导图社区 第二十三课上Non-verbal Communication非语言的文
这是一篇关于第二十三课上Non-verbal Communication非语言的文的思维导图。 非语言交际在跨文化交际中是很重要的一部分,但是非语言交际不是独立存在的,脱离非语言行为配合的孤立的语言行为往往难以达到有效的交际目的,
编辑于2022-09-30 20:05:32Non-verbal Communication 非语言的文字的交际
课文
If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn't a catch question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words. Speakers and listeners-oral communication, and writers and readers-written communication. And you'd be quite right. There is, however, another form of communication which we all use most of the time,usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication. Non-verbal, because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short.
假如现在有个人问你,什么是人与人之间的主要交际手段,那么你会说什么?这并不是一个能把人难住了的问题。这个答案简单而又明确。这几乎可以肯定,指的就是用语言文字作为交际手段。讲话的人和听讲的人用口语进行交际,而写家与读者用书面文字进行交际。对了,你答得相当正确。但是,还有一种交际方式是我们大家在不知不觉地大部分时间都在使用的,这就是我们有时称为的身体语言。身体语言的更加专业化的名称就是非语言交际。之所以称为非语言文字的,就是因为这种交际是不用语言文字进行的。缩写是|NVC。
When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. I referred a moment ago to "the average European", because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed.
当某人谈了某件事,大多数的欧洲人若是同意了某人所说的事,那么这个欧洲人就会微笑并点头表示同意。相反,若是你这个欧洲人不同意他们所说的事,那么你可能皱眉并摇摇头。用这种方式你表示了你对他们所说的事的反应意见,你就一句话也没说就把你的反应意见传达给了跟你讲话的人。我刚才提到"绝大多数欧洲人",因为身体语言与文化习俗有很大的联系,为了不致误解别人或为了不被别人所误解你必须意识到这一点。例如,一位华人在微笑时很可能并不表示同意,很可能表示某种有点难为情不好意思。
Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important,for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorised into five kinds: 1.body and facial gestures; 2.eye contact;3.body contact or "proximity"; 4.clothing and physical appearance; and 5.the quality of speech. I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity." This simply means "closeness". In some cultures-and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one-it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures, this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space.
关于"非语言文字的交际"这一研究课题现在正进行相当大量的工作。比如说,这一研究课题对于经理、总管之类的人员来讲,很显然是重要的。经理之类的人员每天都必须同员工们打交道,并且必须明白,如果经理人员能创造出一个良好的工作环境,那么别人都会有什么感觉。有时可以把身体语言,或者叫非语言文字的交际信号,分成五大类:(1)身体的姿态和面部表情;(2)目光的接触;(3)身体的接触或者"亲近度";(4)衣着打扮和天生的长相;(5)讲话的态度攻内容。我想,也许除了"亲近度"而外,这一切你都明白。这就是讲"亲近到什么程度"。在某些文化习俗当中--我敢肯定这是某一民族的风俗文化的特征,而不是某一个人的习惯特征--当人们在跟你谈话时,跟你站得很近或者或多或少地把脸巾近了你的脸,这都是十分正常的。而在另外一些民族的文化习俗当中,这样做是人们所不喜欢的。例如,美国人认为你侵犯了他们的隐私空间范围。
Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker (like a professor, for example) is all the time fiddling with a pencil, or with his glasses, while he is talking to you, he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signalling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs, looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, I shall soon get the message that I'm boring you. And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals-and it might be fun if you did.
也许有信号是我们大家所共有的。如果一位公开演讲的人,在给你们作报告时,他老是在摆弄一支铅笔或者是摆弄他的眼镜,那么,他这是很清楚告诉你,他心情很紧张。一个人如果在谈话时总是用一只手罩着嘴,这就表明他缺乏自信。如果你们开始不能安稳地坐在椅子上,开始偷偷地不时看看钟表,或者你们开始用手捂住嘴打哈欠来,那么,我将会马上得到一个信息,那就是我使你们感到厌倦了。如此等等。我敢肯定你们会把这类感到厌倦的信号列出一整张纸来--如果你们现在就写的话,可能会很有趣。
All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things, you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in fact nervous, but a good speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence. Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact, for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone else's eyes for very long. If you try it, you'll find they will soon away, probably in embarrassment.
我上面所提到的这些信号都是人们可以控制的。如果你意识到了你正在做那些小动作,你就会停止不做了。甚至你们还能学会发生假装出来的信号。事实上绝大多数公开发表演讲的人都心情紧张,但是一位擅长演讲的人会发出自信心很强的姿态信号来掩饰紧张的心情。另外几种非语言文字的交际就不是很容易控制的了。比如说目光接触吧。除非你坦白承认你深深爱上了她,要不然的话你就不会长时间地凝视着她的眼睛。如果你将来试一试凝视她的眼睛,你就会发现她会扭转头把眼睛挪开看其他地方,也许是出于难为情吧。
I've already mentioned proximity, so just a brief word now about our last two categories,which concern the way people dress and the way they speak. These are both pretty obvious signals.People may dress casually and speak casually, which signals that they are relaxed. Or they can dress formally and speak formally, showing their tenseness. In fact, non-verbal communication can, as the saying goes, speak volumes.
我上面已经把"亲近度"解释过了。现在用简明扼要的话讲讲最后两大类语言文字交际信号。这两类涉及到人们穿着的方式和讲话的方式。这两在类都是很明显的交际信号。凡是穿着随随便便而讲话又漫不经心的人,这些信号都说明这些人的心情很轻松。如果人们穿得整整齐齐地,讲起话来一本正经,这表明他们的心情很紧张很不轻松。事实上,非语言文字的交际,含义是很深的。
New words
语言
non-是一个常用前缀,通常加在形容词,名词或副词前,表示“非”,“无”,“不是”, “不重要的”,“无价值的”
nonbeliever (无信仰的人)
nonsmoker (不抽烟的人)
nonstop (不停的,直达的)
nonviolence(非暴力的)
nondegree (非学位的)
nonbook (无真实价值的书)
verb
[vɜ:b]
n. 动词; 动词结构;
verbal
[ˈvɜ:bl]
adj. 词语的; 言语的; 口头的; 动词的;
-verb-言,词 + -al形容词词尾
You will have a better idea of it after you read the verbal instructions.
(看了文字说明你就会对此有更深的了解。)
instruction
[ɪnˈstrʌkʃn]
n. 授课; 教诲; 传授的或获得的知识,课程; [计算机科学]指令;
in-入,向内 + -struct-建设,结构 + -ion
struct
[strʌkt]
[计][C](数据类型)结构,结构体(定义关键字);
non-verbal
[nɑ:n'vɜ:rbəl]
adj. 不使用语言的,非言语交际的;
wordless, without involving the use of language
Gesture is a form of non-verbal expression.
(手势是一种非语言的表达方式。)
Professor Wang is going to give us a lecture on non-verbal communication.
(王教授将给我们做关于非语言交际问题的讲座。)
口头的
or, ora, ore, orat = to say
ora®ore,or,orat
PIE*os,嘴®丁语名词os, oris, n(口,嘴)和动词oro, orare, oravi, oratus(乞求,祷告)。
“speak”(说)
“pray”(祷告),即“speak to the god”(对着上帝说)
同义词根
拉丁语
dic/dict,fa/fam/fess,locut/loqu,nounc/nunci,parl
希腊语
phras,pha/phe/phu。
oral
[ˈɔ:rəl]
adj. 口头的,口述的; 口服的; 属于或关于嘴的; 构成或使用言语的;
n. (尤指外语考试中的)口试;
-or-口,说 + -al形容词词尾
He gave us an oral report after inspecting the factory.
(视察了那家工厂后,他给我们作了口头汇报。)
They will have an oral English test tomorrow afternoon.
(明天下午他们将有一个英语口试。)
He broke the oral thermometer and had to buy a new one.
