雅思议论文基本结构

这是一篇关于雅思议论文基本结构的思维导图，主要内容有首段、立论段、报告类、结尾段、驳论段。

雅思议论文基本结构

• 首段
  • 40-50词
  • 写作提纲
    • 背景
      • 背景介绍： 1.It is quite common these days for sb in many countries to do sth 2.A controversial(有争议的) issue of modern societies is whether +句子 A of B –B的A
    • 扩展
      • 扩展： 1. Whether or not this is a good thing is a moot point(悬而未决的). 2. 对方的观点（Some people/individuals are in favor of（支持） the view that+对方的观点）
    • 自己的观点
      • 自己的观点： 1. In my opinion（As far as I am concerned）, it is essential/necessary for sb to do sth. 2.My view is that （the advantages outweigh the disadvantages) 3. I agree/disagree with this view.(多用于是否同意类）
  • 举例
    • 例1
      • Some people believe that children should be allowed to stay at home and play until they are six or seven years old. Others believe that it is important for young children to go to school as soon as possible. What’s your opinion. A…..B…..what is your opinion?
        • 起立驳尾
      • A controversial issue of modern societies is whether children should stay at home before six or seven or go to school early.
        • 两个whether不能一起用
      • Some people are in favor of the view that children should stay at home for a longer time.
      • Howerer, my view is that children should go to school as early as possible.
        • it is necessary for children to go to school early.
    • 例2
      • In many countries, traditional foods are being replaced by international fast food. This is having a negative effect on both families and societies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
      • It is quite common these days for people in many countries to eat international fast food rather than traditional food.
      • Whether or not this is a good thing is a moot point. I agree with this view that this trend has negative effects on both families and societies.
        • Some people are in favor of the view that this trend ha negative effects on both families and scoieties. I agree with this view.
    • 例3
      • As countries develop, more and more people buy and use their cars. Do you think the advantages of this trend for individuals outweigh its disadvantages for environment?
      • It is quite common these days for people in many countries to buy and use their cars.
      • Whether or not this is a good thing is a moot point.
      • My view is that the benefits for people outweigh the disaster for environment.
• 立论段
  • 110-120词
  • 论点
    • 第一种写法
      • 核心句+扩展
        • There are two main reasons why sb should do sth ….. 。
        • Firstly,分论点1+扩展。
        • Secondly,分论点2+扩展。
    • 第二种写法
      • An obvious argument in favor of (支持） sb doing sth/doing sth is that+分论点1+扩展。
      • Moreover,分论点2+扩展。
    • 找分论点的方式
      • 人（一般指参与者）
      • 环境（一般参与者所处的环境）
      • 分情况（当题目中出现属于不同事物的A and B）
    • 举例
      • 例1
        • Some people think the police should carry guns, while others think the police with guns will lead to serious crimes. Discuss both views and give your own opinion?
        • 1.对警察好 2.对社会好
      • 例2
        • Some people believe that children should be allowed to stay at home and play until they are six or seven years old. Others believe that it is important for young children to go to school as soon as possible. What’s your opinion. A…..B…..what is your opinion?
        • 写法1
          • There are two main reasons why children should attend school early. Firstly, this phenomenon can positively affect these kids.+扩展
          • Secondly, there are some benefits for their parents if they send their children to school at an early age.+扩展
        • 写法2
          • An obvious argument in favor of children going to school early is that this has positive effects on them.+扩展
    • 句型
      • sth have positive effects on sb或者 sth can positively affect sb
      • This is beneficial for sb.
        • be conducive to=be beneficial for
        • be harmful to=be detrimental to
      • There are benefits for A if B do sth.
        • benefit=advantage
          • drawback=disadvantage
  • 扩展
    • 写法
      • 解释
        • 从直接原因/影响写到间接原因/影响，找直接的原因的方式
          • 就自己想到的一点多问自己为什么
          • 比如：孩子早去学校可以早学知识
            • 学校有经验丰富的老师，他们可以教授各种科目，学知识，开发智力和开阔视野，聪明，取得好成绩。
            • 因为学校有经验丰富的老师，他们可以教授各种科目，所以学生可以学到很多知识，这就帮助他们开发智力和开阔视野。因此，他们就可以变聪明和取得好的学习成绩。除此之外，学校有很多同龄人所以他们可以彼此交朋友和相处，这就提升了他们的社交能力。
