人称代词

英语中人称代词（Personal Pronoun）意为用于直接指代人或者事物的代词，属于代词范畴，就像汉语中的“你”、“我”、“他”。常用的英语人称代词有：I、you、he、she、it（主格）。人称代词在句中作不同成分时有不同的形式，如：主格...

人称代词

• 人称一致
  • 句子中的人称一致
    • 基本原则：一个句子的前后必须保持代词的人称一致
  • 语篇中的人称一致
    • 基本原则：一个语篇在人称上必须首尾一致，达成语篇的统一性。
• “数”的一致
  • 一般规则
    • 1.人称代词的单、复数形式取决于先行项的单、复数形式
      • e.g. Jane, Carol and I have worked hard all day. We are very tired.
    • 2.当先行项为并列结构时，取决于并列结构的单复数意义
      • e.g. My friend and roommate has agreed to lend me his car. My friend and my roommate have agreed to lend me their cars.
    • 3.当先行项为集体名词时，取决于该集体名词在句中的所指意义
      • e.g. The team has won its first game. The team are now on the floor taking their practice shots at the basket.
  • 特殊情形
    • 1.先行项为everybody(everyone)，somebody(someone)，anybody(anyone)，nobody(no one)等指人的复合词时，除在正式场合外，一般后接复数代词they，their，them，themselves。尤其当主语为everybody(everyone)时
      • e.g. Everybody has their problems. （正式语体中用his或his or her） If anyone calls while I’m out, tell them to call back later. Nobody was hurt, were they?
    • 2. 先行项为“复数名词或代词 + each”，若each位于动词前，随后的代词或限定词用复数；若each位于动词后，可视为强调个体，随后的代词或限定词用单数。
      • e.g. They each had their problems. They had each his own problem. （他们各有各的问题。） They are each responsible for his own family. （他们分别要为各自的家庭负责。）
• “性”的一致
  • 一般规则
    • 1. 当先行项为阳性、阴性、中性名词时，代词及其相应限定词分别用阳性he，his，himself，阴性she，her，herself及中性代词it，its，itself
    • 2. 当先行项为通性名词时，代词及其相应限定词通常用阳性he，his，himself，在法律文书等正式语体中也可以用he or she，his or her来指代
      • e.g. If a person breaks the law, he will be punished.
  • 特殊情况
    • 先行项为中性名词时，当说话人带有感情色彩或把中性名词拟人化时会用阳性或阴性来指代中性物
      • 1. 视国家为政治或经济实体时，常用阴性she / her。 e.g. China has sent her delegates to the conference.
      • 2. 指代车、船、飞机，常用阴性she / her
        • e.g. The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southamptonon April 10th, 1912. She was carrying 1316 passengers and a crew of 89l. I love my car. She is my greatest passion. I just saw the new jet. A beautiful thing, she is.
      • 3. 指代具有“阳刚”、“雄健”、“宏伟”、“盛大”、“剧烈”、“战争”、“暴戾”等强烈感情的名词如sun，sky，ocean，summer，winter，war，victory，mountain，power等常用阳性he / his
        • e.g. The sun was shining in all his splendid beauty. War can no longer delude(哄骗) us; he leads the way through the cornfields to the cemetery.
      • 4.具有“阴柔”、“和煦”、“美丽”、“善良”、“谦虚”、“公正”、“友爱”等感情色彩的名词如moon，love，peace，earth，truth，spring，justice，history，modesty，liberty等常用阴性she / her
        • e.g. The moon pales the stars with her brilliance. History has revised her verdict.
      • 5. 一些可用于雌雄两性的动物名称如bird，fish，duck，dog，fox，wolf，horse等，可用阳性he / his 也有部分雌雄两性的动物名称如cat，deer，hare等通常用阴性she / her
        • e.g. We could catch any bird by putting salt on his tail. The wolf in sheep’s clothing hid himself among a flock of sheep.