(他摔坏了口腔温度计,不得不去买个新的。)
thermometer
[θəˈmɒmɪtə(r)]
n. 温度计; 体温表;
thermo-热 + -meter-测量;仪表
orator
[ˈɒrətə(r)]
n. 演说者,演讲家;
osculate
['ɒskjʊleɪt]
v. 接吻,接触,有共同点;
seven continents
continent
[ˈkɒntɪnənt]
n. 大陆,陆地; 欧洲大陆; 洲;
con-, 强调。-tin, 持,握,词源同contain, tenable. 即一块未分割的土地,大陆。
亚洲(全称亚细亚洲)Asia
asia
[ˈeɪʒə;ˈeɪʃə]
n. 亚洲;
亚洲是这个名字源自于古希腊语,意为“太阳初升的地方”,其英文名为Asia,是生命希望产生的源头。
相传,亚细亚的名称是由古代腓尼基人(Phoenician)所起。公元前2000年左右,擅长航海的腓尼基人逐渐在地中海东岸(今黎巴嫩和叙利亚一带)建立起强大的王国。其殖民地遍及地中海沿岸,腓尼基本土当时成为“地中海世界”的中心,各地都以此为中心来确定和命名。其把爱琴海以东的地区广泛地称为“Asu”(亚苏),意即“日出处”,古希腊把“亚苏”叫做“Asia”(亚细亚),意思是“东方日出之地”,其所指的地域是不很明确的,范围是有限的。到公元前一世纪,Asia已成为罗马帝国的一个行政省的名称,逐渐扩大,包括现今整个亚洲地区,成为一个世界最大的洲名。
欧洲(全称欧罗巴洲 ):Europe
名字源于希腊神话的人物“欧罗巴”(希腊语:Ευρώπης)
european
[ˌjʊərəˈpi:ən]
adj. 欧洲的,欧洲人的; 欧盟的;
n. 欧洲人;
europe
[ˈjʊərəp]
n. 欧洲; 欧盟; (除英国以外的)全欧洲; 除英国外的欧洲国家;
北美洲(全称北亚美利加洲):North America
南美洲(全称南亚美利加洲):South America
非洲(全称阿非利加洲):Africa
大洋洲:Oceania
南极洲:Antarctica
证明
词根
prob, prov = to test , to try(试), to examine(试验)
来源于拉丁语 probare 尝试
-prov- 是根据辅音的交替规律由 -prob- 变来的,属于单辅音交替
同义词根
-peri- / -tempt- / -tent- 试验
-al 是一个名词后缀,用在动词后面构成名词,表示“动作”,“过程”。
arrive®arrival
deny®denial
refuse®refusal
survive®survival
try®trial
withdraw®withdrawal
brutal
racial 种族
mortal 致命的
social 社会的
prove
[pru:v]
vt. 证明,证实; [法]验证,检定; 显示;
vi. 显示出,证明是;
-prov-验证,证实 + -e
provable
[ˈpru:vəbl]
adj. 可证明的,可证实的;
approve
[əˈpru:v]
vt.& vi. 赞成,同意;
vt. 批准; 认可; 核准; 为…提供证据;
vi. 赞同; 称许; 称赞; 满意、喜欢(of);
前缀ap-同ad-. prove, 证明。
His marriage was not approved by his family.
(他的家人不赞同他的婚姻。)
My boss approved of my attending the conference.
(老板同意我出席会议。)
本句中的 approve 作不及物动词用,后面接 of + (动)名词,不接复合宾语。
The government has approved the financial program for the coming year.
政府已经批准了来年的财务计划。
financial
[faɪˈnænʃl]
adj. 财政的; 财务的; 金融的; 有钱的;
approval
[əˈpru:vl]
n. 同意; 批准; 赞成;
agreement to an idea, plan, decision, etc.(赞成,同意)
a formal statement that sth. is acceptable (认可批准)
He nodded his approval when we informed him of our plan.
(当我们把计划告诉他时,他点头表示同意。)
nod
[nɒd]
vi. 点头; 打瞌睡; 上下摆动; 变得粗心大意;
vt. 点头示意; 使弯曲,使屈服; 点头答应;
n. 点头; 点头同意; 打瞌睡,打盹; 粗心大意;
His proposal won the approval of many people.
(他的建议赢得了许多人的支持。)
My idea is unlikely to meet with the approval of my parents.
(我的想法不可能得到我父母的认可。)
This project has the approval of the National Treasury.
(这个项目得到了国家财政部的批准。)
treasury
[ˈtreʒəri]
n. 国库,金库; (政府的)财政部; 宝库,宝藏; 贮藏所,库房;
We all like others to show approval of what we do.
我们都喜欢别人对我们所做的事情表示认可。
disapprove
[ˌdɪsəˈpru:v]
vi. 不赞成;
vt. 反对,否决; 持相反的意见;
I strongly disapprove of your program.
我强烈反对你的计划。
disapproval
[ˌdɪsəˈpru:vl]
n. 不赞同,反对; 非难;
She didn't conceal her disapproval of what we had done.
(她毫不掩盖自己对我们所为的不赞成。)
conceal
[kənˈsi:l]
vt. 隐藏,隐瞒,遮住;
The colonel looked at the soldier with disapproval.
(上校以非难的目光看着那个士兵。)
colonel
[ˈkɜ:nl]
n. 上校;
词源同column, 柱,纵队。即管理一个纵队的军官,通常对应团最高军事长官。
He shook his head in disapproval.
他不以为然地摇了摇头。
皱眉
frown
[fraʊn]
vt.& vi. 皱眉; 不同意; 蹙额;
n. 皱眉,蹙额;
来自古法语frognier, 皱眉,哼鼻子。可能来自拟声词,模仿哼鼻子的声音,表达不满。引申词义皱眉。
frown at sb/sth
He gave me a frown of disapproval.
(他向我做了个不赞成的表情。)
She frowned at her mother when she was asked to do some housework.
(要她做点家务事时,她朝母亲皱眉头。)
Critics frowned on/upon the idea.
(评论家对这种意见表示不赞同。)
反应
react
[riˈækt]
vi. 反应,作出反应; 影响; 起反作用;
vt. 使发生相互作用; 使起化学反应; 反抗; 再演,重演;
re-回 + -act-行动
react to sth
reaction
[riˈækʃn]
n. 反应; 反作用力; 反动; 保守;
窘迫
词根bar
bar (baro, bary) = weight表示“重, 压”
来源于希腊语 baros 重量,其中词根baro,bary 为bar的变体,如:baryon 重子
bar相应的拉丁语词根为:-gravi-/ -press- 重 / 压
分别来源于拉丁语gravis 和 premere,
gravity 重力 / 地心引力 / 严重性
pressure 压力 / 压迫 / 压强
suppress 压制
Greek: weight, heavy; atmospheric pressure; a combining form meaning "pressure", as in barotaxis, or sometimes "weight", as in baromacrometer
bar = bar(横木)
来自拉丁语的bar 意为bar。
barrier 障碍物;
-bar-, -barr-栅栏,障碍
In an extended sense, these elements may mean "difficult" or "slow".
bar
[bɑ:(r)]
n. 条,棒; (门、窗等的)闩; 障碍; 酒吧间;
vt. 闩(门等); 阻碍,封锁; 排除,去除;
prep. 除…之外;
来源于古法语barre,栅栏/障碍物 → 将法官席与其它部分隔开的"隔栏" → 将酒店服务员与顾客隔开的"柜台" → 酒吧 -bar-栅栏,障碍 → bar 隔栏,餐柜
embarrass
[ɪmˈbærəs]
vt.& vi. (使)窘迫,(使)局促不安; (使)困难;
em-, 进入,使。bar, 阻止。-ass, 大词后缀,见largess.
The modern child embarrasses less easily than 50 years ago.
现代的孩子比50年前更不容易尴尬。
It embarrasses me even to think about it.
(我连想想这件事都觉得不好意思。)
We didn't want to embarrass him in any way.
(我们一点也不想使他为难。)
We found him embarrassed with debts.