            • transform：Students can acquire much knowledge in school because there are many professional techers who can teach various subjects. This can help them to develop their intelligence and broaden their horizons. Therefore, they can become clever and get a good score. Besides, there many children of the same age so that they can make friends and get along with each other, which can improve their social ability.
      • 反面的论证
        • by contrast, if...not
        • 举例
          • By contrast,
      • 举例子
        • such as+名词，短语 For example，+句子
        • 要点
          • 尽量别举名人的例子
          • 尽量别举自己的例子
          • 例子放在总称后面
            • 错例：我有很多朋友，他们喜欢和我玩游戏，比如小红和小明
            • 改正1：我有很多朋友，比如小红和小明，他们喜欢和我玩游戏，比如捉迷藏。
            • 改正2：我有很多朋友，他们喜欢和我玩游戏，比如小红和小明喜欢和我玩捉迷藏。
        • 举例
          • （接上文中解释的例子）For example,
    • 扩展方式
      • 解释
      • 解释+反面对比
      • 解释+举例子
      • 解释+举例子+反面对比
• 报告类
  • 题型
    • A...What are the reasons and how to solve?原因+解决方案
    • A...What problems will it cause and how to solve?结果+解决方案
  • 例题
    • A common problem of moderrn society is that college graduates find it difficult to get a job. What are the reasons and how to solve?
    • Some people think a rise in standard of living in a country only seems to benefit cities more than rural areas. What problems may those differences cause? How to reduce these problems?
  • 解题思路
    • 首段
      • 原因1
        • 原因2
          • 解决方案
    • 首段
      • 结果1
        • 结果2
          • 解决方案
  • 报告类文章结构
    • 原因
      • 首段：问原因
        • It seems to be an increasingly widespread problem that……I think that two main reasons are responsible for this, and several methods could be taken to tackle it.
      • 第二段：原因（个人）
        • One possible reason why+句子 ….may be that+句子。+扩展（解释+举例子）
      • 第三段：原因（团体：家庭，公司，学校，社会）
        • Another important factor contributing to this phenomenon is that+句子+扩展。(扩展方式：解释，举例子）
      • 第四段：解决方案（可分开两段写）
        • In order to solve this issue, 个人。In addition，团体。What’s more, 社会（政府）分别怎么做。
    • 结果
      • 首段：问结果
        • It seems to be an increasingly widespread problem/concern that……I think that this issue/trend/phenomenon would lead to two results, and several methods could be taken to tackle it.
      • 第二段：结果1（个人）
        • One possible result may be that+句子。+扩展(解释+举例子）
      • 第三段：结果2（团体：家庭，公司，学校，社会）
        • Another possible consequence may be that +句子+扩展（解释+举例子）
      • 第四段：解决方案（可分开两段写）
        • In order to solve this issue, 个人。In addition，团体。What’s more, 社会（政府）分别怎么做。
    • 常用解决方案
      • 国际： 加强合作，达成共识，制定国际标准（strengthen the cooperation; reach the agreement, set international standards） 国内： 政府： 颁布法律法规敢于引导或者惩罚（enact laws and regulations to intervene and guide/punish） 提供教育，提升全民意识（offer education to raise the awareness of the general public） 颁布优惠政策，投入资金，解决问题（carry out some preferential policies and invest money/funds in solving the problem） 提高征税（High-tax penalties/punishments should be imposed on sth/ Governments can put taxes on sth）
• 结尾段
  • 30-40词
  • 重申自己的观点
    • In conclusion, my view is that sb should be encouraged to do sth …… That is the best way for them to ……
    • In conclusion, although sb think+对方的观点， my view is that +自己的观点+自己理由的总结。
• 驳论段
  • 80-90词
  • 段落内容
    • 对方的观点
      • 再次审题，写明对方观点
    • 对方的理由
      • 不少于30个单词
    • 反驳
  • 写法
    • However, there are some individuals who claim that （it is understandable that some individuals claim that)+对方的观点。+This is because对方的理由。But they are oversimplifying the situation. As a matter of fact, +反驳
      • 从逻辑性上反驳（把对方的理由反过来说+支撑） This is less likely as+支撑
        • 解决正向+负向理由
      • 采取措施解决问题 This issue can be solved by various methods.
        • 解决负向理由
    • 例句：However, there are some people who think that children should stay at home before six or seven years old. This is because if they stay at home for a longer time, their parents can accompany and take good care of them. This means that children can receive high-quality family education and get a good sense of security, which is conducive to their physical and mental health. But they are oversimplifying the situation. As a matter of fact, this is less likely as/because parents are always busy with their daily jobs.