• 人称代词的类指用法
  • 不定代词one通常用于正式语体。为了避免在同一句中多次重复 one / one's,凡是要重复one / one's的地方，可用he/ his来取代
  • 作类指用法的we也常见于正式语体。作者在正式书面语中常用we来表示包括作者和读者在内的一般的人，口气亲切，使读者容易接受作者的观点，产生共鸣
  • 作类指用法的you与不定代词one同义，均指包括说话人和听话人在内的一般的人，但只用于非正式语体，口气亲切
  • 作类指用法的they也常见于非正式语体，但所指的人不包括说话人和听话人在内。
  • 中性单数第三人称代词it和they也可作类指用法，其先行项通常是带有零冠词的名词词组
• 格的选择
  • 用主格还是用宾格
    • 一般规则：人称代词在句中作主语，用主格；作宾语及介词补足成分，用宾格。
      • 1. 在比较分句中，人称代词作主语，用主格；作宾语，用宾格
        • e.g. He isn’t nearly as smart as he (is). I trust you as much as her.
      • 2. 人称代词在分裂句中作中心成分，作主语，用主格；作宾语及介词补足成分，用宾格
        • e.g. It was she that solved the problem. It was him that I sent to collect the money.
      • 3. 由人称疑问代词who引导的问句或名词性分句中，以及whoever引导的名词性分句中，该代词作主语，用主格；作宾语及介词补足成分，用宾格
        • e.g. I don’t know who can solve our problems. I don’t know whom they finally selected. They always elect whoever is popular. I will not trust whomever they will elect. My sympathy is with this poor man, whomever he might be thought to be.
      • 4. 在由关系代词who引导的分句中，who之后跟有I believe，I think等插入语，who作主语，用主格
        • e.g. He is a man who I think means what he says. She is a woman who people believe may be the president of the company some day.
    • 非正式语体中/实际使用中的特殊情况
      • 1. 当人称代词用于不带谓语或者不带限定谓语动词的不完全句中作主语时，用宾格
        • e.g. — Does any of you know where Tom lives? —Me.
      • 2. 人称代词在比较分句中作主语，可以用宾格
        • e.g. She is much taller than me. He is clever than us all.
      • 3. 在分裂句中作中心成分，作主语，可以用宾格
        • e.g. It was me that did it.
      • 4. 当句子含有“everybody / nobody + but / except + 人称代词”结构时，在主语的位置上，常用主格，但“but / except + 人称代词”出现在句尾时，用宾格；该结构在宾语位置上，用宾格
        • e.g. Nobody but she can solve our problems. Nobody can solve our problems but her. I interviewed everybody but him.
      • 5. who引导的问句或名词性分句中，在非正式语体中，只要在主语的位置上，就用主格
        • e.g. Who did you want to nominate? I don’t know who you want to nominate?
  • 用宾格还是用属格
    • 1.带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作宾语或介词补足成分，有属格（正式语体）和宾格（非正式语体）的选择。
      • e.g. I don’t mind their / them changing their minds. （正式语体 / 非正式语体） I am surprised at his / him making that mistake. （用属格居多）
      • 例外：当主句带有deny（否认），defer（延误），postpone（推迟）等作谓语动词，其后的-ing分词分句如还带有逻辑主语，通常只用属格，不论语体。 e.g. He doesn’t deny his breaking the agreement. My failure to complete the task deferred my going on holiday.
    • 2. 如果人称代词在SVOC句型中作宾语，又跟有-ing分词分句作补语，人称代词只能用宾格。
• 人称代词概说
  • 概念：主要是指人的代词
  • 类别
    • 第一人称
      • 单数
        • I me my mine
      • 复数
        • we us our ours
    • 第二人称
      • 单数
        • you you your yours
      • 复数
        • you you your yours
    • 第三人称
      • 单数
        • he him his his（阳性） she her her hers（阴性） it it its its（中性）
      • 复数
        • they them their theirs