(我们发现他已经负债累累。)
debt
[det]
n. 债务; 负债情况; 义务; 罪,过失;
来自拉丁语debitum, 亏欠。来自de-, 向下,离开,-hab, 持,握,拥有,词源同habit. 即把别人的东西拿走的,亏欠的,后指借款,债务。
embarrassment
[ɪmˈbærəsmənt]
n. 窘迫; 难堪; 令人难堪或耻辱的事;
You can't imagine my embarrassment at having forgotten her name.
embarrassing
[ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ]
adj. 使人尴尬的,令人为难的;
v. (使)窘迫,(使)局促不安( embarrass的现在分词);
The little girl raised a rather embarrassing question.
rather
[ˈrɑ:ðə(r)]
adv. 稍微,有点; 相当,颇; 宁愿; 相反地;
int. 当然啦;怎么不(回答问题时用);
conj. 而不是;
这个小女孩提出了一个相当尴尬的问题。
embarrassed
[ɪmˈbærəst]
adj. 局促不安的; 为难的; 尴尬的; 窘迫的;
v. (使)窘迫,(使)局促不安( embarrass的过去式和过去分词);
I often feel embarrassed in the presence of a stranger.
在陌生人面前我常感到尴尬。
presence
[ˈprezns]
n. 出席,到场; 存在,出现; 风采,风度; 鬼魂,神灵;
stranger
[ˈstreɪndʒə(r)]
n. 陌生人,不认识的人; 外地人; 局外人; 门外汉;
adj. 不熟悉的,陌生的(strange)的比较级;
She was embarrassed by her husband's drunken behavior.
(她丈夫的酒后举止使她难堪。)
behavior
[bɪ'heɪvjə]
n. 行为; 态度; (机器等的)运转状态; (事物的)反应;
反应
reaction
[riˈækʃn]
n. 反应; 反作用力; 反动; 保守;
无论用动词还是名词,当表示“对…作出反应”时,后面要用介词 to。
How did he react to the news?
(他对此消息如何反应?)
What was their reaction to your proposal?
(他们对你的建议有何反应?)
I am not sure how he will react to such a straightforward answer.
(我吃不准他会对如此直率的回答作出什么反应。)
What was the audience's reaction to his speech?
(听众对他的发言有何反应?)
参谋
staff
[stɑ:f]
n. 参谋; 全体职员; 管理人员; 权杖;
adj. 行政工作的; 参谋的; 职员的; 作为正式工作人员的;
v. 在…工作; 为…配备职员; 任职于;
PIE*sta,站,站立®PIE*stebh, 棍子,柱子,支撑®Proto-Germanic*stabaz,棍棒,柱子®古英语 staef,棍棒,木柱,拐杖
引申词义旗杆,并引申比喻 义军事参谋,即司令官的助手,后词义通用化为工作人员,全体职员等。
词源同 stand,staple.
The company has got a staff of more than 800.
(这家公司有 800 多名职工。)
The editorial staff of a newspaper demanded pay increases.
(一家报纸的全体编辑人员要求增加工资。)
demand
[dɪˈmɑ:nd]
vt. 要求,请求; 需要; [法]召唤; 询问,盘问;
n. 需求; 需要; 要求,请求; 销路;
vi. 需要; 请求; 查问;
de-加强意义 + -mand- 命令
He served as a chief of staff in the army.
(他在部队做参谋长。)
chief
[tʃi:f]
adj. 级别最高的; 总的; 主要的; 最重要的;
n. 族长; 酋长; 首领; 主管人员;
来自词根cap, 头,词源同captain, chef.
chief的根义是"头",来源于法语的chef或chief 同源词:achieve, achievement, chef
The labs are staffed with two engineers.
(实验室里配备了两名工程师。)
lab
[læb]
n. 实验室,研究室; Lab,英国政治工党; 分析室; 暗室;
laboratory
[ləˈbɒrətri]
n. 实验室; 实验课; 研究室; 药厂;
-labor-工作 + -ate动词词尾(e略) + -ory地点,场所
We must staff the center with men with a formal training.
(我们必须为中心配备受过正规训练的人员。)
center
['sentə]
n. 中心; (球队的) 中锋; 中心区; 中枢;
adj. 中央的,位于正中的; (在)中心的;
vt. 集中; 使聚集在一点; 定中心; 居中;
vi. 居中,有中心,被置于中心;
-centr-中心 → center
来源于拉丁语名词centrum, centri, n(轴心,圆心,球心)。
stuff
[stʌf]
n. 材料,原料,资料; 〈俚〉钱,现金; 填充物; 素材资料;
Do you want some jelly? (你想来点果子冻吗?)
jelly
[ˈdʒeli]
n. 果冻; 胶状物; 肉冻; 果酱;
No, I hate the stuff. (不,我讨厌那东西。)
The secretary has to get all the stuff ready before the meeting starts.
(会议开始前秘书得把所有的东西准备好。)
secretary
[ˈsekrətri]
n. 秘书; 干事,书记员; 部长,大臣;
se-分离 + cret(-cern-)区分 + -ary名词词尾
拉丁前缀se-与self同源,表by itself,因此延伸出alone,apart和without的含义。词根cret-表区分、辨别,后缀-ary这里表人。secretary=a keeper of secrets。
vt. 塞满; 填塞; 让吃饱;
The buses are always stuffed with passengers during the rush hours.
(上下班高峰时间,公共汽车上总是挤满了乘客。)
He really wanted to stuff his ears with cotton-wool when his mother rattled on.
(母亲喋喋不休时,他真想用棉托把耳朵堵上。)
cotton
[ˈkɒtn]
n. 棉; 棉线; 棉织物; (其他植物所生的绒毛状的)棉状物;
vi. 喜欢; 赞成; 一致; 交往;
wool
[wʊl]
n. 羊毛; 羊毛制品; (幼虫的)毛; 羊毛覆盖物;
rattle
[ˈrætl]
vt.& vi. (使)发出格格的响声,(使)作嘎嘎声; 喋喋不休地说话;
vi. 迅速而嘎嘎作响地移动,堕下或走动;
vt. 使紧张,使恐惧; 给(桅索)扎梯绳;
n. 嘎嘎声; 发出嘎嘎声的儿童玩具; 呼噜声; 音响构造;
vi. 吃得过多;
手势
ger, gest(gist) = to carry,to bear(运、载)
来源于拉丁语动词gero, gerere, gessi, gestus(携带,运输)
ger 是拉丁动词 gerere的不定式词干
ger只出现于belligerent(交战中的),congeries (堆积)和gerund(动名词)等单词中
gest 是这个动词的动名词词干
gest却有很强的孳生能力。词根的变形为gist
同义词根
拉丁语的fer,lat,port,veh/vect
希腊语的phor/pher。
gesture
[ˈdʒestʃə(r)]
n. 手势,姿势; 举止,动作; 〔古语〕仪态; [计算机]光笔指令;
What he has done is just a political gesture to draw popular support.
(他所做的只是争取民众支持的一种政治姿态。)
vt. 做手势;
The old man gestured me to his study.
(老人示意我去他的书房。)
study
[ˈstʌdi]
n. 学习;研究;功课;课业;学业;用于某些学科名称; 书房;
v. 学习;攻读;审视;端详;细看;研究;调查;
vi. 用手势表现,表达或指导;
He gestured to me to sit down.
(他示意我坐下。)
She gestured with her head towards the closed door.
(她用头朝紧闭的门示意了一下。)
He raised his hands in a gesture of despair.