小作文

• 分类：5+2
  • 数据类：graph/chart
  • 非数据类：diagram
• 解题步骤
  • 线型图
    • 首段：（introduction）=paraphrase（对题目进行改写）
      • The line graph shows (describes, demonstrates, illustrates, gives information about, indicates)+数据形式+描写对象+地点+时间
        • 数据形式： the number of +可数名词=the figure for the amount of+不可数名词=the quantity of the proportion/percentage of +名词=the figure for birth rate graduate rate crime rate the consumption of meat=the amount of meat consumed per person 描写对象一般用定语从句改写
        • 时间：1960-1990 from 1960 to 1990 between 1960 and 1990 During/over/throughout the period from 1960 to 1990 in 1992=in the year of 1992 in+月份 on+某天 at+时间点 In the USA=in America In the UK=in Britain
    • 中间段的写作句式
      • 描述对象做主语
        • The number of teachers quickly decreased from 5 million in 1960 to 3 million in 1962.
        • The number of teachers saw/showed a dramatic downward trend from 5 million in 1960 to 3 million in 1962.
      • 升降平做主语
        • A sharp increase could be seen in the number of teachers from 3 million in 1962 to 6 million in 1964.
      • There be句型
        • +名词
        • There was a slight/slow decline in the number of teachers from 6 million in 1964 to 5 million in 1966.
    • 词汇总结
      • 趋势
        • 上升： 动词：increase, go up, grow, rise, soar(急速上升） 名词：increase， growth，rise， upward trend/tendency（趋势） 下降： 动词：decrease，go down, decline, fall 名词：decrease，fall, decline， downward trend/tendency 起伏不定： 动词：fluctuate, vary 名词：fluctuation, variation 不变： 动词:stabilize, remain/keep +stable/constant/steady 名词： stable trend, a period of stability
      • 两大特征
        • 极值点
          • 最高：the top=the peak=the highest point 最低：the bottom=the lowest point Reach the peak at…=peak at …
          • 大概：about, approximately , just over, just below, around
        • 上升下降的程度大小
          • 程度大: sharp(-ly), quick(-ly), substantial(-ly), significant(-ly), dramatic(ally) 程度小： slow(-ly), slight(-ly), gradual(-ly), minor(ly) 适度： modest(-ly), moderate(-ly)
      • 连接词
        • 表转折:but, however, while, on the other hand, by contrast
        • 表时间推移:then, since then, thereafter, after(在…之后）/before（在…之前）
        • 句子，which was followed by+名词
    • 例题
      • The graph below shows radio and television audiences throughout the day in 1992 in the UK.
      • 首段改写
        • The line graph gives information about the proportions of audiences who listened to radio and watched TV throughout the day in 1992 in Britain.
      • 中间段1
        • As can seen from the line chart, the proportions of television and radio audiences both increased first and then decreased.Specifically, the proportion of television audiences increased dramatically from 2% at 6.00 am to the top at just below 50% at 8.00pm, overtaking that of radio audiences at about 2.00 pm. Since then, the figure saw/showed a sharp decrease to 3% at 3.00 pm on the next day, which was followed by a stable trend until 6.00 am.
      • 中间段2
        • In terms of(在。。。。方面)radio audiences, the proportion increased…..
      • 结尾段：总结/对比
        • To conclude, before 2.00 pm, the radio was more popular with audiences, while there were more people who chose to watch TV after that.
  • 饼状图
    • 首段：三要素
    • 中间段
      • 先写峰值（最大，最小）
      • 其它数据按照数据间关系组团描写(相似/倍数）
    • 结尾
    • 句型
      • 1.The percentage of sth is the highest/maximum, with 33%./accounting for 33%/(33%). The percentage of working and sleeping time was 65%, with/accounting for 33% and 32% respectively(分别地) 2. sth account for=occupy=constitute(占有) the minimum proportion/share, with only 2%. The time which was spent in travelling to work accounted for the minimum share, with only 2%. 3.数值做主语：65% of time was spent on working and sleeping, with 33% and 32% respectively. 18% of time was spent on relaxing at home 4.There was 33% of time which was spent on working .(there be) 5.人或者国家做主语 working adults spent 32% of time on sleeping.
      • 相似： 1.A is similar to B/A is the same as B 2. A, B and C account for(occupy=constitute) similar proportions, with 4%, 5% and 6% respectively(=separately). 3. There be: There is a slight difference/gap in A and B, accounting for 3% and 4%.（3% and 4% respectively) There are some slight differences in A, B and C. 4. 人或国家做主语
      • 倍数： 1.A double/triple/quadruple B 2.A is twice as much/many as B three times-four times
    • 例题
      • The chart shows the percentages of time working adults spent on different activities in a certain country in 1958.
      • The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded in the world today. Globally, 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% of global degradation is due to over-cultivation of crops. Other causes account for only 7% collectively.
      • These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation, while the impact of this on Oceania and North America was minimal, with only 1.7% and 0.2% of land affected respectively. Europe, with the highest overall percentage of land degraded(23%), also suffered from over-cultivation(7.7%) and over-grazing (5.5%). In contrast, Oceania had 13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly due to over-grazing(11.3%). North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation(3.3%) and, to a lesser extent, over-grazing(1.5%).
      • Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and over-cultivation.
  • 静态图：table
    • 例题
      • The table gives information about the proportions of consumer expenditure which was spent on different items in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Turkey in 2002.
      • As can be seen from the table, food/drinks/tobacco were the most important daily items for all the five countries, while consumers paid the least money for leisure and education. Specifically, Turkey spent the most money on food, drinks and tobacco, with 32.14%. Ireland ranked the second, spending 28.91% of money. The rest three countries spent relatively less money on these items, with around/approximately 15%, 16% and 18% respectively.
      • In terms of footwear and clothing, the proportion of money which was spent was the most in Italy (9%), while only 5% of money was spent on these items in Sweden. The expenditure spent in Ireland, Spain and Turkey accounted for similar proportions, with about 6%.
      • All the consumers in five countries spent the least proportion of money on leisure and education, fluctuating from 1.98% to 4.35%.
      • Overall, the five countries spent different proportions of money on different items.