音系学，morphology形态学，syntax句法结构/作用：Be able to understand and produce language/教学方法：the audiolingual approach听说教学法
  • 3.Functional view
    • Johnson and Marrow,1981/a linguistic system and a means for doing things:offering,suggestion,advising,apologize.../be able to do things with it(how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to expree notions that perform the functions)/
  • 4.Interactional view
    • Richards and Rodgers,1986/a communicative tool/build up and maintain social relationship between people/对learners的要求：know the grammar and vocabulary of the language,the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts/
• Views on language learning and learning in general
  • 1.Process-oriented theories
    • how the mind orgnises new information:habit formation,induction入门，就职仪式,making inference推论...
  • 2.Condition-oriented theories
    • emphasise the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place:the number of studentss,the kind of input learners receive,and the atmosphere.
  • 3.Behavourist theory
    • Skinner/参考Watson and Raynor:conditioning to the way humans acquire language stimulus-response刺激反应理论/Key point:you can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a procedure which has major stages,stimulus,response,reinfocement
  • 4.Cognitive theory
    • Noam Chomsky/describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat/Key point:If all language is a learned behaviour,how can a child produce a sentence that has never been said by others?/language:an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system/Acquire language competence can enable sb to produce language/Not directly applied in teaching 与audio-lingual method相反，让学生自己创造句子
  • 5.Constructivist theory
    • John Dewey/learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.//widely applied to learning//education is used to develop the mind,teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities//teachers should design environments and interact with learners
  • 6.Socio-constructivist theory
    • Vygotsky/emphasises interaction and engagement with the target lsnguage in a social context based on the concept of Zone of Proximal Development最近发展区ZPD and scaffolding/=learning is the best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners/Teacher's scaffolding:questions and explanations,a more capable peer's support
• What makes a good language teacher
  • 1.Ethic devotion
  • 2.Personal styles
  • 3.professional skills(more importantly)
• How can one become a good language teacher
  • 1.Most important and difficult:professional competence
  • 2.人们对教学的看法：craft，an applied science
    • craft:a novice新手的teacher learn profession by imitating the experts' techniques like a apprentice(学徒）//an applied science:based on scientific knowledge and experimention
  • 3.The development of professional competence
    • Stage 1:Language development (never come to an end) Stage 2:Other's experience-received knowledge-own experience(learning)☞practice(pseudo practice实习老师和正式老师）☞reflection（这两个步骤可以交替进行）----most crucial stage and more complicated Goal：professional competence
  • 4.About practice and reflect
    • Teachers can benefit from pactice:keep on reflecting---not only after finish a certain period of practice,but also while they are doing the practice(在工作期间reflect最困难）
• 浮动主题