(他举起双手以示绝望。)
despair
[dɪˈspeə(r)]
n. 绝望; 使人绝望的人(或事物);
vi. 绝望;
de-下降,向下 + spair(= -sper- )希望
手势用来运输(传递)信息以达到交流的目的。词源同exaggerate
脸
face
[feɪs]
n. 面容; 表面; 脸; 方面;
vt.& vi. 面对; 面向…; 正视; 承认;
vt. (感到不能)对付; (明知不好办而)交谈; 必须对付(某情况); 面临…;
PIE*dhe, 做,放置,语源同do, fact. 即做出来的形状,脸面,并取代拉丁语visage.
facial
[ˈfeɪʃl]
adj. 面部的; 面部用的; 表面的;
n. 美容; 面部按摩;
facial expression 面部表情
facial paper 面巾纸洁面湿巾
paper
[ˈpeɪpə(r)]
n. 纸; 文件; 论文; 文章;
adj. . 纸做的;
vt. 包装,用纸覆盖; 贴壁纸; 提供纸张; [俚语] 提供免费入场券;
vi. 贴糊墙纸; 发交通违章传票;
纸莎草和用它做出的纸在英语中写作papyrus。英语单词paper(纸)就源自papyrus。
proper
[ˈprɒpə(r)]
adj. 适当的,相当的,正当的,应该的,正式的,正常的; 固有的,特有的,独特的; 本来的,真正的,严格意义上的; 〈古〉漂亮的,优美的;
adv. 〈方〉适当地,好好地,非常,很,完完全全地,彻底地;
n. [宗教][常用P-]特定节日等用的仪式,弥撒(祈祷、礼仪等)书的章节,特赞;
来源于拉丁语形容词proprius(个人的,自己的),经古法语propre派生了英语proper。 -proper-适当的,本身所有的 → proper
接近
proximate
[ˈprɒksɪmət]
adj. (时间、顺序等方面)近邻的,最接近的;
拉丁语proximus,最近的¬prope的最高级
来自pro的扩大形式
词源同propinquity,approximate.
-im,最高级后缀
词源同maximum,ultimate.
proximity
[prɒkˈsɪməti]
n. 接近,邻近; 接近度,距离; 亲近;
I have grown accustomed to the continual proximity of the animals.
(我已习惯总有动物在我附近。)
accustom
[əˈkʌstəm]
vt. 使习惯;
ac-加强意义 + custom习惯
continual
[kənˈtɪnjuəl]
adj. 不间断的; 不停的; 多次重复的; 频繁的;
Much of the town's attractiveness lies in its proximity to Niagara Falls.
(这座城市吸引人的地方主要在于它离尼亚加拉瀑布很近。)
attractiveness
[ə'træktɪvnəs]
n.吸引力;
attractive
[əˈtræktɪv]
adj. 有魅力的; 引人注目的; 迷人的; 招人喜爱的;
attract
[əˈtrækt]
vt. 吸引; 诱惑; 引起…的好感(或兴趣);
vi. 具有吸引力; 引人注意;
前缀at-同ad-. 词根tract, 拉,见tractor, 卡车。
tractive
['træktɪv]
adj. 牵引的,曳引的;
-tract-拉
lie
[laɪ]
v. 躺; 坐落在; 处于…状态; 说谎;
n. 谎言; 谎话; 状态; 位置;
niagara
[naɪ'æɡərə]
n. 尼亚加拉河(在加拿大和美国间)急流,洪水;
proximately
['prɒksɪmeɪtlɪ]
adv. 近似地;
这个词用得很正式,意思相当于 closeness
be in close proximity to (非常接近于)
in the proximity of (在…附近)
proximity of blood (近亲)
proximity effect (邻近效应)
proximity talks (近距离间接会谈)
文化
-col-, -cult-, -colon-= till, 表示“耕种, 培养”
-cult-来源于拉丁语动词colo, colere, colui, cult.us(居住,耕作), 过去分词词干
-colon-来源于拉丁语中的派生词colonus(农夫,耕种者)和colonia(殖民地)
cult-, -cultural, -culture, -cultures, -culturally, -cultrist
Latin: to care for, to till [the ground], to cherish; to dwell, to inhabit
culture
[ˈkʌltʃə(r)]
n. 文化; [生物学](微生物等的)培养; 修养; 养殖;
vt. 培植,培养;
-cult-培育 + -ure名词词尾
cultural
[ˈkʌltʃərəl]
adj. 文化的; 教养的,修习的; 耕作的,开垦的,栽培[培养]的;
Cultural differences caused a lot of misunderstandings.
(文化方面的差异造成了许多误解。)
These peoples have different cultural traditions.
(这些民族有着不同的文化传统。)
tradition
[trəˈdɪʃn]
n. 传统; 惯例; [宗]经外传说; [法]移交,引渡;
This city is often referred to as a cultural desert.
(这个城市常被称为文化沙漠。)
desert
[ˈdezət]
n. 沙漠; 荒地; 应得的赏罚; 功劳,美德;
adj. 沙漠的; 荒芜的,不毛的; 无人的;
refer
[rɪˈfɜ:(r)]
vi. 提到; 针对; 关系到; 请教;
vt. 归因于…; 使求助于; 送交; 认为…起源于;
vt.& vi. 参考,查阅;
关闭
clud, clus(clos, clois, claus, clot) = to shut(关闭)
来源于拉丁语动词claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus(关,闭)。
clud来自不定式词干claud,常见于英语动词
clus 来自动名词词干claus,多见于相应的名词和形容词
clos,clois,claus,clot 是它们的变形。
clud-, claud-, claus-, clos-, -clude, -clois, -cluding, -cluded, -clus, -clusion, -clusive
Latin: to close, to shut
close
[kləʊz]
vt. 关; 结束; 使靠近;
vi. 关; 结束; 关闭;
adj. 靠近的; 亲密的; 直系的; 紧密的;
adv. 在近处; 接近地; 紧密地; 全面细致地;
n. 死胡同; (大教堂的)周围地区; 结束,末尾;
-clos- 关,闭 + -e 动词词尾
She made a close study of the relationship between culture and language.
The bank has decided to close its New York branch.
branch
[brɑ:ntʃ]
n. 树枝; 分支; 部门,分科; 支流;
vi. 分支形成; 分支扩张; 扩大某人的兴趣,业务或活动范围; [计]下分支的指令;
vt. 使分支; 使分叉; 用枝形叶脉刺绣花纹装饰;
closed
[kləʊzd]
adj. 关闭着的,封闭着的; 密闭着的,保密的; <美>准备好了的,定了契约的;
v. “close”的过去式和过去分词;
A sphere is a closed surface or figure.
sphere
[sfɪə(r)]
n. 球(体); (兴趣或活动的)范围; 势力范围; 天体,如行星或恒星;
v. 将…封入球体中; 包围;
figure
[ˈfɪgə(r)]
n. 数字; 算术; 人物; 身材;
vi. 计算; 出现; 扮演角色;
vt. 计算在内; 估计; 推测; 认为;
球体是一个封闭的表面或图形。
closeness
['kləʊsnəs]
n. 亲密; 密闭; 严密; 接近;
In some countries more eye contact implies more closeness of relationship.
在一些国家,更多的目光接触意味着更亲密的关系。
contact
[ˈkɒntækt]
n. 接触; 触点; [医](传染病)接触人; 门路;
vt. 使接触; 与…联系; 与…通讯(或通话);
vi. 联系,接触;
imply
[ɪmˈplaɪ]
vt.& vi. 暗示; 意味; 隐含; 说明,表明;
disclose
[dɪsˈkləʊz]
vt. 公开; 揭露; 使显露; 使暴露;
喜欢
like
[laɪk]
v. 喜欢; (与 would 或 should 连用表示客气)想; 想要; 喜欢做;
prep. (表示属性)像; (表示方式)如同; (询问意见)…怎么样; (表示列举)比如;
adj. 相似的; 相同的;
n. 相类似的人[事物]; 喜好; 爱好; (尤指被视为没有某人或某物那么好的)种类,类型;
conj. 像…一样; 如同; 好像; 仿佛;
adv. (非正式口语,代替 as)和…一样; 如; (非正式口语,思考说下句话、解释或举例时用)大概;
缩写自古英语gelic,同样,相似,ge-,一起,-lic,身体,形体,并衍生后缀-ly.引申词义同类,相似,喜欢
dislike
[dɪsˈlaɪk]
vt. 不喜欢; 厌恶;
n. 厌憎; 讨厌;
侵入
词根
vad, vas(wad) = to go
来自拉丁语的vad,vas。变形为wad
同义词根
拉丁语的ced/cess(ceed,ceas),grad/gred/gress,it
希腊语的bat(bet,bit)
盎格鲁-撒克逊语的fare。
-sion 是个常用的名词后缀,加在动词后面构成名词。如:
decide——decision (决定)
pervade——pervasion (弥漫)
evade——evasion (逃避)
invade
[ɪnˈveɪd]
vt.& vi. 侵入,侵略; 进行侵略; 蜂拥而入,挤满; (疾病,声音等)袭来,侵袭;
vt. 涌入; 侵袭; 侵犯; 干扰;
in-,进入,使,-vad,走,词源同evade,wade.引申词义入侵。
invasion
[ɪnˈveɪʒn]
n. 入侵,侵略; 侵害,侵犯; 侵袭; [医]发病
Japan launched an invasion into China.
