语言学第二单元Phonology思维导图

As some speech sounds produced differ only in some detailed aspects,the IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics。

Phonology

• The phonic medium of language
  • This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language,and the individual sounds with this range are the speech sounds.
• Phonetics
  • What is phonetics?
    • Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds tht occur in the world's languages.
    • Three branches of phonetics
      • articulatory phonetics
        • It studies the sounds from the speaker's point of view,i.e.how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.
      • auditory phonetics
        • It looks at the sounds from the hear's point of view,i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
      • acoustic phonetics
        • It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves.
  • Organs of speech
    • The pharyngeal cavity
      • Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called "voicing",which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Such consonants are voiced.
      • When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.
    • The oral cavity
      • The speech organs located in this cavity are the tongue,the uvula,the soft palate(the velum),the hard palate,the teeth ridge(the alveolus),the teeth and the lips.
    • The nasal cavity
      • The sounds that are not nasalized such as the vowels and most consonants in English.
      • The sounds that are nasalized such as the three nasal consonants in English [ m ],[ n ],[ ŋ ]
  • Orthographic representation of speech sounds
    • The International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA) came to being at the end of the 19th century.
    • As some speech sounds produced differ only in some detailed aspects,the IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics.
    • The way of the transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription.
    • The way of the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.
      • In the case of pit,the[ p ]sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit,the [ p ]sound is unaspirated.
  • Classification of English speech sounds
    • An initial clssification will divide the speech sounds in English into two broad categories:vowels and consonants.
      • The essential difference between vowels and consonants is whether it is obstructed in the production.
    • Classification of English consonants
      • be classified in terms of manner of articulation
        • stops
        • fricatives
        • affricates
        • liquids
        • nasals
      • be classified in terms of place of articulation
        • bilabial
        • labiodental
        • dental
        • alveolar
        • palatal
        • velar
        • glottal
    • Classification of English vowels
      • be differentiated by the position of the tongue in the mouth
        • front
        • central
        • back
      • be differentiated by the openness of the mouth
        • close
        • semi-close
        • semi-open
        • open
      • be differentiated by the shape of the lips
        • unrounded
        • rounded
      • The individual vowels are also known as monophthongs,there are also a number of diphthongs,including [eɪ] [aɪ] [ɔɪ] [ɪə] [eə] [ʊə][əʊ] [aʊ]
• Phonology
  • Phonology and phonetics
    • Phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languges.Phonology,aims to discover how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
  • Phone,phoneme,and allophone
    • A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.
      • A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.
    • A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
      • The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
      • Although phonemes are the minimal segements of language systems,they are not their minimal elements.
  • Phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimal pair
    • When two different forms are identical in every way expect for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings,the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.
    • minimal set
  • Some rules in phonology
    • Sequential rules
      • The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.
    • Assimilation rule
      • The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by"copying"a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.
    • Deletion rule
      • It tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.
  • Suprasegmental features
    • The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features;these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable,the word,and the sentence.
    • Stess
      • The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.
      • word stress
      • sentenc stress
    • Tone
      • Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.
      • Pitch variations can distinguish meaning.
    • Intonation
      • When pitch,sress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.