(日本入侵中国。)
launch
[lɔ:ntʃ]
vt. 发射; [计算机]开始(应用程序); 发动; 开展(活动、计划等);
vi. 投入; 着手进行; 热衷于…;
n. 投掷; 大船上的小艇; 大型敞篷摩托艇;
来自lance,长矛,原指掷出长矛,引申词义发射,发动。
invader
[ɪnˈveɪdə(r)]
n. 侵略者; 侵入者; 侵犯者; 侵入物
What you are doing now will undoubtedly invade the rights of others.
(你现在的所为无疑将侵犯他人的权利。)
undoubtedly
[ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ]
adv. 毋庸置疑地,的确地; 显然; 必定; 无疑;
undoubted
[ʌnˈdaʊtɪd]
adj. 无疑的,肯定的; 确实的,真正的; 无可置疑;
doubt
[daʊt]
n. 怀疑,疑虑; 未确定;
vt. 怀疑,疑惑;
vi. 不确定,不能肯定或怀疑;
来自拉丁语dubius, 二,词源同dubious. 引申词义两面摇摆,怀疑。
No one would allow his family privacy to be invaded.
(谁也不会允许自己的家庭私生活受到侵扰。)
evade
[ɪˈveɪd]
vt. 逃避,躲避; 避开; 规避; 逃脱;
vi. 逃避; 规避; 逃脱;
e-, 向外。-vad, 走,词源同wade,invade.
evasion
[ɪˈveɪʒn]
n. 逃避,规避,躲避某人; 遁辞,借口;
e-出 + -vas-走 + -ion名词词尾
This is an evasion of individual privacy.
(这是对个人隐私的干预。)
individual
[ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl]
adj. 个人的; 独特的; 个别的;
n. 个人; 个体;
privacy
[ˈprɪvəsi]
n. 隐私,秘密; 隐居; 私事; 不受公众干扰的状态;
wade
[weɪd]
vt.& vi. (从水、泥等)蹚,走过; 跋涉
n. 跋涉
pervade
[pəˈveɪd]
vt. 遍及,弥漫;渗透,充满
小提琴
fiddle
[ˈfɪdl]
n. 小提琴; [航]桌面柜; 〈非〉胡扯,无聊; 欺诈,欺骗行为;
In his eyes father plays first fiddle in the family.
(在他看来父亲在家里居首要地位。)
His face was as long as a fiddle when his request was refused.
(他的要求遭到拒绝时他拉长了脸。)
Don't worry about him. He is as fit as a fiddle.
(别为他担心,他非常健康。)
vi. 拉小提琴; 神经质地摆弄手指或手; 瞎搞,胡混; 干预,篡改;
He didn't like anyone to fiddle with his bicycle.
(他不喜欢任何乱动他的自行车。)
Don't fiddle about, go and help your mum with the housework.
(别再闲荡了,去帮妈妈做家务。)
He sat nervously fiddling with his spectacles.
(他坐在那儿紧张地拨弄他的眼镜。)
spectacle
[ˈspektəkl]
n. 奇观,壮观; 光景,景象; 表演,场面; (复)眼镜;
来源于拉丁语中specere(看)的派生词spectaculum(景象,视野),经由古法语spectacle进入英语。 词根词缀: -spect-看 + -acle名词词尾
Father was angry because Tom fiddled away the whole day.
(父亲很生气,因为汤姆浪费了整整一天的时间。)
vt. 用提琴演奏(乐曲); 欺诈,欺骗; 伪造;
词源有争议。来自拉丁语vitula, 管弦乐器,词源同violin, 来自罗马欢乐和胜利女神Vitula.引申词义不停摆弄。
在口语中人们常用 fiddle 来表示演奏民间音乐的小提琴
扭动
wriggle
[ˈrɪgl]
vi. 扭动,蠕动,蜿蜒行进; 摆脱,用计逃脱;
vt. (使身体某一部位)扭动; 耍滑不做,逃避(应做的事等);
n. 蠕动,扭动;
来自 PIE*wer,弯,转,扭动,词源同 wring,worm.
英语中以 wr 开首的单词,w 通常不发音,如 write (写),wrap (包扎),wrestle (摔跤),wretched (痛苦的),wring (拧),wrinkle (皱纹),wrong (错误的)
The child wriggled out of his mother's arms.
(那孩子扭动着挣脱了母亲的怀抱。)
A snake wriggled across the road.
(一条蛇蜿蜒游过公路。)
He got through the hole with a wriggle.
(他扭动着身子从洞口钻了出去。)
控制
control
[kənˈtrəʊl]
vt. 控制; 管理; 限制; 支配;
n. 支配权; 操纵者; (对国家、地区、机构等的)管理权; (键盘上的)控制键;
本义为中世纪的一种反向复核的帐目检查方法。
contr-(contra-相反) + rol(=roll滚动) → 阻止滚动
contra-, 相对,相反,
来源于拉丁语前缀contra-或介词contra(对抗)。
The machine is controlled by computer.
in control of sth; out of control; beyond control; under control
roll
[rəʊl]
vt. 辗; 使(眼球等)左右转动; (使)原地转圈/打滚; (使)滚动,翻身; (马)仰卧蹬脚;使翻车;掷(骰子);掷出(骰子数);(转动)肩膀;行驶;推;摇车窗;(液体)滚落;(时间)流逝;稳定持续的;(产品)从(机器)产出;涌流;延绵起伏;运转;卷,卷起;展开;搓成;辗;发出隆隆声;把(衣服的边)卷起来;压平;覆盖;启动;用颤音发出(辅音,尤其是 r);
vi. 左右摇晃; 翻滚; 开始移动,启动; 左右摇晃;蹒跚;;
n. 名册; 卷;柱形物;卷状食品;滚动,翻滚;翻筋斗;左右摇晃;隆隆声;小面包;总人数;名单;公文;延绵起伏;辊轧机;一管;掷骰子;
rol = ring, circle 圆, 环, 滚动
rol的含义是字母 r 本意的引申义,可以理解为一个像圆一样的旋转,卷
异形同义词根:-circ-,-cycl- 圆,环。
来自古法语 rolle,纸卷,文件,来自拉丁语 rotulus,纸卷,来自 rota,轮子,词源同 rotary,round. 引申诸相关词义。
假的
false
[fɔ:ls]
adj. 虚伪的; 不正的,非法的; 假造的,摹造的; 临时的;
adv. 欺诈地; 叛卖地;
来源于拉丁语形容词falsus, -a, -um(虚伪的,假的) 同源词:fail, fallacy
供认
词根
-fa-, -phe-, -pha-, -fe- = to say, to talk, to speak(说)
-pha-和-phe-来源于希腊语
-fa-和-fe-来源于拉丁语
-fa-和-fe-衍生的词根
-fab- 说,寓言,传说 (来源于拉丁语fabula寓言,传说)
-fat- 命运 (来源于拉丁语fatum神的话语 → 神说的是命中注定的)
-fam- 名声,名誉 (来源于拉丁语fama流言,名誉 ← 说的人多了,就有名声了)
-fant- 说 (来源于拉丁语infans, infantis, m婴儿 ← 婴儿是不能说话的,所以带有否定前缀in-)
-fess- 表白 (来源于拉丁语动词fateor, fateri, fassus, sum表白,承认)。
Latin: fari-, "to say, to talk"; telling, speak, say, spoken about; acknowledge
同义词根
-loc- / -lex- / -log- / -leg- / -lect- / -loqu- / -ora- / -phem- 说/ 宣称。
拉丁语的dic/dict,locut/loqu,nounc/nunci,pari
希腊语的phras,pha/phe/phu
con-, 强调。-fess, 说,交谈,词源同phone, profess.
confess
[kənˈfes]
v. 供认; 坦白; 承认; 悔过
confess sth to sb
He confessed his crime in the face of the evidence.
(在证据面前,他认罪了。)
crime
[kraɪm]
n. 罪行,犯罪; 罪恶;
v. 指控犯罪; 判定犯罪; 处罚军事犯;
evidence
[ˈevɪdəns]
n. 证词; 证据; 迹象; 明显;
vt. 使明显; 显示; 表明; 证实;
e-, 向外。-vid, 看,词源同video, visit.
He confessed hating his present job.
(他承认他恨目前的工作。)
present
[ˈpreznt]
adj. 现在的; 目前的; 出席的; [语法学]现在时的;
n. 现在; 礼物;
I have to confess that I didn't understand what she said.
(我不得不承认我没听懂她说的话。)
He confessed to being a drug addict.
(他承认自己有毒瘾。)
drug
[drʌg]
n. 药物; 药剂; 麻醉药; 毒品;
vt. (在食物或饮料中)投放麻醉药,下麻醉药; 掺麻醉药于; 使服麻醉药; 使服毒品;
vi. 使服麻醉药,用药麻醉,使服兴奋剂;
addict
[ˈædɪkt]
n. 有瘾的人; 入迷的人; (吸毒)成瘾者;
vt. 使沉溺; 使上瘾; 使自己沾染(某些恶习);
ad(去)+dict(说、命令)→听从命令→任其发落→入迷、上瘾 词源解释:dict←拉丁语dicere(说)
The student refused to confess to having cheated on the exam.
(那个学生拒绝承认考试作弊。)
confession
[kənˈfeʃn]
n. 承认,自首; 忏悔; 供认状; 信条,教义;
从以上的例句中我们可以看出 confess 可以作及物动词用,也可作不及物动词用。作及物动词用时,confess 的后面可以接名词、动名词和宾语从句等。作不及物动词用时,confess 的后面要接介词 to,其用法同于 admit to sth/doing sth
热情
词根ten
ten-,拉长,伸长,-s,过去分格词。即拉紧的,引申词义紧张的。
-tain-, -ten(t)-, -tin-= hold, grasp, have 握, 持, 守
来源于拉丁语动词teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus(握,持有)。
-ten- 是基本的形式,来源于拉丁动词 tenere 不定式词干
-tent- 来自该词的动名词词干
-tin- 是 -ten- 在某些前缀之后的音变(元音弱化)形式
-tain- 是 -ten- 的重读形式,是从法语借用到英语后的形式,它也是这些词根中构词能力最强的一个
-tin- 也可以理解为:由词根 -tain- 脱落元音 a 而成,如:pertain 适合、continent 自制的、pertinency血肿。
变形
-tainment, -tenance, -tinence
-tend-, -tent-, -tens-= to stretch(伸)
来源于拉丁语动词tendo, tendere, tetendi, tensus or tentus(伸延),可追溯至原始印欧语ten-(伸延)。
tend来源于拉丁动词tendere
tens和tent都是这个拉丁动词的动名词词干(tendere有两个动名词形式:tensum和tentum),主要用来构成相应的名词和形容词。
变形:tendo-, ten-, teno-, tenot-, tenonto-, -tension, -tense, -tensive, -tentious
Greek > Latin: to move in a certain direction; to stretch, to hold out; tension; as well as tendon, sinew
intense
[ɪnˈtens]
adj. 热情的,强烈的,紧张的; 热烈的,热情的,认真的; [摄](底片)明暗度强的; 有强烈感情(或意见、想法)的;
A bad burn causes intense pain.
burn
[bɜ:n]
vt.& vi. 使用某物为燃料; 烧毁; 烧坏; 烧伤;
n. 烧伤,烧痕;
来自PIE *bher, 燃烧,发光,加热。词源同brew.
Because of the intense heat, I slept very little last night.
(由于天气酷热,我昨夜没怎么睡。)
The intense light dazzled my eyes.
(强光使我目眩。)
dazzle
[ˈdæzl]
vt. 使目眩; 使惊异不已;
n. 耀眼; 眩惑; 灿烂;
vt.& vi. 目眩; 赞叹;
He has intense interest in computer.
(他对计算机有极大的兴趣。)
Diplomatic activity has been intense recently.
(近来外交活动紧张频繁。)
diplomatic
[ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk]
adj. 外交上的; 外交人员的; 有手腕的; 策略的;
intensity
[ɪnˈtensəti]
n. 强烈; (感情的)强烈程度; 强度; 烈度;
The heat continues with increased intensity.
heat
[hi:t]
n. 热,热度,高温; 热烈,激烈; (身体的)发烧,发热; 发情;
vt.&vi. 使温暖,使热; 激发…的感情,使兴奋;
hot
[hɒt]
adj. 热的; 辣的; 激动的; 热门的;
vt. 使兴奋,使激动;
adv. 热的; 紧迫的;
vi. 变热;
高温持续加剧。
tense
[tens]
adj. 拉紧的; 肌肉绷紧的; 神经紧张的; [语](语音)紧的;
n. [语]时,时态; 〈古〉时间;
v. 使或变的紧张;
His muscles tensed when he heard the bad news.
muscle
[ˈmʌsl]
n. 肌肉; 力量; 权威,权力;
vt. 硬挤; 使劲搬动;
vi. 用力挤;
当他听到这个坏消息时,他的肌肉紧张起来。
tenseness
[tensnəs]
n. 紧张;
one must learn to hide one's tenseness when speaking in public.
nervous
[ˈnɜ:vəs]
adj. 焦虑的; 紧张不安的; 神经质的;
短暂
词根
brev, brevi, brief, bridg = short(短的)
来源于拉丁语brev.is, -is, -e(短的)(=short)
因为在它后面常接元音 i,所以可以把brevi 看成它的同源异形词根
词根brevi,brief,bridg 为 brev 的变体
同义词根
curti,brachy 短,其中后者为相应的希腊语词根,如:brachy-axis 短袖。
Latin: short; shorten, make shorter, shortened
-brev-短, v«f, brief
brief
[bri:f]
adj. 短暂的; (衣着)短的; 简洁的; 简明的;
vt. 向…介绍基本情况; (尤指事前)向…介绍基本情况; 向…下达简令; 在…事先向…做简要指点;
n. 概要; 短文; 简短声明; (争议一方的情况或论点)要点摘录;
in brief
He will go to England for a brief visit.
(他将去英国进行短期访问。)
She only made a brief statement at the meeting.
(她在会上只作了简短的陈述。)
They briefed the press about the recent happenings.
(他们向报界通报最近发生的事情。)
They had been well briefed about the political situation.
(对政治形势他们已被简要告知。)
briefly
[ˈbri:fli]
adv. 短暂地; 简单地; 简略地; 略略;
偶然
词根
-cad-, -cid-, -cas-= to fall(落下, 降临)
来源于拉丁语动词cado, cadere, cecidi, casus(落下), 落下意味着降临, 降临意味着意外发生。
-cas-指“落”,其变体有-cid-等,这里涉及s、d音变。“落”是突然降临,其同根词多带有“突然,随机”的意味。
cas:case(案件,案例),casual(偶然的),casualty(事故;伤亡人数)
cid:accident(事故;意外),incident(事变;事件)。
同义词根
拉丁语的laps
希腊语的pto
同源词:case(情况) 衍生词:casually(随便地);casualty(意外事故;伤亡人员);casualness(偶然、漫不经心)
cis(cas, chis), cide = to cut(切)
cis和cid是一对同源异形根,来自拉丁动词caedere, 意为 to cut(切)
cid是不定式词干,cis是动名词词干。其变形为cas 和chis
同义词根
丁语的torn(tem) ,scind/scis,sect,sever,tail,tons,trench,cop/coup
casual
[ˈkæʒuəl]
adj. 偶然的; 临时的; 随便的; 非正式的;
n. 临时工人; [军]待命士兵; 没有固定工作的劳动者; 不定期领取救济金的人; 便装;便鞋;临时工
casu←拉丁语casus(偶然、意外)+al(形容词后缀)→偶然的、临时的→随便的
casually
['kæʒʊəlɪ]
adv. 偶然地; 无意地; 未经考虑地; 漫不经心地;
卷
volume
[ˈvɒlju:m]
n. 量,大量; 体积; 音量; 卷;
adj. 大量的;
vi. 成团卷起;
vt. 把…收集成卷;
volume一词来源于拉丁语词volumen,经古法语进入英语。意思是“一卷书写过的东西”。
古代拉丁文字是书写在纸莎草纸(papyrus)或羊皮纸(parchment, vellum)上,。遇到篇幅较长的作品,就用一根卷轴把很长的篇幅卷起来,读到哪就打开到哪。这样卷起来的一幅作品在当时就称为volume,相当于现在的scroll(卷轴)。单词volume最初的含义就是“卷动、滚动”的意思。作品的篇幅越长,卷起来的体积就越大,所以volume又可以表示作品的篇幅,并引申为表示体积、音量等含义。 不过在现代英语中,volume常用来表示“音量”,而它的本意“卷轴”逐渐淡化,一般改用scroll表示“卷轴”。 volume: ['vɒljuːm],n.量,音量,体积,卷,册。adj.大量的v.卷起来。 scroll:n.卷轴,画卷,卷状物v.卷起来
PIE*wel,转,来自 PIE*wei 的扩大格,词源同 wind,voluble. 引申词义体积,容积,卷,册等。
The community has a library of 12,000 volumes.
社区拥有12000册藏书的图书馆。
The passenger volume this May was not as big last May.
(今天五月的客流量没有去年的大。)
Turn down the volume please. The baby is sleeping.
(宝宝在睡觉,请把音量调低。)
出现
appear
[əˈpɪə(r)]
vi. 出现,显现; 出庭,出场; 演出; 似乎;
前缀ap-同ad-. 词根par, 出现,见appear.
The advertisement didn't appear in yesterday's New YorkTimes.
advertisement
[ədˈvɜ:tɪsmənt]
n. 广告,宣传;公告;出公告,做广告;
昨天的《纽约时报》上没有刊登这则广告。
disappear
[ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r)]
vi. 不见,消失; 不复存在,灭绝;
The truck disappeared into the night.
appearance
[əˈpɪərəns]
n. 外貌,外观; 出现,露面; [哲]现象;
The appearance of the old gray house made us think that it was empty.
gray
[greɪ]
n. 灰色; 灰马; 灰色颜料; 暗淡的光线;
adj. 灰色的; 灰白头发的; 阴暗的; (指脸因恐惧、生病等)苍白的;
v. (使)变灰色;
vi. 成为灰色或灰白;
那幢灰色的老房子的样子使我们以为它是空的。
disappearance
[ˌdɪsə'pɪərəns]
n. 消失,不见; 消散; 失踪; 出走,一去不返;
The disappearance of the airplane brought about a search of the area.
飞机的失踪引起了对该地区的搜索。
Intensive reading
That isn't a catch question.
catch
[kætʃ]
vt. 赶上; 接住; 引起; 看见;
He caught a bad cold last week.
(他上周得了重伤风。)
The building caught fire and many people were trapped in it.
(大楼着了火,许多人被困在里面。)
trap
[træp]
vt. 诱骗; 使受限制; 困住; 使(水与气体等)分离;
n. 圈套; (对付人的)计谋; (练习射击用的)抛靶器; (捕捉动物的)夹子;
vi. 设陷阱; 装捕捉机; 设圈套;
vt.& vi. (使)被钩住,(使)被卡住;
The thief was caught by the police on the scene.
(小偷被警察当场抓住。)
scene
[si:n]
n. 地点,场面,现场; (戏剧的)一场; 景色,风景; 事件;
Sorry, I didn't quite catch you.
(对不起,我没听清你的话。)
quite
[kwaɪt]
adv. 相当,很; 非常; 确实如此;
quick
[kwɪk]
adj. 快的,急速的; 聪明的,凌厉的; 灵活的; 短时间做成的;
adv. 迅速地,快速地;
n. (指甲下的)活肉; 感情的中枢,感觉最敏锐的地方; 要害,核心;
He didn't catch the last train.
(他没赶上末班火车。)
n. 抓; 隐情; 捕获量; 挂钩;
意思是 a hidden problem,difficulty,orobstacle in sth. (难人的问题,诡计)
There is a catch in it.
(这里面有蹊跷。)
Don't worry. There are no catch questions in the paper.
(别担心,试卷里没有怪题。)
He was taken surprise by the catch question.
(那个怪题使他诧异。)
vi. 锁住; 着火; [棒球]当接球手;
adj. 迷惑人的; 令人容易上当的; 引人注目的; 令人感兴趣的;
When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval.
在谈论某事时,普通的欧洲人以微笑或点头表示赞许。
定语从句 something with which he agrees。
A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving, but somewhat embarrassed.
例如:一个正在微笑的中国人可能并不是表示赞许而只是有点尴尬。
分词 smiling 作定语修饰 Chinese
may not be approving 表示情态动词的进行时态
somewhat有点儿。
It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words.
refer to (提到,涉及)
In his speech he referred to the difficulties they had overcome.
(在发言中,他提到了他们所克服的困难。)
What he said at the meeting doesn't refer to you.
(他在会上所说的不是指你。)
involve “卷入,陷入,牵涉”的意思。
If I were you, I wouldn't get myself involved in this problem.
(如果我是你,我不会让自己卷进这个问题中。)
She didn't want to be involved in trouble.
(她不想卷入纠纷。)
involve 的意思是“必须包括某种结果”。在 involve 后面必须用名词或者动名词。
To accept the job would involve my living in London.
(若接受这份工作,我必须得住在伦敦。)
Building this road will involve the construction of some tunnels.
(造这条路包括建造一些隧洞。)
NVC for short.
这是一个省略句,补充完整应该是 Non-verbal communication is called NVC for short.
(非语言交际被简称为/缩写为 NVC.)
for short 是个常用短语,意思是“简称;缩写”
Unidentified flying object is called UFO for short.
(不明飞行物被简称为 UFO)
unidentified
[ˌʌnaɪˈdentɪfaɪd]
adj. 不能辨认的; 来路[身分]不明的; 未经确认的;
identify
[aɪˈdentɪfaɪ]
vt. 识别,认出; 确定; 使参与; 把…看成一样;
vi. 确定; 认同;
-ident-相同,同一 + -ify使成为…
People's Republic of China is often written as P.R.C. for short.
(中华人民共和国常被缩写为 P.R.C.)
…the average European will smile and nod approval.
average
[ˈævərɪdʒ]
adj. 平常的; 平均的; 典型的; (价值、比率等的)平均数的;
The average driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.
(司机一般都认为事故只发生在其他人身人。)
n. 平均水平; (速度等的)平均率; 平均估价;
His performance is above the average.
(他的成绩在一般水平之上。)
performance
[pəˈfɔ:məns]
n. 表演; 演技; 表现; 执行; 成绩;
vt. [数学] 计算…的平均值; 调和,拉平; 分摊; 按比例(或平均)分配(利润等);
vi. 平均:作为或达到一个中间值; 维持(有利的)平均价格;
We averaged 70 miles an hour.
(我们平均每小时行 70 公里。)
在本课文的这个句子中,average 做形容词用,意思是“普通的”。
nod 可以用作及物动词、不及物动词和名词。如:
They nodded agreement.
(他们点头表示同意。)
He nodded me a welcome when I went in.
(我进去时,他向我点头表示欢迎。)
I nodded to him in greeting.
(我向他点头打招呼。)
Father nodded in approval when he listened.
(父亲听着时点头表示赞同。)
Homer sometimes nods.
(智者千虑,必有一失。)
homer
[ˈhəʊmə(r)]
n. 本垒打; 荷马(公元前9世纪前后的希腊诗人)
He didn't give our plan the nod.
(他没有同意我们的计划。)
…because body language is very much tied to culture…
be tied to sth.意思是 be related to, have to do with (与…有关)
Many diseases are tied to smoking.
(许多疾病与吸烟有关。)
The misunderstanding was tied to cultural differences.
(这个误会与文化差异有关。)
tie
[taɪ]
n. 关系; 领带,绳子; 平局; 束缚,限制;
vt. (用线、绳等)系; (在线、绳上)打结; 连接; 与…成平局;
vi. 打结,系上; 平局; 被用带(或绳子等)系住;
be tied to 也可以表示 be restricted by (受…约束),如:
She was tied to housework and wouldn't be able to come.
(她被家务事束缚,无法前来。)
If you have small children, you will be tied to your home.
(如果你有小孩子,你就会被束缚在家了。)
Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff,and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions.
非限定性定语从句
which 引导非限定性定语从句,修饰 NVC
which 引导非限定性定语从句,修饰表物的先地词;
who 引导的也是非限定性定语从句,修饰 managers
who 引导的非限定性定语从句则修饰表人的先行词;
也可用关系副词 where 或 when 引导非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句常用逗号与主句分开,而且引导从句的关系代词 which,that 和关系副词 where, when 不能省略。
I want to buy the house, which has a garden.
(我想买那座房子,它有一个花园。)
The students, who wanted to go out on a picnic, were disappointed when it rained.
(学生们想出去野餐,天下雨了大家都感到失望。)
picnic
[ˈpɪknɪk]
n. 野餐郊游; 供野餐吃的食品;
vi. 去野餐,参加野餐; 野餐式地用餐; 在户外用餐;
vt. 用野餐招待;
disappointed
[ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd]
adj. 失望的; 沮丧的,失意的;
v. 使(人)失望( disappoint的过去式和过去分词); 使破灭,使落空;
disappoint
[ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt]
vt. 使失望; 使破灭,使落空;
vi. 使失望;
appointed
[ə'pɔɪntɪd]
adj. 指定的,约定的;
v. 任命( appoint的过去式和过去分词 ); 确定; 约定; 安排;
appoint
[əˈpɔɪnt]
vt. 任命,委派; 约定,指定; 装设,布置;
ap(=ad,去)+ point(点)→到指定地点去→任命、约定 词源解析:point←拉丁语punctum(点) 同源词:point(点) 衍生词:appointment(任命、约定),disappoint(失望←撤销任命),appointed(指定的),appointee(被任命者)
pointed
[ˈpɔɪntɪd]
adj. 尖的,尖锐的; 严厉的,直截了当的; 突出的; 显然的;
v. “point”的过去式和过去分词;
point
[pɔɪnt]
n. 点; 要点; 得分; 标点;
vt. (意思上)指向; 削尖; 加标点于; 指路;
vi. 表明; 指向;
-punct-刺,点 → point
The football match will be put off till next week, when we can get everything ready.
(足球赛将推迟到下周,那时我们能把一切准备就绪。)
The place, where we stayed, has changed so much.
(那个地方我们住过,那儿的变化很大。)
quite a lot of 相当多的
is being done 进行被动语态
deal with sb = have a social
relationship with sb 同某人交往
be to do sth 要去做某事
create good working conditions 创造良好的工作环境。
what 引导的是宾语从句,做 understand 的宾语
deal with 的意思是“对付,打交道”
He is not easy to deal with.
(他不容易打交道。)
I don't know how to deal with this situation.
(我不知道如何应付这种局面。)
deal
[di:l]
vt. [牌戏]分;分配;经营;施予;
n. (一笔)交易;许多;待遇;发牌;
vi. 论述;(有效地或成功地)处理;惩处;交易;
Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone else’s eyes for very long.
除非你在表示强烈的爱意,否则你几乎不会长时间盯着别人看。
look into someone’s eyes:直视对方
I expect you understand all those, except perhaps "proximity".
except
[ɪkˈsept]
vt. 把…除外; 不计;
prep. 除…外;
conj. [口语]要不是; 除非; 除…以外;
vi. 反对,表示异议(与 to 或 against连用);
except + 宾语(名词或代词)
I am expecting a letter.
(我在等信。)
The teacher is expecting you.
(老师在等你。)
expect +(宾语)+ 动词不定式
I expect to be back next week.
(我预计下周回来。)
I didn't expect him to come so early.
(我没料到他会来得这么早。)
expect + that 从句
He didn't expect that the work could be so difficult.
(他没料到这工作会如此艰难。)
They expected that the war would end soon.
(他们期望战争早日结束。)
在本课文的句子中,except 后面跟的是省略了 that 的宾语从句。
A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence.
lack
lack 用作名词:(for) lack of (因)缺乏
He showed a complete lack of confidence.
(他显得毫无信心。)
The case was dismissed for lack of evidence.
(因缺乏证据,那个案子被驳回了。)
lack 用作及物动词:lack sth
Your article lacks concert example.
(你的文章缺少具体的例子。)
She lacks patience in dealing with children.
(与孩子打交道她缺少耐心。)
lacking 用作形容词:be lacking in sth.
Philip was not lacking in ability.
(菲力普并不缺少能力。)
His reception of us was lacking in warmth.
(他对我们的接待缺少热情。)
signaling
['sɪgnəlɪŋ]
n. 打信号,发信号;
confidence
[ˈkɒnfɪdəns]
n. 信心; 信任; 秘密;
adj. 骗得信任的; 欺诈的;
These are both pretty obvious signals.
pretty
[ˈprɪti]
adj. 漂亮的; 机灵的,聪明的;
adv. 相当,颇;
n. 漂亮的人(或东西);
通常 pretty 用作形容词,而在本句中 pretty 作副词用
She was happy to live in the pretty valley.
(住在美丽的山谷里她很开心。)
The pretty little girl brought much delight to her family.
(那个漂亮的小姑娘给全家带来了莫大的快乐。)
delight
[dɪˈlaɪt]
n. 快乐,高兴; 使人高兴的东西或人;
vt. 使高兴,使欣喜;
vi. 感到高兴[快乐];
来源于拉丁语中由前缀de-(离开,分离)和动词lacere(引诱,欺骗)组成的复合动词delicere(引诱开)派生的delectare,经古法语delit派生为英语delight。 词根词缀: de-离开,分离 + light引诱,欺骗 同源词:delicious, delicate
I will be back pretty soon.
(我不久就回来。)
She felt pretty tired.
(她感到相当累。)
I am pretty certain the performance will be a success.
(我相当有把握演出会成功。)
In fact, non-verbal communication can, as the saying goes, speak volumes.
as the saying goes 意思是“正如成语所说,俗话说”。在本句中,as the saying goes做插入语。
speak volumes 意思是“很有意义;含义很深;充分说明”
The one photograph speaks volumes.
(这一张照片就很有意义。)
The look on her face spoke volumes.
她的脸色意味深长。)
Her silence spoke volumes for her attitude.
(她的沉默清楚地表明了她的态度。)
主题
1. means of
2. involve sth/doing sth
3. refer to
4. agree with
5. communicate sth. to sb.
6. tie to / be tied to
7. in order to
8. be categorized into
9. be common to
10. fiddle with
11. be lacking in
12. start doing sth.
13. and so on
14. in fact
15. give off
16. look away
17. in embarrassment
18. for short
19. as the saying goes
20. speak volumes